{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:08:44Z","timestamp":1787238524863,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.88461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T20:42:36Z","timestamp":1753130556000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Risk of Osteoporosis and Anemia in Plant-Based Diets: A Systematic Review of Nutritional Deficiencies and Clinical Implications"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Folasade E","family":"Akinwumi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amos O","family":"Akinyemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Akangbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwasanmi  M","family":"Odeniran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnathan","family":"Sehkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiana O","family":"Olajimbiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwatobi H","family":"Ajayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10020293","article-title":"Foods for plant-based diets: challenges and innovations","volume":"10","author":"Alcorta A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alcorta A, Porta A, T\u00e1rrega A, Alvarez MD, Vaquero MP. Foods for plant-based diets: challenges and innovations. Foods. 2021, 10:293. 10.3390\/foods10020293","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"The Vegan Society statistics. (2025). Accessed. March 24, 2025: https:\/\/www.vegansociety.com\/news\/media\/statistics."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2017.04.011","article-title":"Characteristics of Americans choosing vegetarian and vegan diets for health reasons","volume":"49","author":"Cramer H","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cramer H, Kessler CS, Sundberg T, Leach MJ, Schumann D, Adams J, Lauche R. Characteristics of Americans choosing vegetarian and vegan diets for health reasons. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2017, 49:561-7.e1. 10.1016\/j.jneb.2017.04.011","journal-title":"J Nutr Educ Behav"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.06.006","article-title":"Healthy plant-based diet: what does it really mean?","volume":"70","author":"Williams KA Sr","year":"2017","unstructured":"Williams KA Sr, Patel H. Healthy plant-based diet: what does it really mean?. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017, 70:423-5. 10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.06.006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020189","article-title":"A plant-based dietary intervention improves beta-cell function and insulin resistance in overweight adults: a 16-week randomized clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Kahleova H","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kahleova H, Tura A, Hill M, Holubkov R, Barnard ND. A plant-based dietary intervention improves beta-cell function and insulin resistance in overweight adults: a 16-week randomized clinical trial. Nutrients. 2018, 10:189. 10.3390\/nu10020189","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.05.047","article-title":"Healthful and unhealthful plant-based diets and the risk of coronary heart disease in U.S. adults","volume":"70","author":"Satija A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Satija A, Bhupathiraju SN, Spiegelman D, et al.. Healthful and unhealthful plant-based diets and the risk of coronary heart disease in U.S. adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017, 70:411-22. 10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.05.047","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2016.1138447","article-title":"Vegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: a systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"57","author":"Dinu M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dinu M, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A, Sofi F. Vegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: a systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017, 57:3640-9. 10.1080\/10408398.2016.1138447","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(18)31788-4","article-title":"Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT-Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems","volume":"393","author":"Willett W","year":"2019","unstructured":"Willett W, Rockstr\u00f6m J, Loken B, et al.. Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT-Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Lancet. 2019, 393:447-92. 10.1016\/s0140-6736(18)31788-4","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2024.07.033","article-title":"Protein adequacy, plant protein proportion, and main plant protein sources consumed across vegan, vegetarian, pescovegetarian, and Semivegetarian diets: a systematic review","volume":"155","author":"Rolands MR","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rolands MR, Hackl LS, Bochud M, L\u00ea KA. Protein adequacy, plant protein proportion, and main plant protein sources consumed across vegan, vegetarian, pescovegetarian, and Semivegetarian diets: a systematic review. J Nutr. 2025, 155:153-67. 10.1016\/j.tjnut.2024.07.033","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afres.2022.100154","article-title":"Plant-based meat alternatives: compositional analysis, current development and challenges","volume":"2","author":"Ahmad M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahmad M, Rauf A, Saeed F, et al.. Plant-based meat alternatives: compositional analysis, current development and challenges. Appl Food Res. 2022, 2:100154. 