{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T14:06:03Z","timestamp":1780409163417,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.91926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T17:56:39Z","timestamp":1757440599000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Impact of Hormonal Contraceptives on Body Weight and Associated Side Effects in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Hind Khalid","family":"Goresh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rana A","family":"Alhebaishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatimah Abdulmohsen Alhejji","family":"Alhejji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samah S","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamoud M","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Njoud W","family":"Albuni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ftoon","family":"Alhomidani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2018.03.005","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association of combined oral contraceptives on the risk of venous thromboembolism: the role of the progestogen type and estrogen dose","volume":"165","author":"Oedingen C","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oedingen C, Scholz S, Razum O. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association of combined oral contraceptives on the risk of venous thromboembolism: the role of the progestogen type and estrogen dose. Thromb Res. 2018, 165:68-78. 10.1016\/j.thromres.2018.03.005","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Safety, efficacy and acceptability of implanon a single rod implantable contraceptive (etonogestrel) in University of Benin Teaching Hospital","volume":"13","author":"Aisien AO","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aisien AO, Enosolease ME. Safety, efficacy and acceptability of implanon a single rod implantable contraceptive (etonogestrel) in University of Benin Teaching Hospital. Nigerian J Clin Pract. 2010, 13:331-5.","journal-title":"Nigerian J Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/ijwh.s6914","article-title":"Long-term safety, efficacy, and patient acceptability of the intrauterine Copper T-380A contraceptive device","volume":"2","author":"Kaneshiro B","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kaneshiro B, Aeby T. Long-term safety, efficacy, and patient acceptability of the intrauterine Copper T-380A contraceptive device. Int J Womens Health. 2010, 2:211-20. 10.2147\/ijwh.s6914","journal-title":"Int J Womens Health"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11591290-000000000-00000","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of long-acting reversible contraception","volume":"71","author":"Stoddard A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stoddard A, McNicholas C, Peipert JF. Efficacy and safety of long-acting reversible contraception. Drugs. 2011, 71:969-80. 10.2165\/11591290-000000000-00000","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deq335","article-title":"Combined oral contraceptives and body weight: do oral contraceptives cause weight gain? A primate model","volume":"26","author":"Edelman A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Edelman A, Jensen JT, Bulechowsky M, Cameron J. Combined oral contraceptives and body weight: do oral contraceptives cause weight gain? A primate model. Hum Reprod. 2011, 26:330-6. 10.1093\/humrep\/deq335","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21767\/2471-8203.100025","article-title":"A review of prevalence of obesity in Saudi Arabia","volume":"2","author":"Alqarni SS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alqarni SS. A review of prevalence of obesity in Saudi Arabia. J Obes Eat Disord. 2016, 2:2. 10.21767\/2471-8203.100025","journal-title":"J Obes Eat Disord"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2018.11.012","article-title":"Comparison of body weight among hormonal and non-hormonal users in a Malaysian cohort","volume":"14","author":"Ibrahim H","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ibrahim H, Tengku Ismail TA, Hashim N. Comparison of body weight among hormonal and non-hormonal users in a Malaysian cohort. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2019, 14:25-30. 10.1016\/j.jtumed.2018.11.012","journal-title":"J Taibah Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Adult obesity facts. (2019). Accessed. July 27, 2025: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/obesity\/adult-obesity-facts\/index.html."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2013.03.004","article-title":"Weight change at 12 months in users of three progestin-only contraceptive methods","volume":"88","author":"Vickery Z","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vickery Z, Madden T, Zhao Q, Secura GM, Allsworth JE, Peipert JF. Weight change at 12 months in users of three progestin-only contraceptive methods. Contraception. 2013, 88:503-8. 10.1016\/j.contraception.2013.03.004","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.1978.hed1706250.x","article-title":"A controlled study of the effect of oral contraceptives on migraine","volume":"17","author":"Ryan RE","year":"1978","unstructured":"Ryan RE. A controlled study of the effect of oral contraceptives on migraine. Headache. 1978, 17:250-2. 10.1111\/j.1526-4610.1978.hed1706250.x","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199011153232003","article-title":"The effects of different formulations of oral contraceptive agents on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism","volume":"323","author":"Godsland IF","year":"1990","unstructured":"Godsland IF, Crook D, Simpson R, et al.. The effects of different formulations of oral contraceptive agents on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. N Engl J Med. 1990, 323:1375-81. 10.1056\/NEJM199011153232003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Knowledge on adherence and safety of the oral contraceptive pill in Saudi women","volume":"33","author":"Al-Shaikh GK","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al-Shaikh GK, Mayet AY, Alshaikh M, Hamad A. Knowledge on adherence and safety of the oral contraceptive pill in Saudi women. Saudi Med J. 2012, 33:665-70.","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.12.008","article-title":"Levonorgestrel intrauterine system associated amenorrhea: a systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"220","author":"Sergison JE","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sergison JE, Maldonado LY, Gao X, Hubacher D. Levonorgestrel intrauterine system associated amenorrhea: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019, 220:440-448.e8. 