{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:58:15Z","timestamp":1792796295218,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.90078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T14:42:02Z","timestamp":1755182522000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparing Pudendal Nerve Blocks and Caudal Blocks for Pediatric Urological Surgeries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Feras","family":"Ayaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osamah","family":"Arafah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanadi","family":"Almashooq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aljazi","family":"Alrashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leen","family":"Alshibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Abdul Kareem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000005554","article-title":"Pediatric regional anesthesia: a practical guideline for daily clinical practice","volume":"143","author":"Marhofer P","year":"2025","unstructured":"Marhofer P, Zadrazil M, Opfermann PL. Pediatric regional anesthesia: a practical guideline for daily clinical practice. Anesthesiology. 2025, 143:444-61. 10.1097\/ALN.0000000000005554","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31825d9f4b","article-title":"Pediatric Regional Anesthesia Network (PRAN). A multi-institutional study of the use and incidence of complications of pediatric regional anesthesia","volume":"115","author":"Polaner DM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Polaner DM, Taenzer AH, Walker BJ, et al.. Pediatric Regional Anesthesia Network (PRAN). A multi-institutional study of the use and incidence of complications of pediatric regional anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2012, 115:1353-64. 10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31825d9f4b","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2011.03691.x","article-title":"Benefits of regional anesthesia in children","volume":"22","author":"Bosenberg A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bosenberg A. Benefits of regional anesthesia in children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012, 22:10-8. 10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2011.03691.x","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181c5dfd7","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging for regional anesthesia in infants, children, and adolescents. A review of current literature and its application in the practice of extremity and trunk blocks","volume":"112","author":"Tsui B","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tsui B, Suresh S. Ultrasound imaging for regional anesthesia in infants, children, and adolescents. A review of current literature and its application in the practice of extremity and trunk blocks. Anesthesiology. 2010, 112:473-92. 10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181c5dfd7","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. (2024). Accessed. n.d: http:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0887-8994(00)00154-5","article-title":"Prolonged survival with hydranencephaly: report of two patients and literature review","volume":"23","author":"McAbee GN","year":"2000","unstructured":"McAbee GN, Chan A, Erde EL. Prolonged survival with hydranencephaly: report of two patients and literature review. Pediatric Neurology. 2000, 23:80-4. 10.1016\/s0887-8994(00)00154-5","journal-title":"Pediatric Neurology"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000280","article-title":"The European Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy and the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine joint committee practice advisory on controversial topics in pediatric regional anesthesia","volume":"40","author":"Ivani G","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ivani G, Suresh S, Ecoffey C, et al.. The European Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy and the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine joint committee practice advisory on controversial topics in pediatric regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2015, 40:526-32. 10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000280","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.10.031","article-title":"How to recognise collateral damage in partial nerve injury models of neuropathic pain","volume":"153","author":"Todd AJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Todd AJ. How to recognise collateral damage in partial nerve injury models of neuropathic pain. Pain. 2012, 153:11-2. 10.1016\/j.pain.2011.10.031","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra012626","article-title":"Analgesics for the treatment of pain in children","volume":"347","author":"Berde CB","year":"2002","unstructured":"Berde CB, Sethna NF. Analgesics for the treatment of pain in children. N Engl J Med. 2002, 347:1094-103. 10.1056\/NEJMra012626","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses). (2024). Accessed. n.d: http:\/\/www.prisma-statement.org\/."