{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T01:57:40Z","timestamp":1789178260946,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.90533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T04:21:02Z","timestamp":1755663662000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Unchecked Immunity to Unleashed Anarchy: A Case of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Following Combination Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Sunil R","family":"Dommaraju","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Stefanoudakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Drakaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2024.114240","article-title":"The landscape of checkpoint inhibitors in oncology","volume":"209","author":"Haslam A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Haslam A, Kim MS, Elbaz J, Prasad V. The landscape of checkpoint inhibitors in oncology. Eur J Cancer. 2024, 209:114240. 10.1016\/j.ejca.2024.114240","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0000000000000239","article-title":"CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways: similarities, differences, and implications of their inhibition","volume":"39","author":"Buchbinder EI","year":"2016","unstructured":"Buchbinder EI, Desai A. CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways: similarities, differences, and implications of their inhibition. Am J Clin Oncol. 2016, 39:98-106. 10.1097\/COC.0000000000000239","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0160-6","article-title":"Immune-related adverse events of checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"6","author":"Ramos-Casals M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ramos-Casals M, Brahmer JR, Callahan MK, et al.. Immune-related adverse events of checkpoint inhibitors. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020, 6:38. 10.1038\/s41572-020-0160-6","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2024.102896","article-title":"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor use: a review of the current knowledge and future directions","volume":"110","author":"Walmsley CS","year":"2025","unstructured":"Walmsley CS, Schoepflin Z, De Brabandt C, Rangachari D, Berwick S, Patell R. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor use: a review of the current knowledge and future directions. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2025, 110:102896. 10.1016\/j.bcmd.2024.102896","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14740\/wjon1464","article-title":"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis secondary to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"13","author":"Rajapakse P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rajapakse P, Andanamala H. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis secondary to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. World J Oncol. 2022, 13:49-52. 10.14740\/wjon1464","journal-title":"World J Oncol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.21039","article-title":"HLH-2004: diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"48","author":"Henter JI","year":"2007","unstructured":"Henter JI, Horne A, Aric\u00f3 M, et al.. HLH-2004: diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007, 48:124-31. 10.1002\/pbc.21039","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2314005","article-title":"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"392","author":"Henter JI","year":"2025","unstructured":"Henter JI. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. N Engl J Med. 2025, 392:584-98. 10.1056\/NEJMra2314005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.27929","article-title":"Challenges in the diagnosis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: recommendations from the North American Consortium for Histiocytosis (NACHO)","volume":"66","author":"Jordan MB","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jordan MB, Allen CE, Greenberg J, et al.. Challenges in the diagnosis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: recommendations from the North American Consortium for Histiocytosis (NACHO). Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2019, 66:27929. 10.1002\/pbc.27929","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2009.1.127","article-title":"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and related disorders","author":"Filipovich AH","year":"2009","unstructured":"Filipovich AH. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and related disorders. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009, 127-31. 10.1182\/asheducation-2009.1.127","journal-title":"Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa8172","article-title":"The future of immune checkpoint therapy","volume":"348","author":"Sharma P","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sharma P, Allison JP. The future of immune checkpoint therapy. Science. 2015, 348:56-61. 10.1126\/science.aaa8172","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107386","article-title":"Genetic features of late onset primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adolescence or adulthood","volume":"9","author":"Wang Y","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wang Z, Zhang J, et al.. Genetic features of late onset primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adolescence or adulthood. PLoS One. 2014, 9:107386. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0107386","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2019.07.014","article-title":"Haematological immune-related adverse events with immune checkpoint inhibitors, how to manage?","volume":"122","author":"Michot JM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Michot JM, Lazarovici J, Tieu A, et al.. Haematological immune-related adverse events with immune checkpoint inhibitors, how to manage?. Eur J Cancer. 2019, 122:72-90. 10.1016\/j.ejca.2019.07.014","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ero.2025.04.004","article-title":"Early management of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis\/macrophage activation syndrome: a systematic literature review","author":"Poddighe D","year":"2025","unstructured":"Poddighe D, Shakoory B, Geerlinks AV, et al.. Early management of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis\/macrophage activation syndrome: a systematic literature review. EULAR Rheumatology Open. 2025, 10.1016\/j.ero.2025.04.004","journal-title":"EULAR Rheumatology Open"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-017-0300-z","article-title":"Managing toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: consensus recommendations from the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) Toxicity Management Working Group","volume":"5","author":"Puzanov I","year":"2017","unstructured":"Puzanov I, Diab A, Abdallah K, et al.. Managing toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: consensus recommendations from the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) Toxicity Management Working Group. J Immunother Cancer. 2017, 5:95. 10.1186\/s40425-017-0300-z","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/393882-unchecked-immunity-to-unleashed-anarchy-a-case-of-hemophagocytic-lymphohistiocytosis-following-combination-immune-checkpoint-inhibitor-therapy","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T04:21:02Z","timestamp":1755663662000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/393882-unchecked-immunity-to-unleashed-anarchy-a-case-of-hemophagocytic-lymphohistiocytosis-following-combination-immune-checkpoint-inhibitor-therapy"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"references-count":14,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.90533","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]}}}