{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:02:58Z","timestamp":1792792978068,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.90961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T17:33:13Z","timestamp":1756143193000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Unraveling the Enigma of Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: A Narrative Review of Diagnosis and Management"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Shemyia A","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayar A","family":"Safwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian J","family":"Piper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maame A","family":"Addison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"World Drug Report 2021 booklet 3","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime","year":"2022","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. World Drug Report 2021 booklet 3. World Drug Report 2021. United Nations, Vienna; 2022. 11-56."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30208-5","article-title":"Marijuana use and use disorders in adults in the USA, 2002-14: analysis of annual cross-sectional surveys","volume":"3","author":"Compton WM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Compton WM, Han B, Jones CM, Blanco C, Hughes A. Marijuana use and use disorders in adults in the USA, 2002-14: analysis of annual cross-sectional surveys. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016, 3:954-64. 10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30208-5","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16519","article-title":"Changes in self-reported cannabis use in the United States from 1979 to 2022","volume":"119","author":"Caulkins JP","year":"2024","unstructured":"Caulkins JP. Changes in self-reported cannabis use in the United States from 1979 to 2022. Addiction. 2024, 119:1648-52. 10.1111\/add.16519","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107385","article-title":"Examining the influence of rurality on frequency of cannabis use and severity of consequences as moderated by age and gender","volume":"133","author":"Schell C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schell C, Godinho A, Cunningham JA. Examining the influence of rurality on frequency of cannabis use and severity of consequences as moderated by age and gender. Addict Behav. 2022, 133:107385. 10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107385","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.06.002","article-title":"Trends in cannabis use disorders among racial\/ethnic population groups in the United States","volume":"165","author":"Wu LT","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu LT, Zhu H, Swartz MS. Trends in cannabis use disorders among racial\/ethnic population groups in the United States. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016, 165:181-90. 10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.06.002","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.03.005","article-title":"Cannabis use patterns and whole-blood cannabinoid profiles of emergency department patients with suspected cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome","volume":"82","author":"Wightman RS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wightman RS, Metrik J, Lin TR, et al.. Cannabis use patterns and whole-blood cannabinoid profiles of emergency department patients with suspected cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. Ann Emerg Med. 2023, 82:121-30. 10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.03.005","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-016-0595-z","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment-a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Sorensen CJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sorensen CJ, DeSanto K, Borgelt L, Phillips KT, Monte AA. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment-a systematic review. J Med Toxicol. 2017, 13:71-87. 10.1007\/s13181-016-0595-z","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.12.007","article-title":"Clinical interpretation of urine drug tests: what clinicians need to know about urine drug screens","volume":"92","author":"Moeller KE","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moeller KE, Kissack JC, Atayee RS, Lee KC. Clinical interpretation of urine drug tests: what clinicians need to know about urine drug screens. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017, 92:774-96. 10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.12.007","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"How long can you detect cannabis (marijuana) in the body?. (2023). Accessed. June 11, 2025: https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/324315."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000494992","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis","volume":"1","author":"Pergolizzi JV Jr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pergolizzi JV Jr, LeQuang JA, Bisney JF. Cannabinoid hyperemesis. Med Cannabis Cannabinoids. 2019, 1:73-95. 10.1159\/000494992","journal-title":"Med Cannabis Cannabinoids"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS). causes, symptoms, treatment. (2022). Accessed: June 11, 2025: https:\/\/www.webmd.com\/mental-health\/addiction\/cannabinoid-hyperemesis-syndrome."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2019.0059","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a review of potential mechanisms","volume":"5","author":"DeVuono MV","year":"2020","unstructured":"DeVuono MV, Parker LA. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a review of potential mechanisms. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2020, 5:132-44. 10.1089\/can.2019.0059","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-003-1739-9","article-title":"A comparative analysis of the potential of cannabinoids and ondansetron to suppress cisplatin-induced emesis in the Suncus murinus (house musk shrew)","volume":"174","author":"Kwiatkowska M","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kwiatkowska M, Parker LA, Burton P, Mechoulam R. A comparative analysis of the potential of cannabinoids and ondansetron to suppress cisplatin-induced emesis in the Suncus murinus (house musk shrew). Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004, 174:254-9. 10.1007\/s00213-003-1739-9","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome","author":"Cue L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cue L, Chu F, Cascella M. Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL; 2023."},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome Clinical Pathway","author":"Wisely M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wisely M, Dees P. Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome Clinical Pathway. John Hopkins, Florida; 2023."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: pathophysiology and treatment in the emergency department","volume":"54","author":"Richards JR","year":"2018","unstructured":"Richards JR. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: pathophysiology and treatment in the emergency department. J Emerg Med. 2018, 54:354-63. 10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20524\/aog.2020.0528","article-title":"Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome: an update on the pathophysiology and management","volume":"33","author":"Perisetti A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Perisetti A, Gajendran M, Dasari CS, et al.. Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome: an update on the pathophysiology and management. Ann Gastroenterol. 2020, 33:571-8. 10.20524\/aog.2020.0528","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.67","article-title":"Long-term effects of cannabis on brain structure","volume":"39","author":"Battistella G","year":"2014","unstructured":"Battistella G, Fornari E, Annoni JM, et al.. Long-term effects of cannabis on brain structure. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2014, 39:2041-8. 10.1038\/npp.2014.67","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115665","article-title":"Mechanisms of cannabinoid tolerance","volume":"214","author":"Piscura MK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Piscura MK, Henderson-Redmond AN, Barnes RC, Mitra S, Guindon J, Morgan DJ. Mechanisms of cannabinoid tolerance. Biochem Pharmacol. 2023, 214:115665. 10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115665","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.036350","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis: cyclical hyperemesis in association with chronic cannabis abuse","volume":"53","author":"Allen JH","year":"2004","unstructured":"Allen JH, de Moore GM, Heddle R, Twartz JC. Cannabinoid hyperemesis: cyclical hyperemesis in association with chronic cannabis abuse. Gut. 2004, 53:1566-70. 10.1136\/gut.2003.036350","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21060797","article-title":"Capsaicin, nociception and pain","volume":"21","author":"Frias B","year":"2016","unstructured":"Frias B, Merighi A. Capsaicin, nociception and pain. Molecules. 2016, 21:797. 10.3390\/molecules21060797","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20524\/aog.2020.0452","article-title":"Role of cannabis in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"33","author":"Perisetti A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Perisetti A, Rimu AH, Khan SA, Bansal P, Goyal H. Role of cannabis in inflammatory bowel diseases. Ann Gastroenterol. 