{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T22:58:53Z","timestamp":1788994733977,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.91897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T12:11:54Z","timestamp":1757419914000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cardiovascular Risk in Autoimmune Diseases: Mechanisms, Management, and Emerging Evidence"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Maheen Bhangwar","family":"Baloch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Alphonse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nehal","family":"Baldev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genesis Marie","family":"Nin-Arroyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohith","family":"Keezhath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anahita","family":"Behara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swati","family":"Khurana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Nwokeji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bashir","family":"Imam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yozahandy A","family":"Abarca-Pineda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-021-00963-y","article-title":"Psoriasis and cardiovascular disease: novel mechanisms and evolving therapeutics","volume":"23","author":"Weber B","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weber B, Merola JF, Husni ME, Di Carli M, Berger JS, Garshick MS. Psoriasis and cardiovascular disease: novel mechanisms and evolving therapeutics. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2021, 23:67. 10.1007\/s11883-021-00963-y","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.124.319983","article-title":"Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular risk: a complex interplay","volume":"44","author":"Wilkinson MJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wilkinson MJ, Shapiro MD. Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular risk: a complex interplay. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2024, 44:2396-406. 10.1161\/ATVBAHA.124.319983","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0675-0","article-title":"Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span","volume":"25","author":"Furman D","year":"2019","unstructured":"Furman D, Campisi J, Verdin E, et al.. Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span. Nat Med. 2019, 25:1822-32. 10.1038\/s41591-019-0675-0","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-024-01311-6","article-title":"Hypertension and cardiovascular outcomes in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Barozet M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barozet M, Le Tilly O, Bejan-Angoulvant T, Fesler P, Roubille C. Hypertension and cardiovascular outcomes in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2024, 26:419-29. 10.1007\/s11906-024-01311-6","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01349-6","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases and cardiovascular risk: a population-based study on 19 autoimmune diseases and 12 cardiovascular diseases in 22 million individuals in the UK","volume":"400","author":"Conrad N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Conrad N, Verbeke G, Molenberghs G, et al.. Autoimmune diseases and cardiovascular risk: a population-based study on 19 autoimmune diseases and 12 cardiovascular diseases in 22 million individuals in the UK. Lancet. 2022, 400:733-43. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01349-6","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6515\/ACS.202303_39(2).20230117A","article-title":"2023 Taiwan Society of Cardiology (TSOC) and Taiwan College of Rheumatology (TCR) joint consensus on connective tissue disease-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"39","author":"Huang WC","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang WC, Hsieh SC, Wu YW, et al.. 2023 Taiwan Society of Cardiology (TSOC) and Taiwan College of Rheumatology (TCR) joint consensus on connective tissue disease-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension. Acta Cardiol Sin. 2023, 39:213-41. 10.6515\/ACS.202303_39(2).20230117A","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol Sin"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahjo.2023.100267","article-title":"Chronic rheumatologic disorders and cardiovascular disease risk in women","volume":"27","author":"Mehta PK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mehta PK, Levit RD, Wood MJ, et al.. Chronic rheumatologic disorders and cardiovascular disease risk in women. Am Heart J Plus. 2023, 27:100267. 10.1016\/j.ahjo.2023.100267","journal-title":"Am Heart J Plus"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102891","article-title":"Arterial stiffness, the hidden face of cardiovascular risk in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases","volume":"20","author":"Berger M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Berger M, Fesler P, Roubille C. Arterial stiffness, the hidden face of cardiovascular risk in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2021, 20:102891. 10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102891","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207488","article-title":"New treatment addressing the pathogenesis of psoriasis","volume":"21","author":"Tokuyama M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tokuyama M, Mabuchi T. New treatment addressing the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci. 2020, 21:7488. 10.3390\/ijms21207488","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.774808","article-title":"Cardiometabolic comorbidities in patients with psoriasis: focusing on risk, biological therapy, and pathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Cai J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cai J, Cui L, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhang X, Shi Y. Cardiometabolic comorbidities in patients with psoriasis: focusing on risk, biological therapy, and pathogenesis. Front Pharmacol. 2021, 12:774808. 