10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.12.008","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.09.029","article-title":"Hormonal contraception, depression, and academic performance among females attending college in the United States","volume":"270","author":"Gregory ST","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gregory ST, Hall K, Quast T, Gatto A, Bleck J, Storch EA, DeBate R. Hormonal contraception, depression, and academic performance among females attending college in the United States. Psychiatry Res. 2018, 270:111-6. 10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.09.029","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S59059","article-title":"International survey to assess women's attitudes regarding choice of daily versus nondaily female hormonal contraception","volume":"6","author":"Mansour D","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mansour D. International survey to assess women's attitudes regarding choice of daily versus nondaily female hormonal contraception. Int J Womens Health. 2014, 6:367-75. 10.2147\/IJWH.S59059","journal-title":"Int J Womens Health"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-93042017000400008","article-title":"Satisfaction with the use of contraceptive methods among women from primary health care services in the city of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"17","author":"Borges AL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Borges AL, Santos OA, Ara\u00fajo KS, Gon\u00e7alves RF, Rosa PL, de Nascimento NC. Satisfaction with the use of contraceptive methods among women from primary health care services in the city of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. Rev Bras Saude Mater Infant. 2017, 17:10.1590\/1806-93042017000400008","journal-title":"Rev Bras Saude Mater Infant"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_363_18","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practice among Saudi primary health care attendees about family planning in Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","volume":"8","author":"Al-Musa HM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al-Musa HM, Alsaleem MA, Alfaifi WH, et al.. Knowledge, attitude, and practice among Saudi primary health care attendees about family planning in Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019, 8:576-82. 10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_363_18","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2018.1452837","article-title":"Impediments to use of oral contraceptives among refugee women in camps, Jordan","volume":"59","author":"Bardaweel SK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bardaweel SK, Akour AA, ALkhawaldeh A. Impediments to use of oral contraceptives among refugee women in camps, Jordan. Women Health. 2019, 59:252-65. 10.1080\/03630242.2018.1452837","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(94)90113-9","article-title":"Progestin-only oral contraception: a comprehensive review","volume":"50","author":"McCann MF","year":"1994","unstructured":"McCann MF, Potter LS. Progestin-only oral contraception: a comprehensive review. Contraception. 1994, 50:1-195.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0010-7824(01)00208-6","article-title":"Weight change and adverse event incidence with a low-dose oral contraceptive: two randomized, placebo-controlled trials","volume":"63","author":"Coney P","year":"2001","unstructured":"Coney P, Washenik K, Langley RG, DiGiovanna JJ, Harrison DD. Weight change and adverse event incidence with a low-dose oral contraceptive: two randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Contraception. 2001, 63:297-302. 10.1016\/s0010-7824(01)00208-6","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13115","article-title":"Oral contraceptive use in adolescence predicts lasting vulnerability to depression in adulthood","volume":"61","author":"Anderl C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anderl C, Li G, Chen FS. Oral contraceptive use in adolescence predicts lasting vulnerability to depression in adulthood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2020, 61:148-56. 10.1111\/jcpp.13115","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2006.06.003","article-title":"Menstrual-cycle-related symptoms: a review of the rationale for continuous use of oral contraceptives","volume":"74","author":"Archer DF","year":"2006","unstructured":"Archer DF. Menstrual-cycle-related symptoms: a review of the rationale for continuous use of oral contraceptives. Contraception. 2006, 74:359-66. 10.1016\/j.contraception.2006.06.003","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031567","article-title":"The contraindications to combined oral contraceptives among reproductive-aged women in an obstetrics and gynaecology clinic: a single-centre cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Assiri GA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Assiri GA, Bannan DF, Alshehri GH, Alshyhani M, Almatri W, Mahmoud MA. The contraindications to combined oral contraceptives among reproductive-aged women in an obstetrics and gynaecology clinic: a single-centre cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022, 19:10.3390\/ijerph19031567","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-10-7","article-title":"Current methods and attitudes of women towards contraception in Europe and America","volume":"10","author":"Johnson S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Johnson S, Pion C, Jennings V. Current methods and attitudes of women towards contraception in Europe and America. Reprod Health. 2013, 10:7. 10.1186\/1742-4755-10-7","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-10-45","article-title":"Factors predicting mood changes in oral contraceptive pill users","volume":"10","author":"Shakerinejad G","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shakerinejad G, Hidarnia A, Motlagh ME, Karami K, Niknami S, Montazeri A. Factors predicting mood changes in oral contraceptive pill users. Reprod Health. 2013, 10:45. 10.1186\/1742-4755-10-45","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3823\/1844","article-title":"Awareness, prevalence, and determinants of birth control methods use among women in Saudi Arabia","volume":"8","author":"Elgharabway RM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Elgharabway RM, Ahmed AS, Alsuhaibani RA. Awareness, prevalence, and determinants of birth control methods use among women in Saudi Arabia. Int Arch Med. 2015, 8:10.3823\/1844","journal-title":"Int Arch Med"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/395567-the-impact-of-hormonal-contraceptives-on-body-weight-and-associated-side-effects-in-riyadh-saudi-arabia-a-cross-sectional-study","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T17:56:40Z","timestamp":1757440600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/395567-the-impact-of-hormonal-contraceptives-on-body-weight-and-associated-side-effects-in-riyadh-saudi-arabia-a-cross-sectional-study"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"references-count":26,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.91926","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]}}}