{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T16:46:52Z","timestamp":1755794812172,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.90206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]],"date-time":"2025-08-16T09:24:18Z","timestamp":1755336258000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends in Obesity Among Canadian Adults: A Population-Level Database Analysis"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Violet C","family":"Mokwenye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith N","family":"Ochuba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oluwatomiwa S","family":"Fasoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amarachi S","family":"Nwokolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oghale","family":"Osula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marvellous  O","family":"Sowunmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chidimma I.","family":"Oramu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharokeen","family":"Youkhana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelechukwu P","family":"Oranu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amarachi","family":"Asomugha-Okwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Okelue E","family":"Okobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Obesity","author":"Panuganti KK","year":"2025","unstructured":"Panuganti KK, Nguyen M, Kshirsagar RK. Obesity. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2025."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Obesity. Accessed. July 15, 2025: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity."},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Public health considerations regarding obesity","author":"Balasundaram P","year":"2025","unstructured":"Balasundaram P, Daley SF. Public health considerations regarding obesity. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2025."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13020502","article-title":"Obesity: a global health challenge demanding urgent action","volume":"13","author":"Abad-Jim\u00e9nez Z","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abad-Jim\u00e9nez Z, Vezza T. Obesity: a global health challenge demanding urgent action. Biomedicines. 2025, 13:502. 10.3390\/biomedicines13020502","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Obesity Statistics in Canada. Report. Accessed: July 15, 2025: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/publications\/healthy-living\/obesity-statistics-canada.html."},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Definitions, classification, and epidemiology of obesity","author":"Purnell JQ","year":"2000","unstructured":"Purnell JQ. Definitions, classification, and epidemiology of obesity. Endotext [Internet]. Feingold KR, Ahmed SF, Anawalt B (ed): MDText.com, Inc., South Dartmouth (MA); 2000."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17269\/CJPH.108.6044","article-title":"A critical analysis of obesity prevention policies and strategies","volume":"108","author":"Salas XR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Salas XR, Forhan M, Caulfield T, Sharma AM, Raine K. A critical analysis of obesity prevention policies and strategies. Can J Public Health. 2017, 108:e598-608. 10.17269\/CJPH.108.6044","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac031","article-title":"The energy balance model of obesity: beyond calories in, calories out","volume":"115","author":"Hall KD","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hall KD, Farooqi IS, Friedman JM, et al.. The energy balance model of obesity: beyond calories in, calories out. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022, 115:1243-54. 10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac031","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Endocrine changes in obesity","author":"Ylli D","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ylli D, Sidhu S, Parikh T, Burman KD. Endocrine changes in obesity. Endotext [Internet]. Feingold KR, Ahmed SF, Anawalt B (ed): MDText.com, Inc., South Dartmouth (MA); 2000."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2023.01.012","article-title":"Pathophysiology of obesity and its associated diseases","volume":"13","author":"Jin X","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jin X, Qiu T, Li L, et al.. Pathophysiology of obesity and its associated diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2023, 13:2403-24. 10.1016\/j.apsb.2023.01.012","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126681","article-title":"Adipocyte mitochondria: deciphering energetic functions across fat depots in obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"25","author":"Das S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Das S, Mukhuty A, Mullen GP, Rudolph MC. Adipocyte mitochondria: deciphering energetic functions across fat depots in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Int J Mol Sci. 2024, 25:6681. 10.3390\/ijms25126681","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.026609","article-title":"Hypothalamic circuits regulating appetite and energy homeostasis: pathways to obesity","volume":"10","author":"Timper K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Timper K, Br\u00fcning JC. Hypothalamic circuits regulating appetite and energy homeostasis: pathways to obesity. Dis Model Mech. 2017, 10:679-89. 10.1242\/dmm.026609","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Canadian Health Measures Survey. Accessed. July 15, 2025: https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/surveys\/5071."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-014-0243-x","article-title":"The epidemiology of obesity: a big picture","volume":"33","author":"Hruby A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hruby A, Hu FB. The epidemiology of obesity: a big picture. Pharmacoeconomics. 