10.1016\/j.afres.2022.100154","journal-title":"Appl Food Res"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15020452","article-title":"Plant-based meat alternatives: technological, nutritional, environmental, market, and social challenges and opportunities","volume":"15","author":"Andreani G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Andreani G, Sogari G, Marti A, Froldi F, Dagevos H, Martini D. Plant-based meat alternatives: technological, nutritional, environmental, market, and social challenges and opportunities. Nutrients. 2023, 15:452. 10.3390\/nu15020452","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2016.09.025","article-title":"Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: vegetarian diets","volume":"116","author":"Melina V","year":"2016","unstructured":"Melina V, Craig W, Levin S. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: vegetarian diets. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016, 116:1970-80. 10.1016\/j.jand.2016.09.025","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827616682933","article-title":"Iron status of vegetarian adults: a review of literature","volume":"12","author":"Pawlak R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pawlak R, Berger J, Hines I. Iron status of vegetarian adults: a review of literature. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2018, 12:486-98. 10.1177\/1559827616682933","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11030454","article-title":"Iron status of vegans, vegetarians and pescatarians in Norway","volume":"11","author":"Henjum S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Henjum S, Groufh-Jacobsen S, Stea TH, Tonheim LE, Almendingen K. Iron status of vegans, vegetarians and pescatarians in Norway. Biomolecules. 2021, 11:454. 10.3390\/biom11030454","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050884","article-title":"Impact of vegan and vegetarian diets on neurological health: a critical review","volume":"17","author":"Clemente-Su\u00e1rez VJ","year":"2025","unstructured":"Clemente-Su\u00e1rez VJ, Redondo-Fl\u00f3rez L, Mart\u00edn-Rodr\u00edguez A, Curiel-Regueros A, Rubio-Zarapuz A, Tornero-Aguilera JF. Impact of vegan and vegetarian diets on neurological health: a critical review. Nutrients. 2025, 17:884. 10.3390\/nu17050884","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12775\/QS.2025.37.57742","article-title":"Vegetarian diet\u2014how does it affect our body?","volume":"37","author":"Tekiela N","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tekiela N, Drozd M, Kasprzyk M, et al.. Vegetarian diet\u2014how does it affect our body?. Qual Sport. 2025, 37:57742. 10.12775\/QS.2025.37.57742","journal-title":"Qual Sport"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08901171241273330","article-title":"Vitamin B12 status in vegan and vegetarian Seventh-day Adventists: a systematic review and meta-analysis of serum levels and dietary intake","volume":"39","author":"Janko RK","year":"2025","unstructured":"Janko RK, Haussmann I, Patel A. Vitamin B12 status in vegan and vegetarian Seventh-day Adventists: a systematic review and meta-analysis of serum levels and dietary intake. Am J Health Promot. 2025, 39:162-71. 10.1177\/08901171241273330","journal-title":"Am J Health Promot"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Vitamin B12: As important to pediatricians as to geriatricians [PREPRINT]","author":"Borowitz S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Borowitz S. Vitamin B12: As important to pediatricians as to geriatricians [PREPRINT]. 2025,"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16101442","article-title":"Exploring vitamin B12 supplementation in the vegan population: a scoping review of the evidence","volume":"16","author":"Fernandes S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fernandes S, Oliveira L, Pereira A, Costa MD, Raposo A, Saraiva A, Magalh\u00e3es B. Exploring vitamin B12 supplementation in the vegan population: a scoping review of the evidence. Nutrients. 2024, 16:1442. 10.3390\/nu16101442","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.899375","article-title":"The effects of vegetarian diets on bone health: a literature review","volume":"13","author":"Falchetti A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Falchetti A, Cavati G, Valenti R, et al.. The effects of vegetarian diets on bone health: a literature review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022, 13:899375. 10.3389\/fendo.2022.899375","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-022-01061-5","article-title":"UK clinical guideline for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis","volume":"17","author":"Gregson CL","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gregson CL, Armstrong DJ, Bowden J, et al.. UK clinical guideline for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Arch Osteoporos. 2022, 17:58. 10.1007\/s11657-022-01061-5","journal-title":"Arch Osteoporos"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2025.02.002","article-title":"Vegetarian dietary patterns for adults: a position paper of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"125","author":"Raj S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Raj S, Guest NS, Landry MJ, Mangels AR, Pawlak R, Rozga M. Vegetarian dietary patterns for adults: a position paper of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2025, 125:831-46.e2. 