{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:40:12Z","timestamp":1756428012336,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.91200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:20:05Z","timestamp":1756426805000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Calcium Conundrum: Hypercalcemia of Unknown Etiology"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Alp S","family":"Kahveci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Moy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed M","family":"Eletrebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brittany","family":"Bettendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200603000-00002","article-title":"Hypercalcemia in the emergency department","volume":"331","author":"Lee CT","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lee CT, Yang CC, Lam KK, Kung CT, Tsai CJ, Chen HC. Hypercalcemia in the emergency department. Am J Med Sci. 2006, 331:119-23. 10.1097\/00000441-200603000-00002","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2012.11.010","article-title":"Hypercalcemia in the ED: prevalence, etiology, and outcome","volume":"31","author":"Lindner G","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lindner G, Felber R, Schwarz C, et al.. Hypercalcemia in the ED: prevalence, etiology, and outcome. Am J Emerg Med. 2013, 31:657-60. 10.1016\/j.ajem.2012.11.010","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132788","article-title":"Calcium disorders in the emergency department: independent risk factors for mortality","volume":"10","author":"Sauter TC","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sauter TC, Lindner G, Ahmad SS, Leichtle AB, Fiedler GM, Exadaktylos AK, Haider DG. Calcium disorders in the emergency department: independent risk factors for mortality. PLoS One. 2015, 10:e0132788. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0132788","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.57187\/smw.2023.40069","article-title":"Characteristics and outcome of severe hypercalcemia on admission to the emergency department: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"153","author":"Ravioli S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ravioli S, Lafranchi A, Exadaktylos AK, Haidinger M, Lindner G. Characteristics and outcome of severe hypercalcemia on admission to the emergency department: a retrospective cohort study. Swiss Med Wkly. 2023, 153:40069. 10.57187\/smw.2023.40069","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.935821","article-title":"A review of current clinical concepts in the pathophysiology, etiology, diagnosis, and management of hypercalcemia","volume":"28","author":"Tonon CR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tonon CR, Silva TA, Pereira FW, et al.. A review of current clinical concepts in the pathophysiology, etiology, diagnosis, and management of hypercalcemia. Med Sci Monit. 2022, 28:e935821. 10.12659\/MSM.935821","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-4250","article-title":"PTHrP-mediated hypercalcemia: causes and survival in 138 patients","volume":"100","author":"Donovan PJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Donovan PJ, Achong N, Griffin K, Galligan J, Pretorius CJ, McLeod DS. PTHrP-mediated hypercalcemia: causes and survival in 138 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015, 100:2024-9. 10.1210\/jc.2014-4250","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.2016.011155","article-title":"Cancer-related hypercalcemia","volume":"12","author":"Goldner W","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goldner W. Cancer-related hypercalcemia. J Oncol Pract. 2016, 12:426-32. 10.1200\/JOP.2016.011155","journal-title":"J Oncol Pract"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Differential diagnoses of bone marrow granuloma","volume":"164","author":"Eid A","year":"1996","unstructured":"Eid A, Carion W, Nystrom JS. Differential diagnoses of bone marrow granuloma. West J Med. 1996, 164:510-5.","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2012.11.008","article-title":"Granulomatous lesions in bone marrow: clinicopathologic findings and significance in a study of 48 cases","volume":"24","author":"Brackers de Hugo L","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brackers de Hugo L, Ffrench M, Broussolle C, S\u00e8ve P. Granulomatous lesions in bone marrow: clinicopathologic findings and significance in a study of 48 cases. Eur J Intern Med. 2013, 24:468-73. 10.1016\/j.ejim.2012.11.008","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0049-0172(76)80005-4","article-title":"Bone and joint sarcoidosis","volume":"6","author":"James DG","year":"1976","unstructured":"James DG, Neville E, Carstairs LS. Bone and joint sarcoidosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1976, 6:53-81. 