{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T18:48:53Z","timestamp":1758048533616,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.92198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T09:16:38Z","timestamp":1757754998000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Refractory Digital Ulcers in Systemic Sclerosis Sine Scleroderma Associated With Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Case-Based Review"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Rom\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Fr\u00f3is Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maura","family":"Couto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30933-9","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis","volume":"390","author":"Denton CP","year":"2017","unstructured":"Denton CP, Khanna D. Systemic sclerosis. Lancet. 2017, 390:1685-99. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30933-9","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S18145","article-title":"Vascular involvement in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)","volume":"4","author":"Pattanaik D","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pattanaik D, Brown M, Postlethwaite AE. Vascular involvement in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). J Inflamm Res. 2011, 4:105-25. 10.2147\/JIR.S18145","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev201","article-title":"Consensus best practice pathway of the UK Scleroderma Study Group: digital vasculopathy in systemic sclerosis","volume":"54","author":"Hughes M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hughes M, Ong VH, Anderson ME, et al.. Consensus best practice pathway of the UK Scleroderma Study Group: digital vasculopathy in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015, 54:2015-24. 10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev201","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1962.03050210027006","article-title":"Progressive systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma","volume":"180","author":"Rodnan GP","year":"1962","unstructured":"Rodnan GP, Fennell RH Jr. Progressive systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma. JAMA. 1962, 180:665-70. 10.1001\/jama.1962.03050210027006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/64334","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma","volume":"26","author":"Kucharz EJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kucharz EJ, Kope\u0107-M\u0119drek M. Systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2017, 26:875-80. 10.17219\/acem\/64334","journal-title":"Adv Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2023.1729","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations, clinical characteristics, and prognosis of patients with systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma: data from the International EUSTAR database","volume":"159","author":"Lescoat A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lescoat A, Huang S, Carreira PE, et al.. Cutaneous manifestations, clinical characteristics, and prognosis of patients with systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma: data from the International EUSTAR database. JAMA Dermatol. 2023, 159:837-47. 10.1001\/jamadermatol.2023.1729","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2016.05.001","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of critical digital ischemia in systemic sclerosis: report of five cases and review of the literature","volume":"46","author":"Sharp CA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sharp CA, Akram Q, Hughes M, Muir L, Herrick AL. Differential diagnosis of critical digital ischemia in systemic sclerosis: report of five cases and review of the literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2016, 46:209-16. 10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2016.05.001","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224609","article-title":"2023 ACR\/EULAR antiphospholipid syndrome classification criteria","volume":"82","author":"Barbhaiya M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barbhaiya M, Zuily S, Naden R, et al.. 2023 ACR\/EULAR antiphospholipid syndrome classification criteria. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023, 82:1258-70. 10.1136\/ard-2023-224609","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-05399-4","article-title":"Anti-phospholipid syndrome leading to digital ischaemia and rare organ complications in systemic sclerosis and related disorders","volume":"40","author":"Chatterjee S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chatterjee S, Pauling JD. Anti-phospholipid syndrome leading to digital ischaemia and rare organ complications in systemic sclerosis and related disorders. Clin Rheumatol. 2021, 40:2457-65. 10.1007\/s10067-020-05399-4","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10187","article-title":"Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients","volume":"46","author":"Cervera R","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cervera R, Piette JC, Font J, et al.. Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46:1019-27. 10.1002\/art.10187","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2019-001012","article-title":"Association of antiphospholipid antibodies with active digital ulceration in systemic sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Martin M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martin M, Martinez C, Arnaud L, et al.. Association of antiphospholipid antibodies with active digital ulceration in systemic sclerosis. RMD Open. 2019, 5:e001012. 