10.1016\/j.jand.2025.02.002","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07409710.2019.1646484","article-title":"The Vegan Society and social movement professionalization, 1944-2017","volume":"27","author":"Wrenn CL","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wrenn CL. The Vegan Society and social movement professionalization, 1944-2017. Food Foodways. 2019, 27:190-210. 10.1080\/07409710.2019.1646484","journal-title":"Food Foodways"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012000936","article-title":"Vegetarian diets, low-meat diets and health: a review","volume":"15","author":"McEvoy CT","year":"2012","unstructured":"McEvoy CT, Temple N, Woodside JV. Vegetarian diets, low-meat diets and health: a review. Public Health Nutr. 2012, 15:2287-94. 10.1017\/S1368980012000936","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081734","article-title":"Physiological and dietary determinants of iron status in Spanish vegetarians","volume":"11","author":"Gallego-Narb\u00f3n A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gallego-Narb\u00f3n A, Zapatera B, Vaquero MP. Physiological and dietary determinants of iron status in Spanish vegetarians. Nutrients. 2019, 11:1734. 10.3390\/nu11081734","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15598276211044106","article-title":"Public awareness of a plant-based diet following the release of \"game changers\" and \"What the health\" documentaries","volume":"16","author":"Hartwell M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hartwell M, Torgerson T, Essex R, Campbell B, Belardo D, Vassar M. Public awareness of a plant-based diet following the release of \"game changers\" and \"What the health\" documentaries. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2022, 16:190-6. 10.1177\/15598276211044106","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Plant-based dairy and the food transformation: leveraging sociocultural acceptability and personal benefit to shift consumer behavior toward sustainability","author":"J\u00e4rvinen S","year":"2024","unstructured":"J\u00e4rvinen S. Plant-based dairy and the food transformation: leveraging sociocultural acceptability and personal benefit to shift consumer behavior toward sustainability. Laurea University of Applied Sciences, 2024."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.005744","article-title":"Zinc: an essential but elusive nutrient","volume":"94","author":"King JC","year":"2011","unstructured":"King JC. Zinc: an essential but elusive nutrient. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011, 94:679S-84S. 10.3945\/ajcn.110.005744","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzac144","article-title":"A global analysis of national dietary guidelines on plant-based diets and substitutions for animal-based foods","volume":"6","author":"Klapp AL","year":"2022","unstructured":"Klapp AL, Feil N, Risius A. A global analysis of national dietary guidelines on plant-based diets and substitutions for animal-based foods. Curr Dev Nutr. 2022, 6:nzac144. 10.1093\/cdn\/nzac144","journal-title":"Curr Dev Nutr"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.772573","article-title":"Sustaining protein nutrition through plant-based foods","volume":"8","author":"Langyan S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Langyan S, Yadava P, Khan FN, Dar ZA, Singh R, Kumar A. Sustaining protein nutrition through plant-based foods. Front Nutr. 2021, 8:772573. 10.3389\/fnut.2021.772573","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803968-7.00039-3","article-title":"Plant-based diets and iron status","author":"Moretti D","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moretti D. Plant-based diets and iron status. Vegetarian and Plant-Based Diets in Health and Disease Prevention. Elsevier, 2017. 715-27. 10.1016\/B978-0-12-803968-7.00039-3"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061814","article-title":"Zinc pharmacotherapy for elderly osteoporotic patients with zinc deficiency in a clinical setting","volume":"13","author":"Nakano M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nakano M, Nakamura Y, Miyazaki A, Takahashi J. Zinc pharmacotherapy for elderly osteoporotic patients with zinc deficiency in a clinical setting. Nutrients. 2021, 13:1814. 10.3390\/nu13061814","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.08.037","article-title":"Isolation and analysis of vitamin B12 from plant samples","volume":"216","author":"Nakos M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nakos M, Pepelanova I, Beutel S, Krings U, Berger RG, Scheper T. Isolation and analysis of vitamin B12 from plant samples. Food Chem. 2017, 216:301-8. 10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.08.037","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010029","article-title":"Nutrient intake and status in adults consuming plant-based diets compared to meat-eaters: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Neufingerl N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Neufingerl N, Eilander A. Nutrient intake and status in adults consuming plant-based diets compared to meat-eaters: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2021, 14:29. 