2015, 33:673-89. 10.1007\/s40273-014-0243-x","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-6625-3_55-1","article-title":"Epidemiology of obesity","author":"Kim C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim C, Fryar C, Ogden CL. Epidemiology of obesity. Handbook of Epidemiology. Ahrens W, Pigeot I (ed): Springer, New York, NY; 2023. 10.1007\/978-1-4614-6625-3_55-1"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-18-0165","article-title":"Mechanisms for sex differences in energy homeostasis","volume":"62","author":"Wang C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang C, Xu Y. Mechanisms for sex differences in energy homeostasis. J Mol Endocrinol. 2019, 62:R129-43. 10.1530\/JME-18-0165","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324796abm2702_5","article-title":"Gender differences in food choice: the contribution of health beliefs and dieting","volume":"27","author":"Wardle J","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wardle J, Haase AM, Steptoe A, Nillapun M, Jonwutiwes K, Bellisle F. Gender differences in food choice: the contribution of health beliefs and dieting. Ann Behav Med. 2004, 27:107-16. 10.1207\/s15324796abm2702_5","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.12.019","article-title":"Food insecurity, neighborhood food environment, and health disparities: state of the science, research gaps and opportunities","volume":"119","author":"Odoms-Young A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Odoms-Young A, Brown AG, Agurs-Collins T, Glanz K. Food insecurity, neighborhood food environment, and health disparities: state of the science, research gaps and opportunities. Am J Clin Nutr. 2024, 119:850-61. 10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.12.019","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305221","article-title":"A framework for increasing equity impact in obesity prevention","volume":"109","author":"Kumanyika SK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kumanyika SK. A framework for increasing equity impact in obesity prevention. Am J Public Health. 2019, 109:1350-7. 10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305221","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312120918265","article-title":"The obesity epidemic - nature via nurture: a narrative review of high-income countries","volume":"8","author":"Jackson SE","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jackson SE, Llewellyn CH, Smith L. The obesity epidemic - nature via nurture: a narrative review of high-income countries. SAGE Open Med. 2020, 8:2050312120918265. 10.1177\/2050312120918265","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.6458","article-title":"Trends in obesity among adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014","volume":"315","author":"Flegal KM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Flegal KM, Kruszon-Moran D, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL. Trends in obesity among adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014. JAMA. 2016, 315:2284-91. 10.1001\/jama.2016.6458","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61744-X","article-title":"Patchy progress on obesity prevention: emerging examples, entrenched barriers, and new thinking","volume":"385","author":"Roberto CA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roberto CA, Swinburn B, Hawkes C, et al.. Patchy progress on obesity prevention: emerging examples, entrenched barriers, and new thinking. Lancet. 2015, 385:2400-9. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61744-X","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32822-8","article-title":"The global syndemic of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change: The Lancet Commission report","volume":"393","author":"Swinburn BA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Swinburn BA, Kraak VI, Allender S, et al.. The global syndemic of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change: The Lancet Commission report. Lancet. 2019, 393:791-846. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32822-8","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 2017-2018","author":"Hales CM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hales CM, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 2017-2018. NCHS Data Brief. 2020, 1-8.","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411892","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of 3.0 mg of liraglutide in weight management","volume":"373","author":"Pi-Sunyer X","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pi-Sunyer X, Astrup A, Fujioka K, et al.. A randomized, controlled trial of 3.0 mg of liraglutide in weight management. N Engl J Med. 2015, 373:11-22. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1411892","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603827","article-title":"Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Marso SP","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al.. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016, 375:311-22. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1603827","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI25102","article-title":"Inflammation, stress, and diabetes","volume":"115","author":"Wellen KE","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wellen KE, Hotamisligil GS. Inflammation, stress, and diabetes. J Clin Invest. 2005, 115:1111-9. 10.1172\/JCI25102","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21363","article-title":"Inflammation, metaflammation and immunometabolic disorders","volume":"542","author":"Hotamisligil GS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hotamisligil GS. Inflammation, metaflammation and immunometabolic disorders. Nature. 2017, 542:177-85. 