{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T12:10:51Z","timestamp":1791461451640,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.88163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T14:36:26Z","timestamp":1752762986000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Coincidental Coexistence of Human T-lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1)-Associated Myelopathy\/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis and Myasthenia Gravis in a Patient With Chronic HTLV-1 Infection: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Ignacio J","family":"Garma-Solis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanny S","family":"Zapata-Arceo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor M","family":"Ayuso-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelica","family":"Moreno-Enriquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00782","article-title":"Comparative analysis of thymic and blood Treg in myasthenia gravis: thymic epithelial cells contribute to thymic immunoregulatory defects","volume":"11","author":"Truffault F","year":"2020","unstructured":"Truffault F, Nazzal D, Verdier J, et al.. Comparative analysis of thymic and blood Treg in myasthenia gravis: thymic epithelial cells contribute to thymic immunoregulatory defects. Front Immunol. 2020, 11:782. 10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00782","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22158001","article-title":"HTLV-1 infection and pathogenesis: new insights from cellular and animal models","volume":"22","author":"Forlani G","year":"2021","unstructured":"Forlani G, Shallak M, Accolla RS, Romanelli MG. HTLV-1 infection and pathogenesis: new insights from cellular and animal models. Int J Mol Sci. 2021, 22:8001. 10.3390\/ijms22158001","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200203010-00012","article-title":"Detection of HTLV-I tax-rex and pol gene sequences of thymus gland in a large group of patients with myasthenia gravis","volume":"29","author":"Manca N","year":"2002","unstructured":"Manca N, Perandin F, De Simone N, Giannini F, Bonifati D, Angelini C. Detection of HTLV-I tax-rex and pol gene sequences of thymus gland in a large group of patients with myasthenia gravis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002, 29:300-6. 10.1097\/00126334-200203010-00012","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14010152","article-title":"HIV-1 and HTLV-1 transmission modes: mechanisms and importance for virus spread","volume":"14","author":"Kalinichenko S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kalinichenko S, Komkov D, Mazurov D. HIV-1 and HTLV-1 transmission modes: mechanisms and importance for virus spread. Viruses. 2022, 14:152. 10.3390\/v14010152","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1602678","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis","volume":"375","author":"Gilhus NE","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gilhus NE. Myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med. 2016, 375:2570-81. 10.1056\/NEJMra1602678","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0079-y","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis","volume":"5","author":"Gilhus NE","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gilhus NE, Tzartos S, Evoli A, Palace J, Burns TM, Verschuuren JJ. Myasthenia gravis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019, 5:30. 10.1038\/s41572-019-0079-y","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri916","article-title":"Unravelling the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis","volume":"2","author":"Vincent A","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vincent A. Unravelling the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis. Nat Rev Immunol. 2002, 2:797-804. 10.1038\/nri916","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12030492","article-title":"HAM\/TSP pathogenesis: the transmigration activity of HTLV-1-infected T cells into tissues","volume":"12","author":"Nakamura T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nakamura T. HAM\/TSP pathogenesis: the transmigration activity of HTLV-1-infected T cells into tissues. Pathogens. 2023, 12:492. 10.3390\/pathogens12030492","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2017.08.001","article-title":"HTLV-1-infected thymic epithelial cells convey the virus to CD4(+) T lymphocytes","volume":"222","author":"Carvalho Barros LR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carvalho Barros LR, Linhares-Lacerda L, Moreira-Ramos K, Ribeiro-Alves M, Machado Motta MC, Bou-Habib DC, Savino W. HTLV-1-infected thymic epithelial cells convey the virus to CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Immunobiology. 2017, 222:1053-63. 10.1016\/j.imbio.2017.08.001","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.173738","article-title":"HTLV-1 induces an inflammatory CD4+CD8+ T cell population in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy","volume":"9","author":"Maher AK","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maher AK, Aristodemou A, Giang N, Tanaka Y, Bangham CR, Taylor GP, Dominguez-Villar M. HTLV-1 induces an inflammatory CD4+CD8+ T cell population in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. JCI Insight. 2024, 9:173738. 10.1172\/jci.insight.173738","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v3091532","article-title":"Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and regulatory T cells in HTLV-1-associated neuroinflammatory disease","volume":"3","author":"Araya N","year":"2011","unstructured":"Araya N, Sato T, Yagishita N, Ando H, Utsunomiya A, Jacobson S, Yamano Y. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and regulatory T cells in HTLV-1-associated neuroinflammatory disease. Viruses. 2011, 3:1532-48. 10.3390\/v3091532","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09494-8","article-title":"Imbalanced IL10\/TGF-\u03b2 production by regulatory T-lymphocytes in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/ tropical spastic paraparesis","volume":"24","author":"Gois LL","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gois LL, Ribeiro-Soares B, Regis-Silva CG, et al.. Imbalanced IL10\/TGF-\u03b2 production by regulatory T-lymphocytes in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/ tropical spastic paraparesis. BMC Infect Dis. 2024, 24:652. 10.1186\/s12879-024-09494-8","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.59104","article-title":"Advances in understanding and managing myasthenia gravis: current trends and future directions","volume":"16","author":"Jaiswal S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jaiswal S, Shrivastava T. Advances in understanding and managing myasthenia gravis: current trends and future directions. Cureus. 2024, 16:e59104. 10.7759\/cureus.59104","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000117030","article-title":"Human T lymphotropic virus type I associated myelopathy and myasthenia gravis: a possible association?","volume":"34","author":"Fukui T","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fukui T, Sugita K, Ichikawa H, Negishi A, Kasai H, Tsukagoshi H. Human T lymphotropic virus type I associated myelopathy and myasthenia gravis: a possible association?. Eur Neurol. 1994, 34:158-61. 10.1159\/000117030","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Seroprevalence of HTLV-I\/II in blood donors in Monterrey, Mexico","volume":"27","author":"Trejo-Avila LM","year":"1996","unstructured":"Trejo-Avila LM, Fuentes-Pensamiento R, Scorro Flores-Casta\u00f1eda M, Diaz-Mendoza ML, Zapata-Benavides P, Tamez-Guerra RS. Seroprevalence of HTLV-I\/II in blood donors in Monterrey, Mexico. Arch Med Res. 1996, 27:97-9.","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24875\/RMN.20000145","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis in a reference Western Mexican Hospital: comparison of a new cohort versus a historical one","volume":"21","author":"Parada-Garza JD","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parada-Garza JD, Miranda-Garc\u00eda LA, Gonz\u00e1lez-Jaime JJ, et al.. Myasthenia gravis in a reference Western Mexican Hospital: comparison of a new cohort versus a historical one. Rev Mex Neurocien. 2020, 21:180-7. 10.24875\/RMN.20000145","journal-title":"Rev Mex Neurocien"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/386267-coincidental-coexistence-of-human-t-lymphotropic-virus-type-1-htlv-1-associated-myelopathytropical-spastic-paraparesis-and-myasthenia-gravis-in-a-patient-with-chronic-htlv-1-infection-a-case-report","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T14:36:26Z","timestamp":1752762986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/386267-coincidental-coexistence-of-human-t-lymphotropic-virus-type-1-htlv-1-associated-myelopathytropical-spastic-paraparesis-and-myasthenia-gravis-in-a-patient-with-chronic-htlv-1-infection-a-case-report"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"references-count":16,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.88163","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]}}}