10.1136\/rmdopen-2019-001012","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-010-1482-6","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma associated with antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Leite Pd","year":"2012","unstructured":"Leite Pd, de Carvalho JF. Systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma associated with antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatol Int. 2012, 32:3265-8. 10.1007\/s00296-010-1482-6","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Autoimmune tautology in a complex case of polyautoimmunity: systemic sclerosis, autoimmune liver involvement, antiphospholipid syndrome and Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"19","author":"Rossi FW","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rossi FW, Lobasso A, Selleri C, Matucci-Cerinic M, Rivellese F, Shoenfeld Y, de Paulis A. Autoimmune tautology in a complex case of polyautoimmunity: systemic sclerosis, autoimmune liver involvement, antiphospholipid syndrome and Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis. Isr Med Assoc J. 2017, 19:193-5.","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IMCRJ.S254859","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma manifested with gastrointestinal bleeding, antiphospholipid syndrome and positive anti-RNA polymerase III antibody: case report and literature review","volume":"13","author":"Alghamdi M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alghamdi M, Derbes SJ. Systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma manifested with gastrointestinal bleeding, antiphospholipid syndrome and positive anti-RNA polymerase III antibody: case report and literature review. Int Med Case Rep J. 2020, 13:323-6. 10.2147\/IMCRJ.S254859","journal-title":"Int Med Case Rep J"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/hematolrep15020024","article-title":"Risk of thrombosis during and after a SARS-CoV-2 infection: pathogenesis, diagnostic approach, and management","volume":"15","author":"Sutanto H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sutanto H, Soegiarto G. Risk of thrombosis during and after a SARS-CoV-2 infection: pathogenesis, diagnostic approach, and management. Hematol Rep. 2023, 15:225-43. 10.3390\/hematolrep15020024","journal-title":"Hematol Rep"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"The association of antiphospholipid antibodies with cardiopulmonary manifestations of systemic sclerosis","volume":"32","author":"Morrisroe KB","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morrisroe KB, Stevens W, Nandurkar H, et al.. The association of antiphospholipid antibodies with cardiopulmonary manifestations of systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2014, 32:133-7.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02457","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical associations of antiphospholipid antibodies in systemic sclerosis: new data from a French cross-sectional study, systematic review, and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Sobanski V","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sobanski V, Lemaire-Olivier A, Giovannelli J, et al.. Prevalence and clinical associations of antiphospholipid antibodies in systemic sclerosis: new data from a French cross-sectional study, systematic review, and meta-analysis. Front Immunol. 2018, 9:2457. 10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02457","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rhu.0000250295.34519.b9","article-title":"Anticardiolipin antibodies in scleroderma","volume":"12","author":"Enzenauer RJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Enzenauer RJ, Collier DH, Lopez LR. Anticardiolipin antibodies in scleroderma. J Clin Rheumatol. 2006, 12:324-6. 10.1097\/01.rhu.0000250295.34519.b9","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-009-1107-0","article-title":"Clinical significance of antiphospholipid antibodies in Indian scleroderma patients","volume":"30","author":"Gupta R","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gupta R, Thabah MM, Gupta S, Shankar S, Kumar A. Clinical significance of antiphospholipid antibodies in Indian scleroderma patients. Rheumatol Int. 2009, 30:277-9. 10.1007\/s00296-009-1107-0","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-020-00273-w","article-title":"Antiphospholipid antibodies in inflammatory and autoimmune rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases beyond lupus: a systematic review of the available evidence","volume":"8","author":"El Hasbani G","year":"2021","unstructured":"El Hasbani G, Viola M, Sciascia S, Taher AT, Uthman I. Antiphospholipid antibodies in inflammatory and autoimmune rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases beyond lupus: a systematic review of the available evidence. Rheumatol Ther. 2021, 8:81-94. 10.1007\/s40744-020-00273-w","journal-title":"Rheumatol Ther"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/410010-refractory-digital-ulcers-in-systemic-sclerosis-sine-scleroderma-associated-with-antiphospholipid-syndrome-a-case-based-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T09:16:38Z","timestamp":1757754998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/410010-refractory-digital-ulcers-in-systemic-sclerosis-sine-scleroderma-associated-with-antiphospholipid-syndrome-a-case-based-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]]},"references-count":20,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.92198","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]]}}}