2020, 33:134-44. 10.20524\/aog.2020.0452","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/hpj4808-650","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Sun S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sun S, Zimmermann AE. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. Hosp Pharm. 2013, 48:650-5. 10.1310\/hpj4808-650","journal-title":"Hosp Pharm"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17111549","article-title":"A comprehensive review and update on cannabis hyperemesis syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Loganathan P","year":"2024","unstructured":"Loganathan P, Gajendran M, Goyal H. A comprehensive review and update on cannabis hyperemesis syndrome. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024, 17:1549. 10.3390\/ph17111549","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2011.10.005","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis: a case series of 98 patients","volume":"87","author":"Simonetto DA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Simonetto DA, Oxentenko AS, Herman ML, Szostek JH. Cannabinoid hyperemesis: a case series of 98 patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012, 87:114-9. 10.1016\/j.mayocp.2011.10.005","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.011","article-title":"Gastroduodenal disorders","volume":"150","author":"Stanghellini V","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stanghellini V, Chan FK, Hasler WL, Malagelada JR, Suzuki H, Tack J, Talley NJ. Gastroduodenal disorders. Gastroenterology. 2016, 150:1380-92. 10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.07.035","article-title":"Diagnosis and acute management of adolescent cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"68","author":"Zhu JW","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhu JW, Gonsalves CL, Issenman RM, Kam AJ. Diagnosis and acute management of adolescent cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a systematic review. J Adolesc Health. 2021, 68:246-54. 10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.07.035","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.07.039","article-title":"Patterns of cannabis use in patients with cyclic vomiting syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Venkatesan T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Venkatesan T, Hillard CJ, Rein L, Banerjee A, Lisdahl K. Patterns of cannabis use in patients with cyclic vomiting syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020, 18:1082-90.e2. 10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.07.039","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.109853","article-title":"\"I still partly think this is bullshit\": a qualitative analysis of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome perceptions among people with chronic cannabis use and cyclic vomiting","volume":"246","author":"Collins AB","year":"2023","unstructured":"Collins AB, Beaudoin FL, Metrik J, Wightman RS. \"I still partly think this is bullshit\": a qualitative analysis of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome perceptions among people with chronic cannabis use and cyclic vomiting. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2023, 246:109853. 10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.109853","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. F12.188 - Cannabis abuse with other cannabis-induced disorder. (2023). Accessed. June 11, 2025: https:\/\/www.icd10data.com\/ICD10CM\/Codes\/F01-F99\/F10-F19\/F12-\/F12.188."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12685","article-title":"Measurement and monitoring of nausea severity in emergency department patients: a comparison of scales and exploration of treatment efficacy outcome measures","volume":"22","author":"Meek R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meek R, Egerton-Warburton D, Mee MJ, Braitberg G. Measurement and monitoring of nausea severity in emergency department patients: a comparison of scales and exploration of treatment efficacy outcome measures. Acad Emerg Med. 2015, 22:685-93. 10.1111\/acem.12685","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.07.004","article-title":"Impact of cannabis use on prefrontal and parietal cortex gyrification and surface area in adolescents and emerging adults","volume":"16","author":"Shollenbarger SG","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shollenbarger SG, Price J, Wieser J, Lisdahl K. Impact of cannabis use on prefrontal and parietal cortex gyrification and surface area in adolescents and emerging adults. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2015, 16:46-53. 10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.07.004","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13010162","article-title":"Effect of cannabis on memory consolidation, learning and retrieval and its current legal status in India: a review","volume":"13","author":"Niloy N","year":"2023","unstructured":"Niloy N, Hediyal TA, Vichitra C, Sonali S, Chidambaram SB, Gorantla VR, Mahalakshmi AM. Effect of cannabis on memory consolidation, learning and retrieval and its current legal status in India: a review. Biomolecules. 2023, 13:162. 10.3390\/biom13010162","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.10.007","article-title":"Chronic cannabis use affects cerebellum dependent visuomotor adaptation","volume":"156","author":"Blithikioti C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Blithikioti C, Miquel L, Paniello B, et al.. Chronic cannabis use affects cerebellum dependent visuomotor adaptation. J Psychiatr Res. 2022, 156:8-15. 10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.10.007","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5603-07.2008","article-title":"Cannabinoid modulation of amygdala reactivity to social signals of threat in humans","volume":"28","author":"Phan KL","year":"2008","unstructured":"Phan KL, Angstadt M, Golden J, Onyewuenyi I, Popovska A, de Wit H. Cannabinoid modulation of amygdala reactivity to social signals of threat in humans. J Neurosci. 2008, 28:2313-9. 10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5603-07.2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-26573-2_18","article-title":"Effects of cannabinoids on hypothalamic and reproductive function","author":"Maccarrone M","year":"2005","unstructured":"Maccarrone M, Wenger T. Effects of cannabinoids on hypothalamic and reproductive function. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2005, 555-71. 10.1007\/3-540-26573-2_18","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.02.013","article-title":"Cannabis, psychosis and the thalamus: a theoretical review","volume":"37","author":"Vukadinovic Z","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vukadinovic Z, Herman MS, Rosenzweig I. Cannabis, psychosis and the thalamus: a theoretical review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013, 37:658-67. 10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.02.013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.1161","article-title":"Association of marijuana use with blunted nucleus accumbens response to reward anticipation","volume":"73","author":"Martz ME","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martz ME, Trucco EM, Cope LM, Hardee JE, Jester JM, Zucker RA, Heitzeg MM. Association of marijuana use with blunted nucleus accumbens response to reward anticipation. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016, 73:838-44. 10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.1161","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.57069","article-title":"Brain function outcomes of recent and lifetime cannabis use","volume":"8","author":"Gowin JL","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gowin JL, Ellingson JM, Karoly HC, et al.. Brain function outcomes of recent and lifetime cannabis use. JAMA Netw Open. 2025, 8:e2457069. 10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.57069","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2019.1634086","article-title":"Cannabis effects on brain structure, function, and cognition: considerations for medical uses of cannabis and its derivatives","volume":"45","author":"Burggren AC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burggren AC, Shirazi A, Ginder N, London ED. Cannabis effects on brain structure, function, and cognition: considerations for medical uses of cannabis and its derivatives. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2019, 45:563-79. 10.1080\/00952990.2019.1634086","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2016.06.004","article-title":"Effects of marijuana use on brain structure and function: neuroimaging findings from a neurodevelopmental perspective","volume":"129","author":"Brumback T","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brumback T, Castro N, Jacobus J, Tapert S. Effects of marijuana use on brain structure and function: neuroimaging findings from a neurodevelopmental perspective. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2016, 129:33-65. 10.1016\/bs.irn.2016.06.004","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00293","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptor signaling in central regulation of feeding behavior: a mini-review","volume":"11","author":"Koch M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koch M. Cannabinoid receptor signaling in central regulation of feeding behavior: a mini-review. Front Neurosci. 