10.3390\/nu14010029","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13132076","article-title":"Gen Z's willingness to adopt plant-based diets: empirical evidence from Greece, India, and the UK","volume":"13","author":"Raptou E","year":"2024","unstructured":"Raptou E, Tsiami A, Negro G, Ghuriani V, Baweja P, Smaoui S, Varzakas T. Gen Z's willingness to adopt plant-based diets: empirical evidence from Greece, India, and the UK. Foods. 2024, 13:2076. 10.3390\/foods13132076","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja11.11510","article-title":"Meeting the nutrient reference values on a vegetarian diet","volume":"199","author":"Reid MA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reid MA, Marsh KA, Zeuschner CL, Saunders AV, Baines SK. Meeting the nutrient reference values on a vegetarian diet. Med J Aust. 2013, 199:S33-40. 10.5694\/mja11.11510","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8120767","article-title":"Vitamin B12 among vegetarians: status, assessment and supplementation","volume":"8","author":"Rizzo G","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rizzo G, Lagan\u00e0 AS, Rapisarda AM, et al.. Vitamin B12 among vegetarians: status, assessment and supplementation. Nutrients. 2016, 8:767. 10.3390\/nu8120767","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.6.785","article-title":"Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy","volume":"285","year":"2001","unstructured":"Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA. 2001, 285.785-95. 10.1001\/jama.285.6.785","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31788-4","article-title":"Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT-Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems","volume":"393","author":"Willett W","year":"2019","unstructured":"Willett W, Rockstr\u00f6m J, and Loken B. Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT-Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Lancet. 2019, 393:447-92.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ind.2021.29240.ctu","article-title":"Rethinking food and agriculture 2020-2030: the second domestication of plants and animals, the disruption of the cow, and the collapse of industrial livestock farming","volume":"17","author":"Tubb C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tubb C, Seba T. Rethinking food and agriculture 2020-2030: the second domestication of plants and animals, the disruption of the cow, and the collapse of industrial livestock farming. Ind Biotechnol. 2021, 17:57-72. 10.1089\/ind.2021.29240.ctu","journal-title":"Ind Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-10175-9","article-title":"Fermentation of plant-based milk alternatives for improved flavour and nutritional value","volume":"103","author":"Tangyu M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tangyu M, Muller J, Bolten CJ, Wittmann C. Fermentation of plant-based milk alternatives for improved flavour and nutritional value. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2019, 103:9263-75. 10.1007\/s00253-019-10175-9","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071659","article-title":"Fatty acid profile and cardiometabolic markers in relation with diet type and omega-3 supplementation in Spanish vegetarians","volume":"11","author":"Salvador AM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Salvador AM, Garc\u00eda-Maldonado E, Gallego-Narb\u00f3n A, Zapatera B, Vaquero MP. Fatty acid profile and cardiometabolic markers in relation with diet type and omega-3 supplementation in Spanish vegetarians. Nutrients. 2019, 11:1659. 10.3390\/nu11071659","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dci19-0063","article-title":"Red and processed meats and health risks: how strong is the evidence?","volume":"43","author":"Qian F","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qian F, Riddle MC, Wylie-Rosett J, Hu FB. Red and processed meats and health risks: how strong is the evidence?. Diabetes Care. 2020, 43:265-71. 10.2337\/dci19-0063","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12060678","article-title":"Applied Animal Ethics in industrial food animal production: exploring the role of the veterinarian","volume":"12","author":"Hernandez E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hernandez E, Llonch P, Turner PV. Applied Animal Ethics in industrial food animal production: exploring the role of the veterinarian. Animals (Basel). 2022, 12:678. 10.3390\/ani12060678","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6031318","article-title":"Comparison of nutritional quality of the vegan, vegetarian, semi-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian and omnivorous diet","volume":"6","author":"Clarys P","year":"2014","unstructured":"Clarys P, Deliens T, Huybrechts I, et al.. Comparison of nutritional quality of the vegan, vegetarian, semi-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian and omnivorous diet. Nutrients. 2014, 6:1318-32. 10.3390\/nu6031318","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.26736N","article-title":"Health effects of vegan diets","volume":"89","author":"Craig WJ","year":"2009","unstructured":"Craig WJ. Health effects of vegan diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009, 89:1627S-33S. 10.3945\/ajcn.2009.26736N","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-009-0269-0","article-title":"Amino acids: metabolism, functions, and nutrition","volume":"37","author":"Wu G","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wu G. Amino acids: metabolism, functions, and nutrition. Amino Acids. 