{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T15:40:12Z","timestamp":1758987612331,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.93345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T15:17:08Z","timestamp":1758986228000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody Unexpectedly Detected During Recovery Phase in Three Patients With Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel Antibody-Related Autoimmune Encephalitis"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Aengela J","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William J","family":"Frem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alekhya","family":"Bommireddipalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arin","family":"Boghoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatin","family":"Aylia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ifeanyichukwu","family":"Ozobu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara G","family":"Haroutunian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Alkana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiyang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio K","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70222-X","article-title":"Causes of encephalitis and differences in their clinical presentations in England: a multicentre, population-based prospective study","volume":"12","author":"Granerod J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Granerod J, Ambrose H, Davies N, et al.. Causes of encephalitis and differences in their clinical presentations in England: a multicentre, population-based prospective study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010, 12:835-44. 10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70222-X","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103701","article-title":"Neurological syndromes associated with anti-GAD antibodies","volume":"21","author":"Dade M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dade M, Berzero G, Izquierdo C, et al.. Neurological syndromes associated with anti-GAD antibodies. Int J Mol Sci. 2020, 21:3701. 10.3390\/ijms21103701","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.03.004","article-title":"Anti-GAD antibodies in a cohort of neuropsychiatric patients","volume":"82","author":"Vinke AM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vinke AM, Schaper FL, Vlooswijk MC, et al.. Anti-GAD antibodies in a cohort of neuropsychiatric patients. Epilepsy Behav. 2018, 82:25-8. 10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.03.004","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebr.2020.100396","article-title":"Super refractory status epilepticus secondary to anti-GAD antibody encephalitis successfully treated with aggressive immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Jaafar F","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jaafar F, Haddad L, Koleilat N, Sharara-Chami R, Shbarou R. Super refractory status epilepticus secondary to anti-GAD antibody encephalitis successfully treated with aggressive immunotherapy. Epilepsy Behav Rep. 2020, 14:100396. 10.1016\/j.ebr.2020.100396","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav Rep"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864211003486","article-title":"GAD antibody-spectrum disorders: progress in clinical phenotypes, immunopathogenesis and therapeutic interventions","volume":"14","author":"Tsiortou P","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsiortou P, Alexopoulos H, Dalakas MC. GAD antibody-spectrum disorders: progress in clinical phenotypes, immunopathogenesis and therapeutic interventions. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2021, 14:10.1177\/17562864211003486","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.762743","article-title":"Autoimmune epilepsy - novel multidisciplinary analysis, discoveries and insights","volume":"12","author":"Levite M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Levite M, Goldberg H. Autoimmune epilepsy - novel multidisciplinary analysis, discoveries and insights. Front Immunol. 2021, 12:762743. 10.3389\/fimmu.2021.762743","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.13020022","article-title":"Treatment of VGKC complex antibody-associated limbic encephalitis: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Radja GK","year":"2013","unstructured":"Radja GK, Cavanna AE. Treatment of VGKC complex antibody-associated limbic encephalitis: a systematic review. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013, 25:264-71. 10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.13020022","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000963","article-title":"Neuromuscular hyperexcitability syndromes","volume":"34","author":"De Wel B","year":"2021","unstructured":"De Wel B, Claeys KG. Neuromuscular hyperexcitability syndromes. Curr Opin Neurol. 2021, 34:714-20. 10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000963","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcu030","article-title":"VGKC-complex antibody encephalitis","volume":"107","author":"Willis MD","year":"2014","unstructured":"Willis MD, Jones L, Vincent A, Wheeler R, O'Callaghan P, Hamandi K. VGKC-complex antibody encephalitis. QJM. 2014, 107:657-9. 