10.1038\/nature21363","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2025.156970","article-title":"The correlation between obesity and leptin signaling pathways","volume":"192","author":"Shehab MJ","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shehab MJ, Al-Mofarji ST, Mahdi BM, Ameen RS, Al-Zubaidi MM. The correlation between obesity and leptin signaling pathways. Cytokine. 2025, 192:156970. 10.1016\/j.cyto.2025.156970","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05414","article-title":"An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest","volume":"444","author":"Turnbaugh PJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER, Gordon JI. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature. 2006, 444:1027-31. 10.1038\/nature05414","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241214","article-title":"Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice","volume":"341","author":"Ridaura VK","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ridaura VK, Faith JJ, Rey FE, et al.. Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice. Science. 2013, 341:1241214. 10.1126\/science.1241214","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.191707","article-title":"Obesity in adults: a clinical practice guideline","volume":"192","author":"Wharton S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wharton S, Lau DC, Vallis M, et al.. Obesity in adults: a clinical practice guideline. CMAJ. 2020, 192:E875-91. 10.1503\/cmaj.191707","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/EP161365.GL","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology comprehensive clinical practice guidelines for medical care of patients with obesity","volume":"22 Suppl 3","author":"Garvey WT","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garvey WT, Mechanick JI, Brett EM, et al.. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology comprehensive clinical practice guidelines for medical care of patients with obesity. Endocr Pract. 2016, 22 Suppl 3:1-203. 10.4158\/EP161365.GL","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.03.032","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of childhood obesity interventions: evidence and methods for CHOICES","volume":"49","author":"Gortmaker SL","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gortmaker SL, Long MW, Resch SC, et al.. Cost-effectiveness of childhood obesity interventions: evidence and methods for CHOICES. Am J Prev Med. 2015, 49:102-11. 10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.03.032","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172277","article-title":"The prospective impact of food pricing on improving dietary consumption: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Afshin A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Afshin A, Pe\u00f1alvo JL, Del Gobbo L, et al.. The prospective impact of food pricing on improving dietary consumption: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2017, 12:e0172277. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0172277","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-025-09976-3","article-title":"Exploring obesity phenotypes: a longitudinal perspective","author":"Rosero-Revelo R","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rosero-Revelo R, Tamayo M, Correa R, Pantalone KM, Creel D, Burguera B, Griebeler ML. Exploring obesity phenotypes: a longitudinal perspective. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2025, 10.1007\/s11154-025-09976-3","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"Obesity Canada. (2025). Accessed. July 19, 2025: https:\/\/obesitycanada.ca\/."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03453-5","article-title":"Trends in cardiovascular risk factor prevalence, treatment, and control among US adolescents aged 12 to 19 years, 2001 to March 2020","volume":"22","author":"Qu Q","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qu Q, Guo Q, Shi J, et al.. Trends in cardiovascular risk factor prevalence, treatment, and control among US adolescents aged 12 to 19 years, 2001 to March 2020. BMC Med. 2024, 22:245. 10.1186\/s12916-024-03453-5","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Insulin resistance","author":"Freeman AM","year":"2025","unstructured":"Freeman AM, Acevedo LA, Pennings N. Insulin resistance. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2025."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1149239","article-title":"The crucial role and mechanism of insulin resistance in metabolic disease","volume":"14","author":"Zhao X","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao X, An X, Yang C, Sun W, Ji H, Lian F. The crucial role and mechanism of insulin resistance in metabolic disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023, 14:1149239. 10.3389\/fendo.2023.1149239","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45100496","article-title":"Gender differences in insulin resistance: new knowledge and perspectives","volume":"45","author":"Ciarambino T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ciarambino T, Crispino P, Guarisco G, Giordano M. Gender differences in insulin resistance: new knowledge and perspectives. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2023, 45:7845-61. 10.3390\/cimb45100496","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/398012-trends-in-obesity-among-canadian-adults-a-population-level-database-analysis","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]],"date-time":"2025-08-16T09:24:20Z","timestamp":1755336260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/398012-trends-in-obesity-among-canadian-adults-a-population-level-database-analysis"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]]},"references-count":41,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.90206","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]]}}}