{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T19:03:18Z","timestamp":1754161398192,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.88926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T20:28:26Z","timestamp":1753734506000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ocular Syphilis Revisited: A Review of Cases and Evidence From the Literature"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Eissa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Kalogeropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farid","family":"Afshar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Najiha","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J","family":"Lotery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2021.06.003","article-title":"Ocular syphilis","volume":"67","author":"Furtado JM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Furtado JM, Sim\u00f5es M, Vasconcelos-Santos D, et al.. Ocular syphilis. Surv Ophthalmol. 2022, 67:440-62. 10.1016\/j.survophthal.2021.06.003","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp048126","article-title":"Syphilis control--a continuing challenge","volume":"351","author":"Hook EW 3rd","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hook EW 3rd, Peeling RW. Syphilis control--a continuing challenge. N Engl J Med. 2004, 351:122-4. 10.1056\/NEJMp048126","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2017.1371765","article-title":"Ocular syphilis: an update","volume":"27","author":"Dutta Majumder P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dutta Majumder P, Chen EJ, Shah J, et al.. Ocular syphilis: an update. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2019, 27:117-25. 10.1080\/09273948.2017.1371765","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6701954","article-title":"Ocular syphilis: the new epidemic","volume":"20","author":"Doris JP","year":"2006","unstructured":"Doris JP, Saha K, Jones NP, Sukthankar A. Ocular syphilis: the new epidemic. Eye (Lond). 2006, 20:703-5. 10.1038\/sj.eye.6701954","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.63.2.83","article-title":"Oculomotor dysfunction in patients with syphilis","volume":"63","author":"Rosenhall U","year":"1987","unstructured":"Rosenhall U, L\u00f6whagen GB, Roupe G. Oculomotor dysfunction in patients with syphilis. Genitourin Med. 1987, 63:83-6. 10.1136\/sti.63.2.83","journal-title":"Genitourin Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000099","article-title":"Ocular syphilis","volume":"25","author":"Davis JL","year":"2014","unstructured":"Davis JL. Ocular syphilis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2014, 25:513-8. 10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000099","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.14464","article-title":"Ocular syphilis - a case series of four patients","volume":"19","author":"Jahnke S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jahnke S, Sunderk\u00f6tter C, Lange D, Wienrich R, Kreft B. Ocular syphilis - a case series of four patients. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2021, 19:987-91. 10.1111\/ddg.14464","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624211011917","article-title":"A case series with literature review on adjunctive usage of intravitreal ceftazidime in ocular syphilis with human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"32","author":"Lim YW","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lim YW, Lott PW, Mohamad NF, Begam Iqbal T. A case series with literature review on adjunctive usage of intravitreal ceftazidime in ocular syphilis with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Int J STD AIDS. 2021, 32:968-73. 10.1177\/09564624211011917","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14559","article-title":"British ocular syphilis study (BOSS): 2-year national surveillance study of intraocular inflammation secondary to ocular syphilis","volume":"55","author":"Mathew RG","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mathew RG, Goh BT, Westcott MC. British ocular syphilis study (BOSS): 2-year national surveillance study of intraocular inflammation secondary to ocular syphilis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014, 55:5394-400. 10.1167\/iovs.14-14559","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000368","article-title":"Prevalence estimates of complicated syphilis","volume":"42","author":"Dombrowski JC","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dombrowski JC, Pedersen R, Marra CM, Kerani RP, Golden MR. Prevalence estimates of complicated syphilis. Sex Transm Dis. 2015, 42:702-4. 10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000368","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Ocular syphilis: clinical manifestations and treatment course","volume":"118","author":"Etheridge T","year":"2019","unstructured":"Etheridge T, Bowen RC, Raven M, Snow KB, Urban AW, Chang JS. Ocular syphilis: clinical manifestations and treatment course. WMJ. 2019, 118:191-5.","journal-title":"WMJ"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2019.05.009","article-title":"Ocular syphilis: case series (2000-2015) from 2 tertiary care centres in Montreal, Canada","volume":"55","author":"Vadboncoeur J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vadboncoeur J, Labb\u00e9 AC, Fortin C, et al.. Ocular syphilis: case series (2000-2015) from 2 tertiary care centres in Montreal, Canada. Can J Ophthalmol. 2020, 55:30-7. 10.1016\/j.jcjo.2019.05.009","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000594","article-title":"The large Hellenic study of uveitis: diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms, complications, and final outcome","volume":"12","author":"Kalogeropoulos D","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kalogeropoulos D, Asproudis I, Stefaniotou M, et al.. The large Hellenic study of uveitis: diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms, complications, and final outcome. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2023, 12:44-57. 