10.3389\/fphar.2021.774808","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.191326","article-title":"Benefits of methotrexate use on cardiovascular disease risk among rheumatoid arthritis patients initiating biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs","volume":"48","author":"Xie F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xie F, Chen L, Yun H, Levitan EB, Curtis JR. Benefits of methotrexate use on cardiovascular disease risk among rheumatoid arthritis patients initiating biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. J Rheumatol. 2021, 48:804-12. 10.3899\/jrheum.191326","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.11075","article-title":"Cardiovascular comorbidities in psoriasis (review)","volume":"23","author":"Branisteanu DE","year":"2022","unstructured":"Branisteanu DE, Nicolescu AC, Branisteanu DC, et al.. Cardiovascular comorbidities in psoriasis (review). Exp Ther Med. 2022, 23:152. 10.3892\/etm.2021.11075","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24092","article-title":"Risk of cardiovascular mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"59","author":"Avi\u00f1a-Zubieta JA","year":"2008","unstructured":"Avi\u00f1a-Zubieta JA, Choi HK, Sadatsafavi M, Etminan M, Esdaile JM, Lacaille D. Risk of cardiovascular mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 59:1690-7. 10.1002\/art.24092","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra043430","article-title":"Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease","volume":"352","author":"Hansson GK","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hansson GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2005, 352:1685-95. 10.1056\/NEJMra043430","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-209775","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for cardiovascular disease risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory joint disorders: 2015\/2016 update","volume":"76","author":"Agca R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Agca R, Heslinga SC, Rollefstad S, et al.. EULAR recommendations for cardiovascular disease risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory joint disorders: 2015\/2016 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017, 76:17-28. 10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-209775","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.03.028","article-title":"Attributable risk estimate of severe psoriasis on major cardiovascular events","volume":"124","author":"Mehta NN","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mehta NN, Yu Y, Pinnelas R, Krishnamoorthy P, Shin DB, Troxel AB, Gelfand JM. Attributable risk estimate of severe psoriasis on major cardiovascular events. Am J Med. 2011, 124:775.e1-6. 10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.03.028","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.14.1735","article-title":"Risk of myocardial infarction in patients with psoriasis","volume":"296","author":"Gelfand JM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gelfand JM, Neimann AL, Shin DB, Wang X, Margolis DJ, Troxel AB. Risk of myocardial infarction in patients with psoriasis. JAMA. 2006, 296:1735-41. 10.1001\/jama.296.14.1735","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.09.009","article-title":"Inflammation in atherosclerosis: from pathophysiology to practice","volume":"54","author":"Libby P","year":"2009","unstructured":"Libby P, Ridker PM, Hansson GK. Inflammation in atherosclerosis: from pathophysiology to practice. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009, 54:2129-38. 10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.09.009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp567","article-title":"Patients with severe psoriasis are at increased risk of cardiovascular mortality: cohort study using the General Practice Research Database","volume":"31","author":"Mehta NN","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mehta NN, Azfar RS, Shin DB, Neimann AL, Troxel AB, Gelfand JM. Patients with severe psoriasis are at increased risk of cardiovascular mortality: cohort study using the General Practice Research Database. Eur Heart J. 2010, 31:1000-6. 10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp567","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-024-01045-7","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"21","author":"Porsch F","year":"2024","unstructured":"Porsch F, Binder CJ. Autoimmune diseases and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2024, 21:780-807. 10.1038\/s41569-024-01045-7","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2014.206","article-title":"Cardiorheumatology: cardiac involvement in systemic rheumatic disease","volume":"12","author":"Prasad M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Prasad M, Hermann J, Gabriel SE, et al.. Cardiorheumatology: cardiac involvement in systemic rheumatic disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2015, 12:168-76. 10.1038\/nrcardio.2014.206","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"The prevalence ratio of ischemic heart disease","volume":"33","author":"Han C","year":"2006","unstructured":"Han C, Robinson DW, Hackett MV, Paramore LC, Fraeman KH, Bala MV. The prevalence ratio of ischemic heart disease. J Rheumatol. 2006, 33:2167-72.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/096120300678828271","article-title":"Accelerated atheroma in lupus-background","volume":"9","author":"Urowitz MB","year":"2000","unstructured":"Urowitz MB, Gladman DD. Accelerated atheroma in lupus-background. Lupus. 2000, 9:161-5. 10.1191\/096120300678828271","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00774.2016","article-title":"Psoriasis as a human model of disease to study inflammatory atherogenesis","volume":"312","author":"Harrington CL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harrington CL, Dey AK, Yunus R, Joshi AA, Mehta NN. Psoriasis as a human model of disease to study inflammatory atherogenesis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2017, 312:H867-73. 10.1152\/ajpheart.00774.2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/974648","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk in systemic autoimmune diseases: epigenetic mechanisms of immune regulatory functions","volume":"2012","author":"L\u00f3pez-Pedrera C","year":"2012","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Pedrera C, P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez C, Ramos-Casals M, Santos-Gonzalez M, Rodriguez-Ariza A, Cuadrado MJ. Cardiovascular risk in systemic autoimmune diseases: epigenetic mechanisms of immune regulatory functions. Clin Dev Immunol. 