2017, 11:293. 10.3389\/fnins.2017.00293","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Monitoring the Future Study Annual Report: National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2024: Overview and Key Findings for Secondary School Students","author":"Miech RA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miech RA, Johnston LD, Patrick ME, et al.. Monitoring the Future Study Annual Report: National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2024: Overview and Key Findings for Secondary School Students. Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; 2024."},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). (2023). Accessed. June 11, 2025: https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/data-we-collect\/nsduh-national-survey-drug-use-and-health\/national-releases\/2023."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12962","article-title":"The prevalence of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome among regular marijuana smokers in an urban public hospital","volume":"122","author":"Habboushe J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Habboushe J, Rubin A, Liu H, Hoffman RS. The prevalence of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome among regular marijuana smokers in an urban public hospital. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2018, 122:660-2. 10.1111\/bcpt.12962","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.12469","article-title":"Increasing trends of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in youth: the grass is not always greener","volume":"80","author":"Jack B","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jack B, Susi A, Reeves P, Nylund CM. Increasing trends of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in youth: the grass is not always greener. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2025, 80:638-43. 10.1002\/jpn3.12469","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.12.016","article-title":"A comprehensive review of cannabis potency in the United States in the last decade","volume":"6","author":"ElSohly MA","year":"2021","unstructured":"ElSohly MA, Chandra S, Radwan M, Majumdar CG, Church JC. A comprehensive review of cannabis potency in the United States in the last decade. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2021, 6:603-6. 10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.12.016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.13944","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a 6-year audit of adult presentations to an urban district hospital","volume":"34","author":"Rotella JA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rotella JA, Ferretti OG, Raisi E, Seet HR, Sarkar S. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a 6-year audit of adult presentations to an urban district hospital. Emerg Med Australas. 2022, 34:578-83. 10.1111\/1742-6723.13944","journal-title":"Emerg Med Australas"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2815901","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a case report of cyclic severe hyperemesis and abdominal pain with long-term cannabis use","volume":"2016","author":"Hermes-Laufer J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hermes-Laufer J, Del Puppo L, Inan I, Troillet FX, Kherad O. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a case report of cyclic severe hyperemesis and abdominal pain with long-term cannabis use. Case Rep Gastrointest Med. 2016, 2016:2815901. 10.1155\/2016\/2815901","journal-title":"Case Rep Gastrointest Med"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2021.1937874","article-title":"Prevalence of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome and its financial burden on the health care industry","volume":"34","author":"Sandhu G","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sandhu G, Smith S, Stephenson K, Jaeger V, John R, Shaver C, Johnson C. Prevalence of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome and its financial burden on the health care industry. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2021, 34:654-7. 10.1080\/08998280.2021.1937874","journal-title":"Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000362","article-title":"Haloperidol use in the emergency department for gastrointestinal symptoms: nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain","volume":"12","author":"Shahsavari D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shahsavari D, Reznick-Lipina K, Malik Z, Weiner M, Jehangir A, Repanshek ZD, Parkman HP. Haloperidol use in the emergency department for gastrointestinal symptoms: nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2021, 12:e00362. 10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000362","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"Haloperidol","author":"Rahman S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rahman S, Marwaha R. Haloperidol. StatPearls Publishing, Treasur Island, FL; 2023."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703413","article-title":"D(2) dopamine receptors enable delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol induced memory impairment and reduction of hippocampal extracellular acetylcholine concentration","volume":"130","author":"Nava F","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nava F, Carta G, Battasi AM, Gessa GL. D(2) dopamine receptors enable delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol induced memory impairment and reduction of hippocampal extracellular acetylcholine concentration. Br J Pharmacol. 2000, 130:1201-10. 10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703413","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2021.2.50390","article-title":"Study of haloperidol for abdominal pain in the emergency department (SHAPE)","volume":"22","author":"Knudsen-Lachendro K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Knudsen-Lachendro K, Stith K, Vicarel LA, Harbert B, Fertel BS. Study of haloperidol for abdominal pain in the emergency department (SHAPE). West J Emerg Med. 2021, 22:623-7. 10.5811\/westjem.2021.2.50390","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2022.12.012","article-title":"Droperidol use in the emergency department: a clinical review","volume":"64","author":"Siegel RB","year":"2023","unstructured":"Siegel RB, Motov SM, Marcolini EG. Droperidol use in the emergency department: a clinical review. J Emerg Med. 2023, 64:289-94. 10.1016\/j.jemermed.2022.12.012","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2018.1564324","article-title":"The utility of droperidol in the treatment of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Lee C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee C, Greene SL, Wong A. The utility of droperidol in the treatment of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2019, 57:773-7. 10.1080\/15563650.2018.1564324","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2014.12.024","article-title":"American Academy of Emergency Medicine position statement: safety of droperidol use in the emergency department","volume":"49","author":"Perkins J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Perkins J, Ho JD, Vilke GM, DeMers G. American Academy of Emergency Medicine position statement: safety of droperidol use in the emergency department. J Emerg Med. 2015, 49:91-7. 10.1016\/j.jemermed.2014.12.024","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1976.tb140748.x","article-title":"Comparison of low doses of haloperidol and diazepam in anxiety states","volume":"1","author":"Stevenson J","year":"1976","unstructured":"Stevenson J, Burrows GD, Chiu E. Comparison of low doses of haloperidol and diazepam in anxiety states. Med J Aust. 1976, 1:451-2.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"ref59","unstructured":"Janssen Pharmaceuticals. Haldol injection. (2017). Accessed. June 11, 2025: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2017\/015923s092lbl.pdf."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRA.0000000000000732","article-title":"Acute treatment of adolescent cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome with haloperidol, lorazepam, and\/or capsaicin: a single institution case series","volume":"29","author":"Brown JM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brown JM, Wilsey MJ, Dhana L, Lonsdale H. Acute treatment of adolescent cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome with haloperidol, lorazepam, and\/or capsaicin: a single institution case series. J Psychiatr Pract. 2023, 29:354-8. 10.1097\/PRA.0000000000000732","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Pract"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17265","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in North America: evaluation of health burden and treatment prevalence","volume":"56","author":"Andrews CN","year":"2022","unstructured":"Andrews CN, Rehak R, Woo M, et al.. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in North America: evaluation of health burden and treatment prevalence. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2022, 56:1532-42. 10.1111\/apt.17265","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2020.11.006","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a review of the presentation and treatment","volume":"47","author":"Leu N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leu N, Routsolias JC. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a review of the presentation and treatment. J Emerg Nurs. 2021, 47:483-6. 10.1016\/j.jen.2020.11.006","journal-title":"J Emerg Nurs"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2021.06.049","article-title":"Efficacy of topical capsaicin for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in a pediatric and adult emergency department","volume":"49","author":"Kum V","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kum V, Bell A, Fang W, VanWert E. Efficacy of topical capsaicin for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in a pediatric and adult emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 2021, 49:343-51. 10.1016\/j.ajem.2021.06.049","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2021.01.004","article-title":"Topical capsaicin for the treatment of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome, a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Pourmand A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pourmand A, Esmailian G, Mazer-Amirshahi M, Lee-Park O, Tran QK. Topical capsaicin for the treatment of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2021, 43:35-40. 10.1016\/j.ajem.2021.01.004","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000520417","article-title":"A systematic review on cannabis hyperemesis syndrome and its management options","volume":"31","author":"Senderovich H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Senderovich H, Patel P, Jimenez Lopez B, Waicus S. A systematic review on cannabis hyperemesis syndrome and its management options. Med Princ Pract. 2022, 31:29-38. 10.1159\/000520417","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14773","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: clinical trajectories and patterns of use three months following a visit to the emergency department","volume":"31","author":"Wightman RS","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wightman RS, Metrik J, Lin TR, Collins AB, Beaudoin FL. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: clinical trajectories and patterns of use three months following a visit to the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2024, 31:463-70. 10.1111\/acem.14773","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurpra.2018.01.020","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: an update for primary care providers","volume":"14","author":"Stinnett VL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stinnett VL, Kuhlmann KL. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: an update for primary care providers. J Nurse Pract. 2018, 14:450-5. 10.1016\/j.nurpra.2018.01.020","journal-title":"J Nurse Pract"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15743","article-title":"Clinical management of cannabis withdrawal","volume":"117","author":"Connor JP","year":"2022","unstructured":"Connor JP, Stjepanovi\u0107 D, Budney AJ, Le Foll B, Hall WD. Clinical management of cannabis withdrawal. Addiction. 2022, 117:2075-95. 10.1111\/add.15743","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.2370","article-title":"Prevalence of cannabis withdrawal symptoms among people with regular or dependent use of cannabinoids: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Bahji A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bahji A, Stephenson C, Tyo R, Hawken ER, Seitz DP. Prevalence of cannabis withdrawal symptoms among people with regular or dependent use of cannabinoids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2020, 3:e202370. 10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.2370","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000524746","article-title":"A case report on cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in palliative care: how good intentions can go wrong","volume":"45","author":"Senderovich H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Senderovich H, Waicus S. A case report on cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in palliative care: how good intentions can go wrong. Oncol Res Treat. 2022, 45:438-43. 10.1159\/000524746","journal-title":"Oncol Res Treat"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127325","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy program for cannabis use cessation in first-episode psychosis patients: a 1-year randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ortega I","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ortega I, Echebur\u00faa E, Alberich S, Bernardo M, Vieta E, de Pablo GS, Gonz\u00e1lez-Pinto A. Cognitive behavioral therapy program for cannabis use cessation in first-episode psychosis patients: a 1-year randomized controlled trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022, 19:7325. 10.3390\/ijerph19127325","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2016.1185434","article-title":"Exercise as an adjunctive treatment for cannabis use disorder","volume":"42","author":"Brellenthin AG","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brellenthin AG, Koltyn KF. Exercise as an adjunctive treatment for cannabis use disorder. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2016, 42:481-9. 10.1080\/00952990.2016.1185434","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/SAR.S109576","article-title":"The cannabis withdrawal syndrome: current insights","volume":"8","author":"Bonnet U","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bonnet U, Preuss UW. The cannabis withdrawal syndrome: current insights. Subst Abuse Rehabil. 2017, 8:9-37. 10.2147\/SAR.S109576","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Rehabil"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.14","article-title":"A proof-of-concept randomized controlled study of gabapentin: effects on cannabis use, withdrawal and executive function deficits in cannabis-dependent adults","volume":"37","author":"Mason BJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mason BJ, Crean R, Goodell V, et al.. A proof-of-concept randomized controlled study of gabapentin: effects on cannabis use, withdrawal and executive function deficits in cannabis-dependent adults. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012, 37:1689-98. 10.1038\/npp.2012.14","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref75","unstructured":"National Geographic. Earliest evidence for cannabis smoking discovered in ancient tombs. (2019). Accessed. June 11, 2025: https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/culture\/article\/earliest-evidence-cannabis-marijuana-smoking-china-tombs."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-57369-0_1","article-title":"Constituents of Cannabis sativa","volume":"1264","author":"Rock EM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rock EM, Parker LA. Constituents of Cannabis sativa. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021, 1264:1-13. 10.1007\/978-3-030-57369-0_1","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473711104040241","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Galli JA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Galli JA, Sawaya RA, Friedenberg FK. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2011, 4:241-9. 10.2174\/1874473711104040241","journal-title":"Curr Drug Abuse Rev"},{"key":"ref78","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: lighting up an emergency department near you","volume":"119","author":"Camcejo M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Camcejo M, Hillman E, Isom H. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: lighting up an emergency department near you. Mo Med. 2022, 119:266-70.","journal-title":"Mo Med"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13020117","article-title":"Cannabis: a toxin-producing plant with potential therapeutic uses","volume":"13","author":"Breijyeh Z","year":"2021","unstructured":"Breijyeh Z, Jubeh B, Bufo SA, Karaman R, Scrano L. Cannabis: a toxin-producing plant with potential therapeutic uses. Toxins (Basel). 2021, 13:117. 10.3390\/toxins13020117","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.101764","article-title":"Mechanistic origin of partial agonism of tetrahydrocannabinol for cannabinoid receptors","volume":"298","author":"Dutta S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dutta S, Selvam B, Das A, Shukla D. Mechanistic origin of partial agonism of tetrahydrocannabinol for cannabinoid receptors. J Biol Chem. 2022, 298:101764. 10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.101764","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2016-218239","article-title":"Is haloperidol the wonder drug for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome?","volume":"2017","author":"Inayat F","year":"2017","unstructured":"Inayat F, Virk HU, Ullah W, Hussain Q. Is haloperidol the wonder drug for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome?. BMJ Case Rep. 2017, 2017:bcr2016218239. 10.1136\/bcr-2016-218239","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13607","article-title":"Cyclic vomiting syndrome: pathophysiology, comorbidities, and future research directions","volume":"31 Suppl 2","author":"Hasler WL","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hasler WL, Levinthal DJ, Tarbell SE, et al.. Cyclic vomiting syndrome: pathophysiology, comorbidities, and future research directions. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2019, 31 Suppl 2:e13607. 