{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:45:44Z","timestamp":1790667944573,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.86988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]],"date-time":"2025-06-29T20:25:13Z","timestamp":1751228713000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Immunomodulatory Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Maysaa N","family":"Amin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahma","family":"Hashish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled","family":"Agha Tabari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivling S","family":"Swami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alousious","family":"Kasagga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanuel Kefyalew","family":"Assefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann Kashmer","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841","article-title":"Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition","volume":"26","author":"Walton C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walton C, King R, Rechtman L, et al.. Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition. Mult Scler. 2020, 26:1816-21. 10.1177\/1352458520970841","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00760","article-title":"B and T cells driving multiple sclerosis: identity, mechanisms and potential triggers","volume":"11","author":"van Langelaar J","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Langelaar J, Rijvers L, Smolders J, van Luijn MM. B and T cells driving multiple sclerosis: identity, mechanisms and potential triggers. Front Immunol. 2020, 11:760. 10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00760","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00063-6","article-title":"Cellular immunology of relapsing multiple sclerosis: interactions, checks, and balances","volume":"20","author":"Bar-Or A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bar-Or A, Li R. Cellular immunology of relapsing multiple sclerosis: interactions, checks, and balances. Lancet Neurol. 2021, 20:470-83. 10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00063-6","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2020.02.009","article-title":"The action of TH17 cells on blood brain barrier in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","author":"Balasa R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Balasa R, Barcutean L, Balasa A, Motataianu A, Roman-Filip C, Manu D. The action of TH17 cells on blood brain barrier in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Hum Immunol. 2020, 81:237-43. 10.1016\/j.humimm.2020.02.009"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228662","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells in multiple sclerosis: recent evidence from pre-clinical to clinical studies","volume":"21","author":"Gugliandolo A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gugliandolo A, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. Mesenchymal stem cells in multiple sclerosis: recent evidence from pre-clinical to clinical studies. Int J Mol Sci. 2020, 21:8662. 10.3390\/ijms21228662","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12196311","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell therapy in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Islam MA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Islam MA, Alam SS, Kundu S, Ahmed S, Sultana S, Patar A, Hossan T. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2023, 12:6311. 10.3390\/jcm12196311","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcaa348","article-title":"Beta interferons as immunotherapy in multiple sclerosis: a new outlook on a classic drug during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"114","author":"Dumitrescu L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dumitrescu L, Papathanasiou A, Coclitu C, Constantinescu CS, Popescu BO, Tanasescu R. Beta interferons as immunotherapy in multiple sclerosis: a new outlook on a classic drug during the COVID-19 pandemic. QJM. 2021, 114:691-7. 10.1093\/qjmed\/hcaa348","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240305","article-title":"The influence of glatiramer acetate on Th17-immune response in multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Melnikov M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Melnikov M, Sharanova S, Sviridova A, et al.. The influence of glatiramer acetate on Th17-immune response in multiple sclerosis. PLoS One. 2020, 15:e0240305. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0240305","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01431-8","article-title":"Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator therapy for multiple sclerosis: differential downstream receptor signalling and clinical profile effects","volume":"81","author":"Chun J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chun J, Giovannoni G, Hunter SF. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator therapy for multiple sclerosis: differential downstream receptor signalling and clinical profile effects. Drugs. 2021, 81:207-31. 10.1007\/s40265-020-01431-8","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.26858","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis: a review","volume":"325","author":"McGinley MP","year":"2021","unstructured":"McGinley MP, Goldschmidt CH, Rae-Grant AD. Diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis: a review. JAMA. 2021, 325:765-79. 10.1001\/jama.2020.26858","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/2772432817666220412110720","article-title":"Safety and monitoring of the treatment with disease-modifying therapies (DMTS) for multiple sclerosis (MS)","volume":"18","author":"Stamatellos VP","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stamatellos VP, Papazisis G. Safety and monitoring of the treatment with disease-modifying therapies (DMTS) for multiple sclerosis (MS). Curr Rev Clin Exp Pharmacol. 2023, 18:39-50. 10.2174\/2772432817666220412110720","journal-title":"Curr Rev Clin Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2022.10.001","article-title":"Reciprocal regulation of mesenchymal stem cells and immune responses","volume":"29","author":"Wang Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Y, Fang J, Liu B, Shao C, Shi Y. Reciprocal regulation of mesenchymal stem cells and immune responses. Cell Stem Cell. 2022, 29:1515-30. 10.1016\/j.stem.2022.10.001","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1525380","article-title":"Recent advances in the role of mesenchymal stem cells as modulators in autoinflammatory diseases","volume":"15","author":"Chen B","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen B, Chen Z, He M, Zhang L, Yang L, Wei L. Recent advances in the role of mesenchymal stem cells as modulators in autoinflammatory diseases. Front Immunol. 2024, 15:1525380. 