2012, 2012:974648. 10.1155\/2012\/974648","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57275-9","article-title":"Association between systemic sclerosis and risk of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Chen IW","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen IW, Wang WT, Lai YC, Lin CM, Liu PH, Wu SZ, Hung KC. Association between systemic sclerosis and risk of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2024, 14:6445. 10.1038\/s41598-024-57275-9","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019003863","article-title":"Complement activity and complement regulatory gene mutations are associated with thrombosis in APS and CAPS","volume":"135","author":"Chaturvedi S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chaturvedi S, Braunstein EM, Yuan X, et al.. Complement activity and complement regulatory gene mutations are associated with thrombosis in APS and CAPS. Blood. 2020, 135:239-51. 10.1182\/blood.2019003863","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161209789058093","article-title":"Oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Victor VM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Victor VM, Rocha M, Sol\u00e1 E, Ba\u00f1uls C, Garcia-Malpartida K, Hern\u00e1ndez-Mijares A. Oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Curr Pharm Des. 2009, 15:2988-3002. 10.2174\/138161209789058093","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"33","author":"Han C","year":"2006","unstructured":"Han C, Robinson DW Jr, Hackett MV, Paramore LC, Fraeman KH, Bala MV. Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 2006, 33:2167-72.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr2122w","article-title":"The increased cardiovascular risk in patients affected by autoimmune diseases: review of the various manifestations","volume":"7","author":"Durante A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Durante A, Bronzato S. The increased cardiovascular risk in patients affected by autoimmune diseases: review of the various manifestations. J Clin Med Res. 2015, 7:379-84. 10.14740\/jocmr2122w","journal-title":"J Clin Med Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2018.12.009","article-title":"2018 TSOC guideline focused update on diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"118","author":"Huang WC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang WC, Hsu CH, Sung SH, et al.. 2018 TSOC guideline focused update on diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Formos Med Assoc. 2019, 118:1584-609. 10.1016\/j.jfma.2018.12.009","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S276986","article-title":"Monitoring and managing cardiovascular risk in immune mediated inflammatory diseases","volume":"14","author":"Anyfanti P","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anyfanti P, Dara A, Angeloudi E, Bekiari E, Dimitroulas T, Kitas GD. Monitoring and managing cardiovascular risk in immune mediated inflammatory diseases. J Inflamm Res. 2021, 14:6893-906. 10.2147\/JIR.S276986","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jvd2010010","article-title":"The Framingham study on cardiovascular disease risk and stress-defenses: a historical review","volume":"2","author":"Abohelwa M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abohelwa M, Kopel J, Shurmur S, Ansari MM, Awasthi Y, Awasthi S. The Framingham study on cardiovascular disease risk and stress-defenses: a historical review. J Vasc Dis. 2023, 2:122-64. 10.3390\/jvd2010010","journal-title":"J Vasc Dis"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-02355-0","article-title":"Derivation and internal validation of a multi-biomarker-based cardiovascular disease risk prediction score for rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"22","author":"Curtis JR","year":"2020","unstructured":"Curtis JR, Xie F, Crowson CS, et al.. Derivation and internal validation of a multi-biomarker-based cardiovascular disease risk prediction score for rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Res Ther. 2020, 22:282. 10.1186\/s13075-020-02355-0","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221733","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for cardiovascular risk management in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"81","author":"Drosos GC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Drosos GC, Vedder D, Houben E, et al.. EULAR recommendations for cardiovascular risk management in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022, 81:768-79. 10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221733","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200110)44:10<2331::aid-art395>3.0.co;2-i","article-title":"Traditional Framingham risk factors fail to fully account for accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"44","author":"Esdaile JM","year":"2001","unstructured":"Esdaile JM, Abrahamowicz M, Grodzicky T, et al.. Traditional Framingham risk factors fail to fully account for accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2001, 44:2331-7. 10.1002\/1529-0131(200110)44:10&lt;2331::aid-art395&gt;3.0.co;2-i","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19900","article-title":"Reducing cardiovascular risk in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: tumour necrosis factor inhibitors compared to conventional therapies-a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Galajda N\u00c1","year":"2024","unstructured":"Galajda N\u00c1, Meznerics FA, M\u00e1trai P, et al.. Reducing cardiovascular risk in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: tumour necrosis factor inhibitors compared to conventional therapies-a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2024, 38:1070-88. 10.1111\/jdv.19900","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206624","article-title":"The effects of tumour necrosis factor inhibitors, methotrexate, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids on cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Roubille C","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roubille C, Richer V, Starnino T, et al.. The effects of tumour necrosis factor inhibitors, methotrexate, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids on cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015, 74:480-9. 