{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:14:14Z","timestamp":1758759254270,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.93105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T13:12:26Z","timestamp":1758719546000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Burden and Trends of Low Back Pain in Pakistan: A Global Burden of Disease Study, 1990\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Tayyab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shah","family":"Faisal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zawar","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmood","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Tanveer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suleman","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Owais","family":"Ali Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ameer Afzal","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rahman","family":"Syed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohsin","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anfal","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Rabbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00098-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of low back pain, 1990-2020, its attributable risk factors, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"5","year":"2023","unstructured":"Global, regional, and national burden of low back pain, 1990-2020, its attributable risk factors, and projections to 2050. a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Rheumatol. 2023, 5:e316-29. 10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00098-X","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00733-9","article-title":"Low back pain","volume":"398","author":"Knezevic NN","year":"2021","unstructured":"Knezevic NN, Candido KD, Vlaeyen JW, Van Zundert J, Cohen SP. Low back pain. Lancet. 2021, 398:78-92.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"The Lancet. New study shows low back pain is the leading cause of disability globally. (2023). https:\/\/www.healthdata.org\/news-release\/lancet-new-study-shows-low-back-pain-leading-cause-disability-globally."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.005","article-title":"Global, regional and national burden of low back pain 1990-2019: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study 2019","volume":"32","author":"Chen S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen S, Chen M, Wu X, et al.. Global, regional and national burden of low back pain 1990-2019: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study 2019. J Orthop Translat. 2022, 32:49-58. 10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.005","journal-title":"J Orthop Translat"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2020.02.175","article-title":"Global low back pain prevalence and years lived with disability from 1990 to 2017: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"8","author":"Wu A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu A, March L, Zheng X, et al.. Global low back pain prevalence and years lived with disability from 1990 to 2017: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Ann Transl Med. 2020, 8:299. 10.21037\/atm.2020.02.175","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30480-X","article-title":"What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention","volume":"391","author":"Hartvigsen J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hartvigsen J, Hancock MJ, Kongsted A, et al.. What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention. Lancet. 2018, 391:2356-67. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30480-X","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10538127251328532","article-title":"Frequency, severity, and associated risk factors of low back pain among nurses working in public tertiary care hospitals of Rawalpindi. A cross-sectional study","author":"Shehzad WA","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shehzad WA, Pervaiz F, Riaz M, Hafeez A, Batool N, Siddiqui SS. Frequency, severity, and associated risk factors of low back pain among nurses working in public tertiary care hospitals of Rawalpindi. A cross-sectional study. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2025, 10538127251328532. 10.1177\/10538127251328532","journal-title":"J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114102","article-title":"Risk factors associated with the prevalence of upper and lower back pain in male underground coal miners in Punjab, Pakistan","volume":"17","author":"Ijaz M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ijaz M, Akram M, Ahmad SR, Mirza K, Ali Nadeem F, Thygerson SM. Risk factors associated with the prevalence of upper and lower back pain in male underground coal miners in Punjab, Pakistan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020, 17:4102. 10.3390\/ijerph17114102","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.23645","article-title":"Association between low back pain and body mass index in Pakistani population: analysis of the software bank data","volume":"14","author":"Siddiqui AS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Siddiqui AS, Javed S, Abbasi S, Baig T, Afshan G. Association between low back pain and body mass index in Pakistani population: analysis of the software bank data. Cureus. 2022, 14:e23645. 10.7759\/cureus.23645","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-205300","article-title":"Prevalence of low back pain in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Shetty GM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shetty GM, Jain S, Thakur H, Khanna K. Prevalence of low back pain in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Work. 2022, 73:429-52. 10.3233\/WOR-205300","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-059192","article-title":"Low back pain in the Bangladeshi adult population: a cross-sectional national survey","volume":"12","author":"Momen Majumder MS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Momen Majumder MS, Hakim F, Bandhan IH, et al.. Low back pain in the Bangladeshi adult population: a cross-sectional national survey. BMJ Open. 2022, 12:e059192. 10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-059192","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.55151.3","article-title":"Low back pain and associated risk factors among medical students in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Sany SA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sany SA, Tanjim T, Hossain MI. Low back pain and associated risk factors among medical students in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. F1000Res. 2021, 10:698. 10.12688\/f1000research.55151.3","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105352","article-title":"Prevalence of low back pain in Nepal: results from a nationally representative WHO STEPS survey","volume":"30","author":"Sharma S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sharma S, Traeger AC, Maher CG, Bista B, Dhimal M, Dixit LP, Sharma S. Prevalence of low back pain in Nepal: results from a nationally representative WHO STEPS survey. J Pain. 2025, 30:105352. 