10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1525380","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05450-x","article-title":"Re-establishing immune tolerance in multiple sclerosis: focusing on novel mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell regulation of Th17\/Treg balance","volume":"22","author":"Hu H","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu H, Li H, Li R, Liu P, Liu H. Re-establishing immune tolerance in multiple sclerosis: focusing on novel mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell regulation of Th17\/Treg balance. J Transl Med. 2024, 22:663. 10.1186\/s12967-024-05450-x","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2020.06.009","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell immunomodulation: mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"41","author":"Song N","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song N, Scholtemeijer M, Shah K. Mesenchymal stem cell immunomodulation: mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2020, 41:653-64. 10.1016\/j.tips.2020.06.009","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12712","article-title":"Immune modulation by mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"53","author":"Jiang W","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang W, Xu J. Immune modulation by mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Prolif. 2020, 53:e12712. 10.1111\/cpr.12712","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6518508","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and safety of mesenchymal stem cells for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"2020","author":"Zhou T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou T, Li HY, Liao C, Lin W, Lin S. Clinical efficacy and safety of mesenchymal stem cells for systemic lupus erythematosus. Stem Cells Int. 2020, 2020:6518508. 10.1155\/2020\/6518508","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-03054-0","article-title":"Clinical application of mesenchymal stem cell in regenerative medicine: a narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Margiana R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Margiana R, Markov A, Zekiy AO, et al.. Clinical application of mesenchymal stem cell in regenerative medicine: a narrative review. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2022, 13:366. 10.1186\/s13287-022-03054-0","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.696434","article-title":"Stem cell therapies for progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Smith JA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smith JA, Nicaise AM, Ionescu RB, Hamel R, Peruzzotti-Jametti L, Pluchino S. Stem cell therapies for progressive multiple sclerosis. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021, 9:696434. 10.3389\/fcell.2021.696434","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/stcltm\/szab017","article-title":"Effects of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Petrou P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Petrou P, Kassis I, Ginzberg A, Hallimi M, Karussis D. Effects of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in progressive multiple sclerosis. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2022, 11:55-8. 10.1093\/stcltm\/szab017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-03765-6","article-title":"Efficacy of intrathecal mesenchymal stem cell-neural progenitor therapy in progressive MS: results from a phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"15","author":"Harris VK","year":"2024","unstructured":"Harris VK, Stark J, Williams A, et al.. Efficacy of intrathecal mesenchymal stem cell-neural progenitor therapy in progressive MS: results from a phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2024, 15:151. 10.1186\/s13287-024-03765-6","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Page MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al.. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2021, 10:89. 10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","article-title":"The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"343","author":"Higgins JP","year":"2011","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Altman DG, G\u00f8tzsche PC, et al.. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2011, 343:d5928. 10.1136\/bmj.d5928","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-20-04","article-title":"JBI Manual for evidence synthesis","author":"Tufanaru C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tufanaru C, Munn Z, Aromataris E, Campbell J, Hopp L. JBI Manual for evidence synthesis. JBI Reviewer\u2019s Manual. Aromataris E, Munn Z (ed): JBI, 2020. 10.46658\/JBIMES-20-04"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j4008","article-title":"AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both","volume":"358","author":"Shea BJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, et al.. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ. 2017, 358:j4008. 10.1136\/bmj.j4008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","article-title":"SANRA-a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles","volume":"4","author":"Baethge C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baethge C, Goldbeck-Wood S, Mertens S. SANRA-a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles. Res Integr Peer Rev. 2019, 4:5. 10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","journal-title":"Res Integr Peer Rev"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221122156","article-title":"Evaluation of neurotrophic factor secreting mesenchymal stem cells in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"29","author":"Cohen JA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cohen JA, Lublin FD, Lock C, et al.. Evaluation of neurotrophic factor secreting mesenchymal stem cells in progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2023, 29:92-106. 10.1177\/13524585221122156","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09636897241233045","article-title":"Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of multiple sclerosis patients: phase I\/II dose-finding clinical study","volume":"33","author":"Jamali F","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jamali F, Aldughmi M, Atiani S, et al.. Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of multiple sclerosis patients: phase I\/II dose-finding clinical study. Cell Transplant. 2024, 33:3045. 10.1177\/09636897241233045","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62726-4","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"14","author":"Nawar AA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nawar AA, Farid AM, Wally R, et al.. Efficacy and safety of stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sci Rep. 2024, 14:12545. 