10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206624","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-022-00569-z","article-title":"Biologic and small-molecule therapies for moderate-to-severe psoriasis: focus on psoriasis comorbidities","volume":"37","author":"Jiang Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiang Y, Chen Y, Yu Q, Shi Y. Biologic and small-molecule therapies for moderate-to-severe psoriasis: focus on psoriasis comorbidities. BioDrugs. 2023, 37:35-55. 10.1007\/s40259-022-00569-z","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.02.009","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk in patients with\u00a0psoriasis: JACC review topic of the week","volume":"77","author":"Garshick MS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garshick MS, Ward NL, Krueger JG, Berger JS. Cardiovascular risk in patients with\u00a0psoriasis: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021, 77:1670-80. 10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.02.009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S464471","article-title":"Cardiovascular considerations and implications for treatment in psoriasis: an updated review","volume":"20","author":"Mehta H","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mehta H, Narang T, Dogra S, Handa S, Hatwal J, Batta A. Cardiovascular considerations and implications for treatment in psoriasis: an updated review. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2024, 20:215-29. 10.2147\/VHRM.S464471","journal-title":"Vasc Health Risk Manag"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep366","article-title":"The effect of methotrexate on cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review","volume":"49","author":"Westlake SL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Westlake SL, Colebatch AN, Baird J, et al.. The effect of methotrexate on cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010, 49:295-307. 10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep366","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2023.5509","article-title":"Short-term cardiovascular complications in dermatology patients receiving JAK-STAT inhibitors: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"160","author":"Ireland PA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ireland PA, Jansson N, Spencer SK, Braden J, Sebaratnam D. Short-term cardiovascular complications in dermatology patients receiving JAK-STAT inhibitors: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. JAMA Dermatol. 2024, 160:281-9. 10.1001\/jamadermatol.2023.5509","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1710-1492-9-30","article-title":"A practical guide to the monitoring and management of the complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy","volume":"9","author":"Liu D","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu D, Ahmet A, Ward L, et al.. A practical guide to the monitoring and management of the complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2013, 9:30. 10.1186\/1710-1492-9-30","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/367359","article-title":"Cardiovascular involvement in autoimmune diseases","volume":"2014","author":"Amaya-Amaya J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Amaya-Amaya J, Montoya-S\u00e1nchez L, Rojas-Villarraga A. Cardiovascular involvement in autoimmune diseases. Biomed Res Int. 2014, 2014:367359. 10.1155\/2014\/367359","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X16635887","article-title":"Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs improve cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in psoriatic arthritis","volume":"8","author":"Syngle A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Syngle A, Verma I, Krishan P, Syngle V. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs improve cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in psoriatic arthritis. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2016, 8:42-8. 10.1177\/1759720X16635887","journal-title":"Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00117","article-title":"Pathogenesis of chronic plaque psoriasis and its intersection with cardio-metabolic comorbidities","volume":"11","author":"Gisondi P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gisondi P, Bellinato F, Girolomoni G, Albanesi C. Pathogenesis of chronic plaque psoriasis and its intersection with cardio-metabolic comorbidities. Front Pharmacol. 2020, 11:117. 10.3389\/fphar.2020.00117","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2023.12.008","article-title":"A care coordination model to prevent cardiovascular events in patients with psoriatic disease: a multicenter pilot study","volume":"144","author":"Song WB","year":"2024","unstructured":"Song WB, Garshick MS, Barbieri JS, et al.. A care coordination model to prevent cardiovascular events in patients with psoriatic disease: a multicenter pilot study. J Invest Dermatol. 2024, 144:1405-9.e1. 10.1016\/j.jid.2023.12.008","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i36.10327","article-title":"Transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging system","volume":"21","author":"Han K","year":"2015","unstructured":"Han K, Kim JH. Transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging system. World J Gastroenterol. 2015, 21:10327-35. 10.3748\/wjg.v21.i36.10327","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2109927","article-title":"Cardiovascular and cancer risk with tofacitinib in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"386","author":"Ytterberg SR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ytterberg SR, Bhatt DL, Mikuls TR, et al.. Cardiovascular and cancer risk with tofacitinib in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2022, 386:316-26. 10.1056\/NEJMoa2109927","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/406631-cardiovascular-risk-in-autoimmune-diseases-mechanisms-management-and-emerging-evidence","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T12:11:55Z","timestamp":1757419915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/406631-cardiovascular-risk-in-autoimmune-diseases-mechanisms-management-and-emerging-evidence"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"references-count":50,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.91897","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]}}}