2009, 37:1-17. 10.1007\/s00726-009-0269-0","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"Dietary protein quality evaluation in human nutrition: report of an FAO expert consultation","volume":"92","author":"Food and Agriculture Organization","year":"2013","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization. Dietary protein quality evaluation in human nutrition: report of an FAO expert consultation. FAO Food Nutr Pap. 2013, 92:1-66.","journal-title":"FAO Food Nutr Pap"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512002577","article-title":"Assessment of protein adequacy in developing countries: quality matters","volume":"108","author":"Ghosh S","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ghosh S, Suri D, Uauy R. Assessment of protein adequacy in developing countries: quality matters. Br J Nutr. 2012, 108:S77-87. 10.1017\/S0007114512002577","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2017.04.016","article-title":"Nutrient density and nutritional value of meat products and non-meat foods high in protein","volume":"65","author":"Bohrer BM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bohrer BM. Nutrient density and nutritional value of meat products and non-meat foods high in protein. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2017, 65:103-12. 10.1016\/j.tifs.2017.04.016","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02601060241300563","article-title":"Eating to live well-or worse? The role of vegan and vegetarian diets in mental health","volume":"31","author":"Dobersek U","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dobersek U, Lavie CJ, Archer E. Eating to live well-or worse? The role of vegan and vegetarian diets in mental health. Nutr Health. 2025, 31:395-406. 10.1177\/02601060241300563","journal-title":"Nutr Health"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020293","article-title":"Protein intake among community-dwelling older adults: the influence of (pre-) motivational determinants","volume":"14","author":"Verwijs MH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Verwijs MH, Haveman-Nies A, Borkent JW, Linschooten JO, Roodenburg AJ, de Groot LC, de van der Schueren MA. Protein intake among community-dwelling older adults: the influence of (pre-) motivational determinants. Nutrients. 2022, 14:293. 10.3390\/nu14020293","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2005.10719501","article-title":"Dietary protein: an essential nutrient for bone health","volume":"24","author":"Bonjour JP","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bonjour JP. Dietary protein: an essential nutrient for bone health. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005, 24:526S-36S. 10.1080\/07315724.2005.10719501","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2030299","article-title":"Vitamin B12 in health and disease","volume":"2","author":"O'Leary F","year":"2010","unstructured":"O'Leary F, Samman S. Vitamin B12 in health and disease. Nutrients. 2010, 2:299-316. 10.3390\/nu2030299","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2019.2","article-title":"Vitamin B(12) and folate status in Spanish lacto-ovo vegetarians and vegans","volume":"8","author":"Gallego-Narb\u00f3n A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gallego-Narb\u00f3n A, Zapatera B, Barrios L, Vaquero MP. Vitamin B(12) and folate status in Spanish lacto-ovo vegetarians and vegans. J Nutr Sci. 2019, 8:e7. 10.1017\/jns.2019.2","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6051861","article-title":"Vitamin B\u2081\u2082-containing plant food sources for vegetarians","volume":"6","author":"Watanabe F","year":"2014","unstructured":"Watanabe F, Yabuta Y, Bito T, Teng F. Vitamin B\u2081\u2082-containing plant food sources for vegetarians. Nutrients. 2014, 6:1861-73. 10.3390\/nu6051861","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010240","article-title":"Vitamin B(12) in foods, food supplements, and medicines-a review of its role and properties with a focus on its stability","volume":"28","author":"Temova Raku\u0161a \u017d","year":"2022","unstructured":"Temova Raku\u0161a \u017d, Ro\u0161kar R, Hickey N, Geremia S. Vitamin B(12) in foods, food supplements, and medicines-a review of its role and properties with a focus on its stability. Molecules. 2022, 28:240. 10.3390\/molecules28010240","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5072502","article-title":"Vitamin D and immune function","volume":"5","author":"Prietl B","year":"2013","unstructured":"Prietl B, Treiber G, Pieber TR, Amrein K. Vitamin D and immune function. Nutrients. 2013, 5:2502-21. 10.3390\/nu5072502","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","volume":"357","author":"Holick MF","year":"2007","unstructured":"Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007, 357:266-81. 10.1056\/NEJMra070553","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.24494","article-title":"Sunlight and Vitamin D: A global perspective for health","volume":"5","author":"Wacker M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wacker M, Holick MF. Sunlight and Vitamin D: A global perspective for health. Dermatoendocrinol. 2013, 5:51-108. 