10.1016\/s0049-0172(76)80005-4","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2009.75","article-title":"Sarcoidal anemia and leukopenia treated with methotrexate and mycophenolate mofetil","volume":"145","author":"Kalajian AH","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kalajian AH, Van Meter JR, Callen JP. Sarcoidal anemia and leukopenia treated with methotrexate and mycophenolate mofetil. Arch Dermatol. 2009, 145:905-9. 10.1001\/archdermatol.2009.75","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10040766","article-title":"Sarcoidosis: a clinical overview from symptoms to diagnosis","volume":"10","author":"S\u00e8ve P","year":"2021","unstructured":"S\u00e8ve P, Pacheco Y, Durupt F, et al.. Sarcoidosis: a clinical overview from symptoms to diagnosis. Cells. 2021, 10:766. 10.3390\/cells10040766","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Hypercalcemia as a result of sarcoidosis with normal serum concentrations of vitamin D","volume":"13","author":"Falk S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Falk S, Kratzsch J, Paschke R, Koch CA. Hypercalcemia as a result of sarcoidosis with normal serum concentrations of vitamin D. Med Sci Monit. 2007, 13:133-6.","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41030-021-00160-x","article-title":"A comprehensive review of sarcoidosis treatment for pulmonologists","volume":"7","author":"Melani AS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Melani AS, Bigliazzi C, Cimmino FA, Bergantini L, Bargagli E. A comprehensive review of sarcoidosis treatment for pulmonologists. Pulm Ther. 2021, 7:325-44. 10.1007\/s41030-021-00160-x","journal-title":"Pulm Ther"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14797\/mdcvj.1068","article-title":"State-of-the-art treatments for sarcoidosis","volume":"18","author":"Papanikolaou IC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Papanikolaou IC, Antonakis E, Pandi A. State-of-the-art treatments for sarcoidosis. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2022, 18:94-105. 10.14797\/mdcvj.1068","journal-title":"Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2017.02.004","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of patients with bone sarcoidosis","volume":"47","author":"Zhou Y","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Lower EE, Li H, Farhey Y, Baughman RP. Clinical characteristics of patients with bone sarcoidosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2017, 47:143-8. 10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2017.02.004","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0272-6386(12)80613-5","article-title":"Treatment of sarcoidosis-associated hypercalcemia with ketoconazole","volume":"18","author":"Bia MJ","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bia MJ, Insogna K. Treatment of sarcoidosis-associated hypercalcemia with ketoconazole. Am J Kidney Dis. 1991, 18:702-5. 10.1016\/s0272-6386(12)80613-5","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcemcr\/luaf011","article-title":"Diagnostic challenges in a case of refractory severe hypercalcemia due to splenic sarcoidosis","volume":"3","author":"Knott JA","year":"2025","unstructured":"Knott JA, Horvath AR, Htet TD. Diagnostic challenges in a case of refractory severe hypercalcemia due to splenic sarcoidosis. JCEM Case Rep. 2025, 3:luaf011. 10.1210\/jcemcr\/luaf011","journal-title":"JCEM Case Rep"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Use of methotrexate in patients with sarcoidosis","volume":"28","author":"Kiltz U","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kiltz U, Braun J. Use of methotrexate in patients with sarcoidosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2010, 28:183-5.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11083-004-5178-y","article-title":"Leflunomide for chronic sarcoidosis","volume":"21","author":"Baughman RP","year":"2004","unstructured":"Baughman RP, Lower EE. Leflunomide for chronic sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2004, 21:43-8. 10.1007\/s11083-004-5178-y","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00195010","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of leflunomide for pulmonary and extrapulmonary sarcoidosis","volume":"38","author":"Sahoo DH","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sahoo DH, Bandyopadhyay D, Xu M, et al.. Effectiveness and safety of leflunomide for pulmonary and extrapulmonary sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J. 2011, 38:1145-50. 10.1183\/09031936.00195010","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/395452-the-calcium-conundrum-hypercalcemia-of-unknown-etiology","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:20:09Z","timestamp":1756426809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/395452-the-calcium-conundrum-hypercalcemia-of-unknown-etiology"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"references-count":21,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.91200","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]}}}