10.1111\/nmo.13607","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12316","article-title":"Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid reduces nausea-induced conditioned gaping in rats and vomiting in Suncus murinus","volume":"170","author":"Rock EM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rock EM, Kopstick RL, Limebeer CL, Parker LA. Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid reduces nausea-induced conditioned gaping in rats and vomiting in Suncus murinus. Br J Pharmacol. 2013, 170:641-8. 10.1111\/bph.12316","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bne0000057","article-title":"Synergy between cannabidiol, cannabidiolic acid, and \u0394\u2079-tetrahydrocannabinol in the regulation of emesis in the Suncus murinus (house musk shrew)","volume":"129","author":"Rock EM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rock EM, Parker LA. Synergy between cannabidiol, cannabidiolic acid, and \u0394\u2079-tetrahydrocannabinol in the regulation of emesis in the Suncus murinus (house musk shrew). Behav Neurosci. 2015, 129:368-70. 10.1037\/bne0000057","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05428-4","article-title":"Effect of combined doses of \u0394(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol or tetrahydrocannabinolic acid and cannabidiolic acid on acute nausea in male Sprague-Dawley rats","volume":"237","author":"Rock EM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rock EM, Sullivan MT, Pravato S, Pratt M, Limebeer CL, Parker LA. Effect of combined doses of \u0394(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol or tetrahydrocannabinolic acid and cannabidiolic acid on acute nausea in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2020, 237:901-14. 10.1007\/s00213-019-05428-4","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.01.004","article-title":"Changes in cannabis potency over the last 2 decades (1995-2014): analysis of current data in the United States","volume":"79","author":"ElSohly MA","year":"2016","unstructured":"ElSohly MA, Mehmedic Z, Foster S, Gon C, Chandra S, Church JC. Changes in cannabis potency over the last 2 decades (1995-2014): analysis of current data in the United States. Biol Psychiatry. 2016, 79:613-9. 10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.01.004","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13695","article-title":"Cannabis contaminants: sources, distribution, human toxicity and pharmacologic effects","volume":"84","author":"Dryburgh LM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dryburgh LM, Bolan NS, Grof CP, Galettis P, Schneider J, Lucas CJ, Martin JH. Cannabis contaminants: sources, distribution, human toxicity and pharmacologic effects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018, 84:2468-76. 10.1111\/bcp.13695","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc0707784","article-title":"Lead poisoning due to adulterated marijuana","volume":"358","author":"Busse F","year":"2008","unstructured":"Busse F, Omidi L, Timper K, Leichtle A, Windgassen M, Kluge E, Stumvoll M. Lead poisoning due to adulterated marijuana. N Engl J Med. 2008, 358:1641-2. 10.1056\/NEJMc0707784","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref89","article-title":"Neuroanatomy Through Clinical Cases","author":"Blumenfeld H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Blumenfeld H. Neuroanatomy Through Clinical Cases. Oxford University Press, Oxford; 2021."},{"key":"ref90","article-title":"Comparison of responses of men to immersion in circulating water at 40.0 and 41.5 degrees C","volume":"69","author":"Allison TG","year":"1998","unstructured":"Allison TG, Reger WE. Comparison of responses of men to immersion in circulating water at 40.0 and 41.5 degrees C. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1998, 69:845-50.","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25035\/ijare.03.01.04","article-title":"Biophysiologic effects of warm water immersion","volume":"3","author":"Becker BE","year":"2009","unstructured":"Becker BE, Hildenbrand K, Whitcomb RK, et al.. Biophysiologic effects of warm water immersion. Int J Aquatic Res Educ. 2009, 3:4. 10.25035\/ijare.03.01.04","journal-title":"Int J Aquatic Res Educ"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2021.0046","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome survey and genomic investigation","volume":"7","author":"Russo EB","year":"2022","unstructured":"Russo EB, Spooner C, May L, Leslie R, Whiteley VL. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome survey and genomic investigation. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2022, 7:336-44. 10.1089\/can.2021.0046","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2012.01.003","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a case series and review of previous reports","volume":"53","author":"Nicolson SE","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nicolson SE, Denysenko L, Mulcare JL, Vito JP, Chabon B. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a case series and review of previous reports. Psychosomatics. 2012, 53:212-9. 10.1016\/j.psym.2012.01.003","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.37182","article-title":"A case of a patient with cannabis hyperemesis syndrome along with recurrent nephrolithiasis","volume":"15","author":"Patel M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Patel M, Sathiya Narayanan R, Peela AS. A case of a patient with cannabis hyperemesis syndrome along with recurrent nephrolithiasis. Cureus. 2023, 15:e37182. 10.7759\/cureus.37182","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00048679609076108","article-title":"Psychogenic vomiting complicated by marijuana abuse and spontaneous pneumomediastinum","volume":"30","author":"de Moore GM","year":"1996","unstructured":"de Moore GM, Baker J, Bui T. Psychogenic vomiting complicated by marijuana abuse and spontaneous pneumomediastinum. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1996, 30:290-4. 10.3109\/00048679609076108","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2018.0531","article-title":"Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome in palliative care: a case study and narrative review","volume":"22","author":"Howard I","year":"2019","unstructured":"Howard I. Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome in palliative care: a case study and narrative review. J Palliat Med. 2019, 22:1227-31. 10.1089\/jpm.2018.0531","journal-title":"J Palliat Med"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e3182297d57","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: literature review and proposed diagnosis and treatment algorithm","volume":"104","author":"Wallace EA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wallace EA, Andrews SE, Garmany CL, Jelley MJ. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: literature review and proposed diagnosis and treatment algorithm. South Med J. 2011, 104:659-64. 10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e3182297d57","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12245-020-00311-y","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in the pregnant patient: clinical case and literature review","volume":"13","author":"Flament J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Flament J, Scius N, Thonon H. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in the pregnant patient: clinical case and literature review. Int J Emerg Med. 2020, 13:52. 10.1186\/s12245-020-00311-y","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001579","article-title":"Treatment of cannabis hyperemesis syndrome using haloperidol in a pregnant patient: case report","volume":"42","author":"La Sala MS","year":"2022","unstructured":"La Sala MS, Constantino E, Koola MM, Yel I, Chacko M. Treatment of cannabis hyperemesis syndrome using haloperidol in a pregnant patient: case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2022, 42:506-8. 10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001579","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-024-04497-0","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis and pheochromocytoma hypertensive urgency: a case report","volume":"18","author":"Arendash JM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arendash JM, Chiu C, Wang J, Mihm F. Cannabinoid hyperemesis and pheochromocytoma hypertensive urgency: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2024, 18:161. 10.1186\/s13256-024-04497-0","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13606","article-title":"Role of chronic cannabis use: cyclic vomiting syndrome vs cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome","volume":"31 Suppl 2","author":"Venkatesan T","year":"2019","unstructured":"Venkatesan T, Levinthal DJ, Li BU, et al.. Role of chronic cannabis use: cyclic vomiting syndrome vs cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2019, 31 Suppl 2:e13606. 10.1111\/nmo.13606","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10398560701196778","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis: marijuana puts patients in hot water","volume":"15","author":"Wallace D","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wallace D, Martin AL, Park B. Cannabinoid hyperemesis: marijuana puts patients in hot water. Australas Psychiatry. 2007, 15:156-8. 