10.1097\/APO.0000000000000594","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila)"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000001524","article-title":"The large Hellenic study of uveitis: diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms, complications, and final outcome","volume":"19","author":"Thomas J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Thomas J, Ahmed H, Halbritter K, Enghelberg M. The large Hellenic study of uveitis: diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms, complications, and final outcome. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2025, 19:196-201. 10.1097\/ICB.0000000000001524","journal-title":"Retin Cases Brief Rep"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624231195674","article-title":"Never forget ocular syphilis: a case series from a single tertiary centre","volume":"34","author":"K\u00f6ksald\u0131 S","year":"2023","unstructured":"K\u00f6ksald\u0131 S, Nazl\u0131 A, Kaya M, Saatci AO. Never forget ocular syphilis: a case series from a single tertiary centre. Int J STD AIDS. 2023, 34:817-22. 10.1177\/09564624231195674","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usad238","article-title":"A case series of ocular syphilis cases at military treatment facility from 2020 to 2021","volume":"189","author":"Kautz M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kautz M, Kerbow C, Lee T, Kronmann KC, Dore M. A case series of ocular syphilis cases at military treatment facility from 2020 to 2021. Mil Med. 2024, 189:410-3. 10.1093\/milmed\/usad238","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e328010a9b5","article-title":"Update on ocular syphilis","volume":"17","author":"Gaudio PA","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gaudio PA. Update on ocular syphilis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2006, 17:562-6. 10.1097\/ICU.0b013e328010a9b5","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2005.19.209","article-title":"Acute syphilitic blindness in an HIV-positive patient","volume":"19","author":"Oette M","year":"2005","unstructured":"Oette M, Hemker J, Feldt T, Sagir A, Best J, H\u00e4ussinger D. Acute syphilitic blindness in an HIV-positive patient. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2005, 19:209-11. 10.1089\/apc.2005.19.209","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2010.043042","article-title":"Ocular syphilis among HIV-infected patients: a systematic analysis of the literature","volume":"87","author":"Tucker JD","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tucker JD, Li JZ, Robbins GK, et al.. Ocular syphilis among HIV-infected patients: a systematic analysis of the literature. Sex Transm Infect. 2011, 87:4-8. 10.1136\/sti.2010.043042","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2023.08.10","article-title":"Syphilitic uveitis in HIV-positive patients: report of a case series, treatment outcomes, and comprehensive review of the literature","volume":"16","author":"Xu N","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu N, Yuan JG, Dai QJ, Yuan C, He Y, Jiang TS, Zhu J. Syphilitic uveitis in HIV-positive patients: report of a case series, treatment outcomes, and comprehensive review of the literature. Int J Ophthalmol. 2023, 16:1250-9. 10.18240\/ijo.2023.08.10","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-005-1137-6","article-title":"Syphilitic uveitis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"243","author":"Tran TH","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tran TH, Cassoux N, Bodaghi B, Fardeau C, Caumes E, Lehoang P. Syphilitic uveitis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2005, 243:863-9. 10.1007\/s00417-005-1137-6","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-023-02772-5","article-title":"The large hellenic study of uveitis: epidemiology, etiologic factors, and classification","volume":"43","author":"Kalogeropoulos D","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kalogeropoulos D, Asproudis I, Stefaniotou M, et al.. The large hellenic study of uveitis: epidemiology, etiologic factors, and classification. Int Ophthalmol. 2023, 43:3633-50. 10.1007\/s10792-023-02772-5","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2004.00871.x","article-title":"Syphilis presenting as scleritis in an HIV-positive man undergoing immune reconstitution","volume":"32","author":"Moloney G","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moloney G, Branley M, Kotsiou G, Rhodes D. Syphilis presenting as scleritis in an HIV-positive man undergoing immune reconstitution. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2004, 32:526-8. 10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2004.00871.x","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.10.1505","article-title":"Syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus: prevention and politics","volume":"61","author":"Marra CM","year":"2004","unstructured":"Marra CM. Syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus: prevention and politics. Arch Neurol. 2004, 61:1505-8. 10.1001\/archneur.61.10.1505","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S425821","article-title":"Clinical features of syphilis patients with ocular symptoms as the initial manifestation","volume":"17","author":"Matsumoto H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Matsumoto H, Suzuki S, Nagata M, Senoo T, Watanabe M, Kawashima H. Clinical features of syphilis patients with ocular symptoms as the initial manifestation. Clin Ophthalmol. 2023, 17:2901-7. 10.2147\/OPTH.S425821","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Syphilis ocular manifestations","author":"Koundanya VV","year":"2025","unstructured":"Koundanya VV, Tripathy K. Syphilis ocular manifestations. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2025."}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/387214-ocular-syphilis-revisited-a-review-of-cases-and-evidence-from-the-literature","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T20:28:27Z","timestamp":1753734507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/387214-ocular-syphilis-revisited-a-review-of-cases-and-evidence-from-the-literature"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"references-count":26,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.88926","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2168-8184"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]}}}