10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105352","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","article-title":"Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","unstructured":"Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021. a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2024, 403:2133-61. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00933-4","article-title":"Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","unstructured":"Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021. a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2024, 403:2162-203. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00933-4","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204428","article-title":"The global burden of low back pain: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study","volume":"73","author":"Hoy D","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hoy D, March L, Brooks P, et al.. The global burden of low back pain: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014, 73:968-74. 10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204428","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1014344519276","article-title":"Practical implications of imposing a new world standard population","volume":"13","author":"Bray F","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bray F, Guilloux A, Sankila R, Parkin DM. Practical implications of imposing a new world standard population. Cancer Causes Control. 2002, 13:175-82. 10.1023\/a:1014344519276","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates","volume":"19","author":"Kim HJ","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Fay MP, Feuer EJ, Midthune DN. Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates. Stat Med. 2000, 19:335-51.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34347","article-title":"A systematic review of the global prevalence of low back pain","volume":"64","author":"Hoy D","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoy D, Bain C, Williams G, et al.. A systematic review of the global prevalence of low back pain. Arthritis Rheum. 2012, 64:2028-37. 10.1002\/art.34347","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30488-4","article-title":"Low back pain: a call for action","volume":"391","author":"Buchbinder R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Buchbinder R, van Tulder M, \u00d6berg B, et al.. Low back pain: a call for action. Lancet. 2018, 391:2384-8. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30488-4","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47391\/JPMA.10371","article-title":"Are we straining to succeed? Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among dentists in teaching hospitals","volume":"74","author":"Rana MA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rana MA, Ahmed SS, Awan N, Siddique N. Are we straining to succeed? Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among dentists in teaching hospitals. J Pak Med Assoc. 2024, 74:1265-9. 10.47391\/JPMA.10371","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60460-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"384","author":"Ng M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, et al.. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2014, 384:766-81. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60460-8","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Healthcare challenges in Gilgit Baltistan: the way forward","volume":"7","author":"Asif AF","year":"2017","unstructured":"Asif AF. Healthcare challenges in Gilgit Baltistan: the way forward. Pak J Public Health. 2017, 7:113-6.","journal-title":"Pak J Public Health"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204344","article-title":"The global burden of musculoskeletal conditions for 2010: an overview of methods","volume":"73","author":"Hoy DG","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hoy DG, Smith E, Cross M, et al.. The global burden of musculoskeletal conditions for 2010: an overview of methods. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014, 73:982-9. 10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204344","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1533","article-title":"Non-spinal low back pain: global epidemiology, trends, and risk factors","volume":"6","author":"Shokri P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shokri P, Zahmatyar M, Falah Tafti M, et al.. Non-spinal low back pain: global epidemiology, trends, and risk factors. Health Sci Rep. 2023, 6:e1533. 10.1002\/hsr2.1533","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2007.10.005","article-title":"A systematic review of low back pain cost of illness studies in the United States and internationally","volume":"8","author":"Dagenais S","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dagenais S, Caro J, Haldeman S. A systematic review of low back pain cost of illness studies in the United States and internationally. Spine J. 2008, 8:8-20. 10.1016\/j.spinee.2007.10.005","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30489-6","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of low back pain: evidence, challenges, and promising directions","volume":"391","author":"Foster NE","year":"2018","unstructured":"Foster NE, Anema JR, Cherkin D, et al.. Prevention and treatment of low back pain: evidence, challenges, and promising directions. Lancet. 2018, 391:2368-83. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30489-6","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2367","article-title":"Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians","volume":"166","author":"Qaseem A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, et al.. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2017, 166:514-30. 10.7326\/M16-2367","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1563260","article-title":"The burden of low back pain in BRICS: an analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"13","author":"Shen L","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shen L, Cao W, Yu Y. The burden of low back pain in BRICS: an analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021. Front Public Health. 2025, 13:1563260. 10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1563260","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71151","article-title":"Risk factors associated with low back pain in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study conducted in 2023","volume":"8","author":"Rahman MA","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rahman MA, Alam F, Chowdhury MR, et al.. Risk factors associated with low back pain in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study conducted in 2023. Health Sci Rep.  2025, 8:e71151. 10.1002\/hsr2.71151","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/409613-burden-and-trends-of-low-back-pain-in-pakistan-a-global-burden-of-disease-study-1990-2021","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T13:12:28Z","timestamp":1758719548000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/409613-burden-and-trends-of-low-back-pain-in-pakistan-a-global-burden-of-disease-study-1990-2021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"references-count":30,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.93105","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]}}}