},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"","author":"Higgins JPT","year":"201912025","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, US; 201912025. https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/book\/10.1002\/9781119536604."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1875-9572(08)60011-X","article-title":"Hydranencephaly associated with interruption of bilateral internal carotid arteries","volume":"49","author":"Quek YW","year":"2008","unstructured":"Quek YW, Su PH, Tsao TF, Chen JY, Ng YY, Hu JM, Chen SJ. Hydranencephaly associated with interruption of bilateral internal carotid arteries. Pediatr Neonatol. 2008, 49:43-7. 10.1016\/S1875-9572(08)60011-X","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.14366","article-title":"Comparison of the postoperative analgesic effects of US-guided caudal block and US-guided pudendal nerve block in circumcision","volume":"75","author":"Ozen V","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ozen V. Comparison of the postoperative analgesic effects of US-guided caudal block and US-guided pudendal nerve block in circumcision. Int J Clin Pract. 2021, 75:e14366. 10.1111\/ijcp.14366","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2020.05.009","article-title":"Caudal epidural block versus ultrasound-guided dorsal penile nerve block for pediatric distal hypospadias surgery: a prospective, observational study","volume":"16","author":"Ozen V","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ozen V, Yigit D. Caudal epidural block versus ultrasound-guided dorsal penile nerve block for pediatric distal hypospadias surgery: a prospective, observational study. J Pediatr Urol. 2020, 16:438.e1-8. 10.1016\/j.jpurol.2020.05.009","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Comparison of the analgesic efficacy of ultrasound-guided transperineal approach using pudendal nerve block versus caudal block in children undergoing urological surgeries: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Singh VK","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singh VK, Gupta A, Gupta A, Choudhuri P, Gangwal M. Comparison of the analgesic efficacy of ultrasound-guided transperineal approach using pudendal nerve block versus caudal block in children undergoing urological surgeries: a randomized controlled trial. Cureus. 2024, 16:e74244.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"A comparison of the ultrasound-guided dorsal penile block and ultrasound-guided caudal epidural block for postoperative analgesia in children undergoing hypospadias surgery: a randomized controlled study","volume":"17","author":"Kumari S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kumari S, Kumar M, Sinha M, Singha SK, Gupta H, Dubey R. A comparison of the ultrasound-guided dorsal penile block and ultrasound-guided caudal epidural block for postoperative analgesia in children undergoing hypospadias surgery: a randomized controlled study. Cureus. 2025, 17:e82351.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"A prospective observational study analyzing the analgesic efficacy of caudal block and nerve stimulator-guided pudendal nerve block in children undergoing hypospadias repair","volume":"15","author":"Hayaran N","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hayaran N, Kaushik P, Yadav S, Hage A. A prospective observational study analyzing the analgesic efficacy of caudal block and nerve stimulator-guided pudendal nerve block in children undergoing hypospadias repair. Cureus. 2023, 15:e44649.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42077-021-00172-4","article-title":"Comparative study between ultrasound-guided pudendal nerve block and caudal epidural block anesthesia in children undergoing hypospadias surgery","volume":"13","author":"Ahmed WAI","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmed WAI, Shokier MH, Kasem AA, El Aziz MH, Saed SG. Comparative study between ultrasound-guided pudendal nerve block and caudal epidural block anesthesia in children undergoing hypospadias surgery. Ain-Shams J Anesthesiol. 2021, 13:50. 10.1186\/s42077-021-00172-4","journal-title":"Ain-Shams J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000447","article-title":"Pudendal versus caudal block in children undergoing hypospadias surgery: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"41","author":"Kendigelen P","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kendigelen P, Tutuncu AC, Emre S, Altindas F, Kaya G. Pudendal versus caudal block in children undergoing hypospadias surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2016, 41:610-5. 10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000447","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0189-6725.132821","article-title":"Comparing the analgesic effect of caudal and ilioinguinal iliohypogastric nerve blockade using bupivacaine-clonidine in inguinal surgeries in children 2-7 years old","volume":"11","author":"Seyedhejazi M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Seyedhejazi M, Sheikhzadeh D, Adrang Z, Rashed FK. Comparing the analgesic effect of caudal and ilioinguinal iliohypogastric nerve blockade using bupivacaine-clonidine in inguinal surgeries in children 2-7 years old. Afr J Paediatr Surg. 2014, 11:166-9. 