10.1080\/10398560701196778","journal-title":"Australas Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref103","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis presenting to a New Zealand hospital","volume":"122","author":"Watts M","year":"2009","unstructured":"Watts M. Cannabinoid hyperemesis presenting to a New Zealand hospital. New Zealand Med J. 2009, 122:116-8.","journal-title":"New Zealand Med J"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-010-1131-7","article-title":"The cannabis hyperemesis syndrome characterized by persistent nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, and compulsive bathing associated with chronic marijuana use: a report of eight cases in the United States","volume":"55","author":"Soriano-Co M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Soriano-Co M, Batke M, Cappell MS. The cannabis hyperemesis syndrome characterized by persistent nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, and compulsive bathing associated with chronic marijuana use: a report of eight cases in the United States. Dig Dis Sci. 2010, 55:3113-9. 10.1007\/s10620-010-1131-7","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref105","article-title":"Cannabis hyperemesis: relevance to emergency medicine","volume":"19","author":"Perrotta G","year":"2012","unstructured":"Perrotta G, Miller J, Stevens T, et al.. Cannabis hyperemesis: relevance to emergency medicine. Acad Emerg Med. 2012, 19:286-7.","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2009.07.033","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis: a case series","volume":"40","author":"Donnino MW","year":"2011","unstructured":"Donnino MW, Cocchi MN, Miller J, Fisher J. Cannabinoid hyperemesis: a case series. J Emerg Med. 2011, 40:e63-6. 10.1016\/j.jemermed.2009.07.033","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JAA.0000511789.29560.74","article-title":"A patient with a curious case of cyclical vomiting","volume":"30","author":"Phillips HR 3rd","year":"2017","unstructured":"Phillips HR 3rd, Smith DA. A patient with a curious case of cyclical vomiting. JAAPA. 2017, 30:1-3. 10.1097\/01.JAA.0000511789.29560.74","journal-title":"JAAPA"},{"key":"ref108","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a case series","volume":"109","author":"Sofka S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sofka S, Lerfald N. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a case series. W V Med J. 2013, 109:20-3.","journal-title":"W V Med J"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.038","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: review of the literature and of cases reported to the French addictovigilance network","volume":"182","author":"Schreck B","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schreck B, Wagneur N, Caillet P, et al.. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: review of the literature and of cases reported to the French addictovigilance network. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018, 182:27-32. 10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.038","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00108","article-title":"Cannabis in Chinese medicine: are some traditional indications referenced in ancient literature related to cannabinoids?","volume":"8","author":"Brand EJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brand EJ, Zhao Z. Cannabis in Chinese medicine: are some traditional indications referenced in ancient literature related to cannabinoids?. Front Pharmacol. 2017, 8:108. 10.3389\/fphar.2017.00108","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2021.06.048","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome secondary to delta-8 THC use","volume":"134","author":"Rosenthal J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rosenthal J, Howell M, Earl V, Malik M. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome secondary to delta-8 THC use. Am J Med. 2021, 134:e582-3. 10.1016\/j.amjmed.2021.06.048","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/167098","article-title":"A gut gone to pot: a case of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome due to K2, a synthetic cannabinoid","volume":"2014","author":"Ukaigwe A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ukaigwe A, Karmacharya P, Donato A. A gut gone to pot: a case of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome due to K2, a synthetic cannabinoid. Case Rep Emerg Med. 2014, 2014:167098. 10.1155\/2014\/167098","journal-title":"Case Rep Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2012.11.034","article-title":"A case of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome caused by synthetic cannabinoids","volume":"45","author":"Hopkins CY","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hopkins CY, Gilchrist BL. A case of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome caused by synthetic cannabinoids. J Emerg Med. 2013, 45:544-6. 10.1016\/j.jemermed.2012.11.034","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PG9.0000000000000280","article-title":"A rare case of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome secondary to cannabidiol for refractory epilepsy","volume":"4","author":"Katz DT","year":"2023","unstructured":"Katz DT, Fifi A, Milesi-Halle A, Saps M. A rare case of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome secondary to cannabidiol for refractory epilepsy. JPGN Rep. 2023, 4:e280. 10.1097\/PG9.0000000000000280","journal-title":"JPGN Rep"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000001378","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome presumed secondary to CBD use: a case report","volume":"19","author":"Lefebvre E","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lefebvre E, Simons L, Duval M, Laforgue EJ, Victorri-Vigneau C. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome presumed secondary to CBD use: a case report. J Addict Med. 2025, 19:115-7. 10.1097\/ADM.0000000000001378","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-020-00056-8","article-title":"A qualitative review of cannabis stigmas at the twilight of prohibition","volume":"2","author":"Reid M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reid M. A qualitative review of cannabis stigmas at the twilight of prohibition. J Cannabis Res. 2020, 2:46. 10.1186\/s42238-020-00056-8","journal-title":"J Cannabis Res"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/481940","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis","volume":"24","author":"Sullivan S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sullivan S. Cannabinoid hyperemesis. Can J Gastroenterol. 2010, 24:284-5. 10.1155\/2010\/481940","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000531058","article-title":"Pronounced state-level disparities in prescription of cannabinoids to Medicaid patients","volume":"6","author":"Liu EY","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu EY, McCall KL, Piper BJ. Pronounced state-level disparities in prescription of cannabinoids to Medicaid patients. Med Cannabis Cannabinoids. 2023, 6:58-65. 10.1159\/000531058","journal-title":"Med Cannabis Cannabinoids"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23937\/2469-584X\/1510069","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in pregnancy: a case report and treatment overview","volume":"5","author":"Nguyen TA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nguyen TA, Palmer M. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in pregnancy: a case report and treatment overview. J Clin Gastroenterol Treat. 2019, 5:069. 10.23937\/2469-584X\/1510069","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol Treat"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.49629","article-title":"Cannabinoid-associated hyperemesis syndrome treated with dronabinol: killing a poison with the poison","volume":"15","author":"Hussain A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hussain A, Kc S, Sapna F. Cannabinoid-associated hyperemesis syndrome treated with dronabinol: killing a poison with the poison. Cureus. 2023, 15:e49629. 10.7759\/cureus.49629","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000118","article-title":"An overlooked victim of cannabis: losing several years of well-being and inches of jejunum on the way to unravel her hyperemesis enigma","volume":"39","author":"Bonnet U","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bonnet U. An overlooked victim of cannabis: losing several years of well-being and inches of jejunum on the way to unravel her hyperemesis enigma. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2016, 39:53-4. 10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000118","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRA.0000000000000564","article-title":"Treatment of cannabinoid hyperemesis with olanzapine: a case series","volume":"27","author":"Hsu J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hsu J, Herrmann Z, Kashyap S, Claassen C. Treatment of cannabinoid hyperemesis with olanzapine: a case series. J Psychiatr Pract. 2021, 27:316-21. 10.1097\/PRA.0000000000000564","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Pract"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4278654\/v1","article-title":"Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome: case report","author":"Horst R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Horst R, Marques LM, Otani V, et al.. Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome: case report. Research Square. 2024, 1-10. 