10.1038\/s41598-024-62726-4","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9463314","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in the treatment of autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, and ankylosing spondylitis): a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial","volume":"2022","author":"Zeng L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeng L, Yu G, Yang K, Xiang W, Li J, Chen H. Efficacy and safety of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in the treatment of autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, and ankylosing spondylitis): a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial. Stem Cells Int. 2022, 2022:9463314. 10.1155\/2022\/9463314","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09917-x","article-title":"Neurofilaments in progressive multiple sclerosis: a systematic review","volume":"268","author":"Williams T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Williams T, Zetterberg H, Chataway J. Neurofilaments in progressive multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. J Neurol. 2021, 268:3212-22. 10.1007\/s00415-020-09917-x","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02097-3","article-title":"Neural stem cell transplantation in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis: an open-label, phase 1 study","volume":"29","author":"Genchi A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Genchi A, Brambilla E, Sangalli F, et al.. Neural stem cell transplantation in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis: an open-label, phase 1 study. Nat Med. 2023, 29:75-85. 10.1038\/s41591-022-02097-3","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.633167","article-title":"Immune soluble factors in the cerebrospinal fluid of progressive multiple sclerosis patients segregate into two groups","volume":"12","author":"Donninelli G","year":"2021","unstructured":"Donninelli G, Studer V, Brambilla L, et al.. Immune soluble factors in the cerebrospinal fluid of progressive multiple sclerosis patients segregate into two groups. Front Immunol. 2021, 12:633167. 10.3389\/fimmu.2021.633167","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010346","article-title":"Serum neurofilament light as a biomarker in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"95","author":"Kapoor R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kapoor R, Smith KE, Allegretta M, et al.. Serum neurofilament light as a biomarker in progressive multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2020, 95:436-44. 10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010346","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.970508","article-title":"Crosstalk between dendritic cells and regulatory T cells: protective effect and therapeutic potential in multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Li R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li R, Li H, Yang X, Hu H, Liu P, Liu H. Crosstalk between dendritic cells and regulatory T cells: protective effect and therapeutic potential in multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol. 2022, 13:970508. 10.3389\/fimmu.2022.970508","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102647","article-title":"The role of TH17 cells in multiple sclerosis: therapeutic implications","volume":"19","author":"Moser T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moser T, Akg\u00fcn K, Proschmann U, Sellner J, Ziemssen T. The role of TH17 cells in multiple sclerosis: therapeutic implications. Autoimmun Rev. 2020, 19:102647. 10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102647","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17256","article-title":"LncRNA-miRNA network analysis across the Th17 cell line reveals biomarker potency of lncRNA NEAT1 and KCNQ1OT1 in multiple sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Karimi E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Karimi E, Azari H, Tahmasebi A, et al.. LncRNA-miRNA network analysis across the Th17 cell line reveals biomarker potency of lncRNA NEAT1 and KCNQ1OT1 in multiple sclerosis. J Cell Mol Med. 2022, 26:2351-62. 10.1111\/jcmm.17256","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202210262","article-title":"Trojan horse nanocapsule enabled in situ modulation of the phenotypic conversion of Th17 cells to Treg cells for the treatment of multiple sclerosis in mice","volume":"35","author":"Shi C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shi C, Zhang J, Wang H, et al.. Trojan horse nanocapsule enabled in situ modulation of the phenotypic conversion of Th17 cells to Treg cells for the treatment of multiple sclerosis in mice. Adv Mater. 2023, 35:e2210262. 10.1002\/adma.202210262","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI155693","article-title":"microRNA-92a promotes CNS autoimmunity by modulating the regulatory and inflammatory T cell balance","volume":"132","author":"Fujiwara M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fujiwara M, Raheja R, Garo LP, et al.. microRNA-92a promotes CNS autoimmunity by modulating the regulatory and inflammatory T cell balance. J Clin Invest. 2022, 132:e155693. 10.1172\/JCI155693","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032094","article-title":"Alterations in lymphocytic metabolism-an emerging hallmark of MS pathophysiology?","volume":"24","author":"Greeck VB","year":"2023","unstructured":"Greeck VB, Williams SK, Haas J, Wildemann B, Fairless R. Alterations in lymphocytic metabolism-an emerging hallmark of MS pathophysiology?. Int J Mol Sci. 2023, 24:2094. 10.3390\/ijms24032094","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02265-1","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells as a valuable source for the treatment of immune-mediated disorders","volume":"12","author":"Markov A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Markov A, Thangavelu L, Aravindhan S, et al.. Mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells as a valuable source for the treatment of immune-mediated disorders. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2021, 12:192. 10.1186\/s13287-021-02265-1","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101860","article-title":"Growing evidence supporting the use of mesenchymal stem cell therapies in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Oliveira AG","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oliveira AG, Gon\u00e7alves M, Ferreira H, Neves N. Growing evidence supporting the use of mesenchymal stem cell therapies in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020, 38:101860. 10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101860","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/377950-immunomodulatory-role-of-mesenchymal-stem-cell-therapy-in-multiple-sclerosis-a-systematic-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]],"date-time":"2025-06-29T20:25:13Z","timestamp":1751228713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/377950-immunomodulatory-role-of-mesenchymal-stem-cell-therapy-in-multiple-sclerosis-a-systematic-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]]},"references-count":42,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.86988","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]]}}}