{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T17:12:41Z","timestamp":1755796361102,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,17]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.90349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T06:16:31Z","timestamp":1755497791000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distinguishing Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy From Cerebral Toxoplasmosis in HIV: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Htar Htet Htet","family":"Wai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su M","family":"Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phyu Hnin","family":"Ei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su","family":"Sandar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Wekesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280390195388","article-title":"Clinical epidemiology and survival of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: data from the Italian Registry Investigative Neuro AIDS (IRINA)","volume":"9 Suppl 1","author":"Antinori A","year":"2003","unstructured":"Antinori A, Cingolani A, Lorenzini P, et al.. Clinical epidemiology and survival of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: data from the Italian Registry Investigative Neuro AIDS (IRINA). J Neurovirol. 2003, 9 Suppl 1:47-53. 10.1080\/13550280390195388","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/324350","article-title":"Focal neurological disease in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Skiest DJ","year":"2002","unstructured":"Skiest DJ. Focal neurological disease in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin Infect Dis. 2002, 34:103-15. 10.1086\/324350","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.52.1.100","article-title":"Cerebral metabolite abnormalities correlate with clinical severity of HIV-1 cognitive motor complex","volume":"52","author":"Chang L","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chang L, Ernst T, Leonido-Yee M, Walot I, Singer E. Cerebral metabolite abnormalities correlate with clinical severity of HIV-1 cognitive motor complex. Neurology. 1999, 52:100-8. 10.1212\/wnl.52.1.100","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.187.1.8451420","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in 47 HIV-seropositive patients: neuroimaging with clinical and pathologic correlation","volume":"187","author":"Whiteman ML","year":"1993","unstructured":"Whiteman ML, Post MJ, Berger JR, Tate LG, Bell MD, Limonte LP. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in 47 HIV-seropositive patients: neuroimaging with clinical and pathologic correlation. Radiology. 1993, 187:233-40. 10.1148\/radiology.187.1.8451420","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199212033272306","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis of the central nervous system in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"327","author":"Porter SB","year":"1992","unstructured":"Porter SB, Sande MA. Toxoplasmosis of the central nervous system in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1992, 327:1643-8. 10.1056\/NEJM199212033272306","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.CON.0000423852.70641.de","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"18","author":"Aksamit AJ Jr","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aksamit AJ Jr. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2012, 18:1374-91. 10.1212\/01.CON.0000423852.70641.de","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70040-5","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and other disorders caused by JC virus: clinical features and pathogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Tan CS","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tan CS, Koralnik IJ. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and other disorders caused by JC virus: clinical features and pathogenesis. Lancet Neurol. 2010, 9:425-37. 10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70040-5","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000343510.08643.74","article-title":"PML-IRIS in patients with HIV infection: clinical manifestations and treatment with steroids","volume":"72","author":"Tan K","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tan K, Roda R, Ostrow L, McArthur J, Nath A. PML-IRIS in patients with HIV infection: clinical manifestations and treatment with steroids. Neurology. 2009, 72:1458-64.  10.1212\/01.wnl.0000343510.08643.74","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200205000-00005","article-title":"Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: emergence of a unique syndrome during highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"81","author":"Shelburne SA 3rd","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shelburne SA 3rd, Hamill RJ, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, et al.. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: emergence of a unique syndrome during highly active antiretroviral therapy. Medicine (Baltimore). 2002, 81:213-27. 10.1097\/00005792-200205000-00005","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/15.2.211","article-title":"Toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS","volume":"15","author":"Luft BJ","year":"1992","unstructured":"Luft BJ, Remington JS. Toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS. Clin Infect Dis. 1992, 15:211-22. 10.1093\/clinids\/15.2.211","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents With HIV. (2025). https.\/\/clinicalinfo.hiv.gov\/en\/guidelines\/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infections\/what...."},{"article-title":"Continuum of HIV Care: Monitoring Implementation of the Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight HIV\/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia: 2023 Progress Report","year":"2023","key":"ref12","unstructured":"Continuum of HIV Care. Monitoring Implementation of the Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight HIV\/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia: 2023 Progress Report. 2023."},{"article-title":"Consolidated Guidelines on HIV Testing Services","year":"2019","key":"ref13","unstructured":"Consolidated Guidelines on HIV Testing Services. 2019."},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"HIV testing. increasing uptake among people who may have undiagnosed HIV. (2016). https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng60."},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"HIV. annual data. (2015). https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/hiv-annual-data-tables."},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"JC virus-associated diseases and neurological complications: management and prognosis","author":"Berger JR","year":"2023","unstructured":"Berger JR. JC virus-associated diseases and neurological complications: management and prognosis. 2023,"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/384856-distinguishing-progressive-multifocal-leukoencephalopathy-from-cerebral-toxoplasmosis-in-hiv-a-case-report","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T06:16:33Z","timestamp":1755497793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/384856-distinguishing-progressive-multifocal-leukoencephalopathy-from-cerebral-toxoplasmosis-in-hiv-a-case-report"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,17]]},"references-count":16,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.90349","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2168-8184"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,17]]}}}