10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4278654\/v1","journal-title":"Research Square"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2010.06.100117","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis and compulsive bathing: a case series and paradoxical pathophysiological explanation","volume":"23","author":"Patterson DA","year":"2010","unstructured":"Patterson DA, Smith E, Monahan M, et al.. Cannabinoid hyperemesis and compulsive bathing: a case series and paradoxical pathophysiological explanation. J Am Board Fam Med. 2010, 23:790-3. 10.3122\/jabfm.2010.06.100117","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2020.1736298","article-title":"Does cannabidiol induce cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome?","volume":"58","author":"Laborde-Casterot H","year":"2020","unstructured":"Laborde-Casterot H, Larabi IA, Dufayet L, Etting I, Alvarez JC, Vodovar D. Does cannabidiol induce cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome?. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2020, 58:1351-2. 10.1080\/15563650.2020.1736298","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-242062","article-title":"Recurring vomiting, skin discolouration: the easily overlooked thermal element of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Ali AA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ali AA, Mathew R, Maaliki N, Shelley P. Recurring vomiting, skin discolouration: the easily overlooked thermal element of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. BMJ Case Rep. 2021, 14:e24062. 10.1136\/bcr-2021-242062","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.12.017","article-title":"Erythema ab igne associated with cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome","volume":"98","author":"Green KE","year":"2023","unstructured":"Green KE, Green JJ. Erythema ab igne associated with cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. 2023, 98:826-7. 10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.12.017","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.34552","article-title":"Recurrent severe burns due to cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Osagie E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Osagie E, Mirza O. Recurrent severe burns due to cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. Cureus. 2023, 15:e34552. 10.7759\/cureus.34552","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2009.02047.x","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis","volume":"39","author":"Sannarangappa V","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sannarangappa V, Tan C. Cannabinoid hyperemesis. Intern Med J. 2009, 39:777-8. 10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2009.02047.x","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"ref130","unstructured":"What is the best shower frequency. (2024). Accessed. January 25, 2025: https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/324682."},{"key":"ref131","unstructured":"American Academy of Dermatology Association. How to care for your skin in your 60s and 70s. (2025). Accessed. January 25, 2025: https:\/\/www.aad.org\/public\/everyday-care\/skin-care-basics\/care\/skin-care-in-your-60s-and-70s."},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4021\/jmc939w","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome presenting with recurrent acute renal failure","volume":"4","author":"Abodunde OA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abodunde OA, Nakda J, Nweke N, et al.. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome presenting with recurrent acute renal failure. J Med Cases. 2013, 4:173-5. 10.4021\/jmc939w","journal-title":"J Med Cases"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.98","article-title":"The case \u2223 the smoker and the nephrologist","volume":"79","author":"Baron M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baron M, Haymann JP, Wolfromm A, Rondeau E, Mesnard L. The case \u2223 the smoker and the nephrologist. Kidney Int. 2011, 79:1385-6. 10.1038\/ki.2011.98","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1286065","article-title":"[Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome inducing acute prerenal failure and electrolyte disturbance]","volume":"136","author":"Bramstedt J","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bramstedt J, Dissmann R. [Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome inducing acute prerenal failure and electrolyte disturbance]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2011, 136:1720-2. 10.1055\/s-0031-1286065","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6136\/JMS","article-title":"Repetitive vomiting and acute renal failure as the presenting features of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Chang CC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chang CC, Hsu YJ, Chu P, Lin SH. Repetitive vomiting and acute renal failure as the presenting features of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. J Med Sci. 2013, 33:163-5. 10.6136\/JMS","journal-title":"J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2013.12.013","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis acute renal failure: a common sequela of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Habboushe J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Habboushe J, Sedor J. Cannabinoid hyperemesis acute renal failure: a common sequela of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. Am J Emerg Med. 2014, 32:690.e1-2. 10.1016\/j.ajem.2013.12.013","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7556\/jaoa.2011.111.3.166","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome as the underlying cause of intractable nausea and vomiting","volume":"111","author":"Price SL","year":"2011","unstructured":"Price SL, Fisher C, Kumar R, Hilgerson A. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome as the underlying cause of intractable nausea and vomiting. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2011, 111:166-9. 10.7556\/jaoa.2011.111.3.166","journal-title":"J Am Osteopath Assoc"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1214647","article-title":"Association between marijuana use and kidney stone: a cross-sectional study of NHANES 2009 to 2018","volume":"14","author":"Di X","year":"2023","unstructured":"Di X, Xiang L, Wang M, Wei X. Association between marijuana use and kidney stone: a cross-sectional study of NHANES 2009 to 2018. Front Pharmacol. 2023, 14:1214647. 10.3389\/fphar.2023.1214647","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2019.03.009","article-title":"Cannabinoid-sensitive receptors in cardiac physiology and ischaemia","volume":"1867","author":"Puhl SL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Puhl SL. Cannabinoid-sensitive receptors in cardiac physiology and ischaemia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res. 2020, 1867:118462. 10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2019.03.009","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccas.2021.02.020","article-title":"Aortic mural thrombus and acute coronary syndrome in a patient with cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Labrada L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Labrada L, Patil A, Lakhter V, Minakata K, Islam S. Aortic mural thrombus and acute coronary syndrome in a patient with cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. JACC Case Rep. 2021, 3:694-6. 10.1016\/j.jaccas.2021.02.020","journal-title":"JACC Case Rep"},{"key":"ref141","article-title":"Mid-ventricular variant Takotsubo cardiomyopathy associated with cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a case report","volume":"73","author":"Nogi M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nogi M, Fergusson D, Chiaco JM. Mid-ventricular variant Takotsubo cardiomyopathy associated with cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a case report. Hawaii J Med Public Health. 2014, 73:115-8.","journal-title":"Hawaii J Med Public Health"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jccase.2016.12.001","article-title":"Coronary vasospasm complicating cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Pierard S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pierard S, Hantson P. Coronary vasospasm complicating cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. J Cardiol Cases. 2017, 15:115-8. 10.1016\/j.jccase.2016.12.001","journal-title":"J Cardiol Cases"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-021-00410-z","article-title":"Death of a young woman with cyclic vomiting: a case report","volume":"17","author":"von Both I","year":"2021","unstructured":"von Both I, Santos B. Death of a young woman with cyclic vomiting: a case report. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2021, 17:715-22. 10.1007\/s12024-021-00410-z","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003220","article-title":"Urinary cannabis metabolite concentrations in cannabis hyperemesis syndrome","volume":"73","author":"Cordova J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cordova J, Biank V, Black E, Leikin J. Urinary cannabis metabolite concentrations in cannabis hyperemesis syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2021, 73:520-2. 10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003220","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxx212","article-title":"A 15-year-old girl with intractable vomiting","volume":"23","author":"Couchman D","year":"2018","unstructured":"Couchman D, Harrison ME. A 15-year-old girl with intractable vomiting. Paediatr Child Health. 2018, 23:306-7. 