10.4161\/derm.24494","journal-title":"Dermatoendocrinol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.2.310","article-title":"Vitamin D intake: a global perspective of current status","volume":"135","author":"Calvo MS","year":"2005","unstructured":"Calvo MS, Whiting SJ, Barton CN. Vitamin D intake: a global perspective of current status. J Nutr. 2005, 135:310-6. 10.1093\/jn\/135.2.310","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2018.04.015","article-title":"Iron bioavailability from food fortification to precision nutrition: a review","volume":"51","author":"Blanco-Rojo R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blanco-Rojo R, Vaquero MP. Iron bioavailability from food fortification to precision nutrition: a review. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol. 2019, 51:126-38. 10.1016\/j.ifset.2018.04.015","journal-title":"Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)32594-0","article-title":"Iron deficiency","volume":"397","author":"Pasricha SR","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pasricha SR, Tye-Din J, Muckenthaler MU, et al.. Iron deficiency. Lancet. 2021, 397:233-48. 10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)32594-0","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.28674F","article-title":"Iron bioavailability and dietary reference values","volume":"91","author":"Hurrell R","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hurrell R, Egli I. Iron bioavailability and dietary reference values. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010, 91:1461S-7S. 10.3945\/ajcn.2010.28674F","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(07)61235-5","article-title":"Nutritional iron deficiency","volume":"370","author":"Zimmermann MB","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zimmermann MB, Hurrell RF. Nutritional iron deficiency. Lancet. 2007, 370:511-520. 10.1016\/s0140-6736(07)61235-5","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.afnr.2014.11.003","article-title":"Vegetarian diets across the lifecycle: impact on zinc intake and status","volume":"74","author":"Foster M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Foster M, Samman S. Vegetarian diets across the lifecycle: impact on zinc intake and status. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2015, 74:93-131. 10.1016\/bs.afnr.2014.11.003","journal-title":"Adv Food Nutr Res"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.17463","article-title":"Vitamin D intake and status in children and adolescents: comparing vegetarian, vegan, and omnivorous diets","volume":"114","author":"Devulapalli CS","year":"2025","unstructured":"Devulapalli CS. Vitamin D intake and status in children and adolescents: comparing vegetarian, vegan, and omnivorous diets. Acta Paediatr. 2025, 114:498-504. 10.1111\/apa.17463","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1461","article-title":"Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fats, including saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol","volume":"8","author":"EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products","year":"2010","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products. Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fats, including saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol. EFSA J. 2010, 8:1461. 10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1461","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"ref69","article-title":"Food fortification through innovative technologies","author":"Alina VR","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alina VR, Dhiman RK, Sharma P, et al.. Food fortification through innovative technologies. Food Engineering. Coldea TE (ed): Books on Demand, 2019."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldaa005","article-title":"The epidemiology of osteoporosis","volume":"133","author":"Clynes MA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clynes MA, Harvey NC, Curtis EM, Fuggle NR, Dennison EM, Cooper C. The epidemiology of osteoporosis. Br Med Bull. 2020, 133:105-17. 10.1093\/bmb\/ldaa005","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.071621","article-title":"Vegetarian diets and bone status","volume":"100","author":"Tucker KL","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tucker KL. Vegetarian diets and bone status. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014, 100:329S-35S. 10.3945\/ajcn.113.071621","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10050714","article-title":"Plant foods rich in antioxidants and human cognition: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Baroni L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baroni L, Sarni AR, Zuliani C. Plant foods rich in antioxidants and human cognition: a systematic review. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021, 10:714. 10.3390\/antiox10050714","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.56214","article-title":"The ethics of veganism","volume":"16","author":"Jaiswal A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jaiswal A, Shrivastava T. The ethics of veganism. Cureus. 2024, 16:e56214. 10.7759\/cureus.56214","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmac098","article-title":"A scoping review of the environmental impacts and nutrient composition of plant-based milks","volume":"13","author":"Berardy AJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Berardy AJ, Rub\u00edn-Garc\u00eda M, Sabat\u00e9 J. A scoping review of the environmental impacts and nutrient composition of plant-based milks. Adv Nutr. 2022, 13:2559-72. 