10.4103\/0189-6725.132821","journal-title":"Afr J Paediatr Surg"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2017.11.006","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided pudendal block is a viable alternative to caudal block for hypospadias surgery: a single-surgeon pilot study","volume":"113","author":"Hecht S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hecht S, Pi\u00f1eda J, Bayne A. Ultrasound-guided pudendal block is a viable alternative to caudal block for hypospadias surgery: a single-surgeon pilot study. Urology. 2018, 113:192-6. 10.1016\/j.urology.2017.11.006","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2017.08.062","article-title":"Comparison of intraoperative and early postoperative outcomes of caudal vs dorsal penile nerve blocks for outpatient penile surgeries","volume":"118","author":"Chan KH","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chan KH, Shah A, Moser EA, et al.. Comparison of intraoperative and early postoperative outcomes of caudal vs dorsal penile nerve blocks for outpatient penile surgeries. Urology. 2018, 118:164-71. 10.1016\/j.urology.2017.08.062","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2025.111792","article-title":"Comparison of regional anesthesia techniques for hypospadias surgery: a systematic review","volume":"103","author":"Nakamura H","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nakamura H, Shimada K, Iwagami M, Masue T, Tamiya N, Inokuchi R. Comparison of regional anesthesia techniques for hypospadias surgery: a systematic review. J Clin Anesth. 2025, 103:111792. 10.1016\/j.jclinane.2025.111792","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31823c1030","article-title":"Practice guidelines for acute pain management in the perioperative setting: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Acute Pain Management","volume":"116","year":"2012","unstructured":"Practice guidelines for acute pain management in the perioperative setting. an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Acute Pain Management. Anesthesiology. 2012, 116:248-73. 10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31823c1030","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200009000-00014","article-title":"The safety and efficacy of parent-\/nurse-controlled analgesia in patients less than six years of age","volume":"91","author":"Monitto CL","year":"2000","unstructured":"Monitto CL, Greenberg RS, Kost-Byerly S, Wetzel R, Billett C, Lebet RM, Yaster M. The safety and efficacy of parent-\/nurse-controlled analgesia in patients less than six years of age. Anesth Analg. 2000, 91:573-9. 10.1097\/00000539-200009000-00014","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins JP","year":"2003","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003, 327:557-60. 10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger M","year":"1997","unstructured":"Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997, 315:629-34. 10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604","article-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","author":"The Cochrane Collaboration","year":"2019","unstructured":"The Cochrane Collaboration. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Julian P.T. Higgins, James Thomas, Jacqueline Chandler, Miranda Cumpston, Tianjing Li, Matthew J. Page, Vivian A. Welch (ed): John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, US; 2019. 10.1002\/9781119536604"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1187","article-title":"How should meta-regression analyses be undertaken and interpreted?","volume":"21","author":"Thompson SG","year":"2002","unstructured":"Thompson SG, Higgins JP. How should meta-regression analyses be undertaken and interpreted?. Stat Med. 2002, 21:1559-73. 10.1002\/sim.1187","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Individual Participant Data Meta\u2010Analysis: A Handbook for Healthcare Research","year":"2021","unstructured":"Individual Participant Data Meta\u2010Analysis. A Handbook for Healthcare Research. Riley RD, Tierney JF, Stewart LA (ed): John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, US; 2021."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2009.0647","article-title":"Neuropathic pain in children: special considerations","volume":"85","author":"Walco GA","year":"2010","unstructured":"Walco GA, Dworkin RH, Krane EJ, LeBel AA, Treede RD. Neuropathic pain in children: special considerations. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010, 85:S33-41. 10.4065\/mcp.2009.0647","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/395621-comparing-pudendal-nerve-blocks-and-caudal-blocks-for-pediatric-urological-surgeries-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T14:42:03Z","timestamp":1755182523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/395621-comparing-pudendal-nerve-blocks-and-caudal-blocks-for-pediatric-urological-surgeries-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"references-count":31,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.90078","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]}}}