10.1093\/pch\/pxx212","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.07.019","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in a 17-year-old adolescent","volume":"57","author":"Desjardins N","year":"2015","unstructured":"Desjardins N, Jamoulle O, Taddeo D, Stheneur C. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in a 17-year-old adolescent. J Adolesc Health. 2015, 57:565-7. 10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.07.019","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-3795","article-title":"Capsaicin cream for treatment of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in adolescents: a case series","volume":"140","author":"Graham J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Graham J, Barberio M, Wang GS. Capsaicin cream for treatment of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in adolescents: a case series. Pediatrics. 2017, 140:e20163795. 10.1542\/peds.2016-3795","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TME.0000000000000062","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Heise L","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heise L. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. Adv Emerg Nurs J. 2015, 37:95-101. 10.1097\/TME.0000000000000062","journal-title":"Adv Emerg Nurs J"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3614053","article-title":"Successful treatment of suspected cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome using haloperidol in the outpatient setting","volume":"2016","author":"Jones JL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jones JL, Abernathy KE. Successful treatment of suspected cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome using haloperidol in the outpatient setting. Case Rep Psychiatry. 2016, 2016:3614053. 10.1155\/2016\/3614053","journal-title":"Case Rep Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PHMT.S406010","article-title":"Late onset diaphragmatic hernia: a forgotten etiology of recurrent vomiting in the adolescent population","volume":"14","author":"Kwag KH","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kwag KH, Habibi Zoham M, Brown B, Sohn A, Harrison S, Brandwein A. Late onset diaphragmatic hernia: a forgotten etiology of recurrent vomiting in the adolescent population. Pediatric Health Med Ther. 2023, 14:141-6. 10.2147\/PHMT.S406010","journal-title":"Pediatric Health Med Ther"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14010163","article-title":"Mitigating the risk of QTc prolongation when using haloperidol for acute treatment of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in adolescents and young adults","volume":"14","author":"Merino S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Merino S, Tordera L, Jun A, Yang S. Mitigating the risk of QTc prolongation when using haloperidol for acute treatment of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in adolescents and young adults. J Clin Med. 2024, 14:163. 10.3390\/jcm14010163","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e3181fe9189","article-title":"Pediatric cannabinoid hyperemesis: two cases","volume":"26","author":"Miller JB","year":"2010","unstructured":"Miller JB, Walsh M, Patel PA, Rogan M, Arnold C, Maloney M, Donnino M. Pediatric cannabinoid hyperemesis: two cases. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2010, 26:919-20. 10.1097\/PEC.0b013e3181fe9189","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/ijamh-2012-0113","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a specific cause of cyclical vomiting","volume":"26","author":"Morris R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morris R, Fisher M. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a specific cause of cyclical vomiting. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2014, 26:153-6. 10.1515\/ijamh-2012-0113","journal-title":"Int J Adolesc Med Health"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2016.06.009","article-title":"Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome in the emergency department: how can a specialized addiction team be useful? A pilot study","volume":"51","author":"P\u00e9lissier F","year":"2016","unstructured":"P\u00e9lissier F, Claudet I, Gandia-Mailly P, Benyamina A, Franchitto N. Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome in the emergency department: how can a specialized addiction team be useful? A pilot study. J Emerg Med. 2016, 51:544-51. 10.1016\/j.jemermed.2016.06.009","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.10.028","article-title":"The coming storm: cannabis hyperemesis syndrome in adolescents","volume":"68","author":"Quiros JA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Quiros JA, Saps M. The coming storm: cannabis hyperemesis syndrome in adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2021, 68:223-4. 10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.10.028","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922815594233","article-title":"Recurrent cyclic vomiting in adolescents: can it be cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome?","volume":"55","author":"Sawni A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sawni A, Vaniawala VP, Good M, Lim WY, Golec AS. Recurrent cyclic vomiting in adolescents: can it be cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome?. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2016, 55:560-3. 10.1177\/0009922815594233","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14479","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis in adolescents: a poorly diagnosed syndrome","volume":"55","author":"Solis-Garcia G","year":"2019","unstructured":"Solis-Garcia G, Gonz\u00e1lez-Mart\u00ednez F, Urbiola E, et al.. Cannabinoid hyperemesis in adolescents: a poorly diagnosed syndrome. J Paediatr Child Health. 2019, 55:1264-6. 10.1111\/jpc.14479","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2014-0105","article-title":"Case 3: recurrent vomiting and 60-lb weight loss in a 17-year-old girl","volume":"37","author":"Wilson L","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wilson L. Case 3: recurrent vomiting and 60-lb weight loss in a 17-year-old girl. Pediatr Rev. 2016, 37:264-6. 10.1542\/pir.2014-0105","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"key":"ref159","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome complicated by pneumomediastinum: implications for pediatric surgeons","volume":"5","author":"Klazura G","year":"2022","unstructured":"Klazura G, Geraghty JR, Rojnica M, Sims T, Koo N, Lobe T. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome complicated by pneumomediastinum: implications for pediatric surgeons. Clin Surg J. 2022, 5:6-13.","journal-title":"Clin Surg J"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.09.024","article-title":"Pediatric cannabinoid hyperemesis: a single institution 10-year case series","volume":"68","author":"Lonsdale H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lonsdale H, Kimsey KM, Brown JM, Dey A, Peck J, Son S, Wilsey M. Pediatric cannabinoid hyperemesis: a single institution 10-year case series. J Adolesc Health. 2021, 68:255-61. 10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.09.024","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.4911","article-title":"The addition of cannabis to prescription drug monitoring programs and medication fills in Medicaid","volume":"34","author":"Steuart SR","year":"2025","unstructured":"Steuart SR. The addition of cannabis to prescription drug monitoring programs and medication fills in Medicaid. Health Econ. 2025, 34:283-96. 10.1002\/hec.4911","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22515","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome masquerading as an eating disorder","volume":"49","author":"Brewerton TD","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brewerton TD, Anderson O. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome masquerading as an eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2016, 49:826-9. 10.1002\/eat.22515","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.158423","article-title":"Trends in United States emergency department visits and associated charges from 2010 to 2016","volume":"38","author":"Lane BH","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lane BH, Mallow PJ, Hooker MB, Hooker E. Trends in United States emergency department visits and associated charges from 2010 to 2016. Am J Emerg Med. 2020, 38:1576-81. 10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.158423","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP12074","article-title":"Blood and urinary metal levels among exclusive marijuana users in NHANES (2005-2018)","volume":"131","author":"McGraw KE","year":"2023","unstructured":"McGraw KE, Nigra AE, Klett J, et al.. Blood and urinary metal levels among exclusive marijuana users in NHANES (2005-2018). Environ Health Perspect. 2023, 131:87019. 10.1289\/EHP12074","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/324453-unraveling-the-enigma-of-cannabinoid-hyperemesis-syndrome-a-narrative-review-of-diagnosis-and-management","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T17:33:17Z","timestamp":1756143197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/324453-unraveling-the-enigma-of-cannabinoid-hyperemesis-syndrome-a-narrative-review-of-diagnosis-and-management"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"references-count":164,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.90961","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]}}}