10.1093\/advances\/nmac098","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1793730","article-title":"Plant-based food and protein trend from a business perspective: markets, consumers, and the challenges and opportunities in the future","volume":"61","author":"Aschemann-Witzel J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aschemann-Witzel J, Gantriis RF, Fraga P, Perez-Cueto FJ. Plant-based food and protein trend from a business perspective: markets, consumers, and the challenges and opportunities in the future. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2021, 61:3119-28. 10.1080\/10408398.2020.1793730","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11193059","article-title":"Consumer preference segments for plant-based foods: the role of product category","volume":"11","author":"Cardello AV","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cardello AV, Llobell F, Giacalone D, Chheang SL, Jaeger SR. Consumer preference segments for plant-based foods: the role of product category. Foods. 2022, 11:3059. 10.3390\/foods11193059","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joclim.2023.100260","article-title":"Climate change, industrial animal agriculture, and the role of physicians - time to act","volume":"13","author":"Higuita NIA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Higuita NIA, LaRocque R, McGushin A. Climate change, industrial animal agriculture, and the role of physicians - time to act. J Clim Change Health. 2023, 13:100260. 10.1016\/j.joclim.2023.100260","journal-title":"J Clim Change Health"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-009-0203-x","article-title":"Physiopathological mechanism of sarcopenia","volume":"13","author":"Boirie Y","year":"2009","unstructured":"Boirie Y. Physiopathological mechanism of sarcopenia. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009, 13:717-23. 10.1007\/s12603-009-0203-x","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000578","article-title":"Sorbitol enhances the physicochemical stability of B(12) vitamers","volume":"90","author":"Hadinata Lie A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hadinata Lie A, V Chandra-Hioe M, Arcot J. Sorbitol enhances the physicochemical stability of B(12) vitamers. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2020, 90:439-47. 10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000578","journal-title":"Int J Vitam Nutr Res"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.144437","article-title":"Enhancement of vitamin B12 in plant-based food through microbial fermentation-a sustainable food system","volume":"484","author":"Deokar GS","year":"2025","unstructured":"Deokar GS, Pathak VA, Kshirsagar SJ, Al-Asmari F, Nirmal N. Enhancement of vitamin B12 in plant-based food through microbial fermentation-a sustainable food system. Food Chem. 2025, 484:144437. 10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.144437","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref81","unstructured":"Vitamin D. fact sheet for health professionals. (2017). Accessed: 2025: https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/VitaminD-HealthProfessional."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980010002454","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans: results from the EPIC-Oxford study","volume":"14","author":"Crowe FL","year":"2011","unstructured":"Crowe FL, Steur M, Allen NE, Appleby PN, Travis RC, Key TJ. Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans: results from the EPIC-Oxford study. Public Health Nutr. 2011, 14:340-6. 10.1017\/S1368980010002454","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803968-7.00038-1","article-title":"Implications of a plant-based diet on zinc requirements and nutritional status","author":"Foster M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Foster M, Samman S. Implications of a plant-based diet on zinc requirements and nutritional status. Vegetarian and Plant-Based Diets in Health and Disease Prevention. Elsevier, 2017. 683-713. 10.1016\/B978-0-12-803968-7.00038-1"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2018.12.040","article-title":"\"If I became a vegan, my family and friends would hate me:\" Anticipating vegan stigma as a barrier to plant-based diets","volume":"135","author":"Markowski KL","year":"2019","unstructured":"Markowski KL, Roxburgh S. \"If I became a vegan, my family and friends would hate me:\" Anticipating vegan stigma as a barrier to plant-based diets. Appetite. 2019, 135:1-9. 10.1016\/j.appet.2018.12.040","journal-title":"Appetite"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/372946-risk-of-osteoporosis-and-anemia-in-plant-based-diets-a-systematic-review-of-nutritional-deficiencies-and-clinical-implications","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T20:42:37Z","timestamp":1753130557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/372946-risk-of-osteoporosis-and-anemia-in-plant-based-diets-a-systematic-review-of-nutritional-deficiencies-and-clinical-implications"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"references-count":84,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.88461","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]}}}