10.1093\/qjmed\/hcu030","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2020-002567","article-title":"Autoimmune encephalitis: clinical spectrum and management","volume":"21","author":"Uy CE","year":"2021","unstructured":"Uy CE, Binks S, Irani SR. Autoimmune encephalitis: clinical spectrum and management. Pract Neurol. 2021, 21:412-23. 10.1136\/practneurol-2020-002567","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2019-002494","article-title":"Stop testing for autoantibodies to the VGKC-complex: only request LGI1 and CASPR2","volume":"20","author":"Michael S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Michael S, Waters P, Irani SR. Stop testing for autoantibodies to the VGKC-complex: only request LGI1 and CASPR2. Pract Neurol. 2020, 20:377-84. 10.1136\/practneurol-2019-002494","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.4251","article-title":"Autoimmune encephalitis misdiagnosis in adults","volume":"80","author":"Flanagan EP","year":"2023","unstructured":"Flanagan EP, Geschwind MD, Lopez-Chiriboga AS, et al.. Autoimmune encephalitis misdiagnosis in adults. JAMA Neurol. 2023, 80:30-9. 10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.4251","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2018.05.020","article-title":"Distinction between anti-VGKC-complex seropositive patients with and without anti-LGI1\/CASPR2 antibodies","volume":"391","author":"Yeo T","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yeo T, Chen Z, Yong KP, Wong PY, Chai JY, Tan K. Distinction between anti-VGKC-complex seropositive patients with and without anti-LGI1\/CASPR2 antibodies. J Neurol Sci. 2018, 391:64-71. 10.1016\/j.jns.2018.05.020","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bmc.2011.013","article-title":"Antineuronal autoantibodies in neurological disorders","volume":"2","author":"B\u00fcrk K","year":"2011","unstructured":"B\u00fcrk K. Antineuronal autoantibodies in neurological disorders. Biomol Concepts. 2011, 2:149-57. 10.1515\/bmc.2011.013","journal-title":"Biomol Concepts"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.34658","article-title":"A sharp rise in autoimmune encephalitis in the COVID-19 era: a case series","volume":"15","author":"Saffari P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saffari P, Aliakbar R, Haritounian A, et al.. A sharp rise in autoimmune encephalitis in the COVID-19 era: a case series. Cureus. 2023, 15:e34658. 10.7759\/cureus.34658","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12186","article-title":"Neuropsychological course of voltage-gated potassium channel and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody related limbic encephalitis","volume":"20","author":"Frisch C","year":"2013","unstructured":"Frisch C, Malter MP, Elger CE, Helmstaedter C. Neuropsychological course of voltage-gated potassium channel and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody related limbic encephalitis. Eur J Neurol. 2013, 20:1297-304. 10.1111\/ene.12186","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21917","article-title":"Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase define a form of limbic encephalitis","volume":"67","author":"Malter MP","year":"2010","unstructured":"Malter MP, Helmstaedter C, Urbach H, Vincent A, Bien CG. Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase define a form of limbic encephalitis. Ann Neurol. 2010, 67:470-8. 10.1002\/ana.21917","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-12926-3","article-title":"GAD antibodies in neurological disease: a critical evaluation of the utility and treatment implications of GAD antibodies in clinical practice","volume":"272","author":"Brown RL","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brown RL, Thomas-Black G, Garcia-Moreno H, et al.. GAD antibodies in neurological disease: a critical evaluation of the utility and treatment implications of GAD antibodies in clinical practice. J Neurol. 2025, 272:222. 10.1007\/s00415-025-12926-3","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941875211413135","article-title":"Autoimmune limbic encephalitis with GAD antibodies","volume":"1","author":"Finelli PF","year":"2011","unstructured":"Finelli PF. Autoimmune limbic encephalitis with GAD antibodies. Neurohospitalist. 2011, 1:178-81. 10.1177\/1941875211413135","journal-title":"Neurohospitalist"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4021\/jocmr1080w","article-title":"GAD65 positive autoimmune limbic encephalitis: a case report and review of literature","volume":"4","author":"Sharma A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sharma A, Dubey D, Sawhney A, Janga K. GAD65 positive autoimmune limbic encephalitis: a case report and review of literature. J Clin Med Res. 2012, 4:424-8. 10.4021\/jocmr1080w","journal-title":"J Clin Med Res"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-015-0435-9","article-title":"Long latency between GAD-antibody detection and development of limbic encephalitis--a case report","volume":"15","author":"Fauser S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fauser S, Uttner I, Ari\u00f1o H, Scherbaum WA, Saiz A, Lewerenz J. Long latency between GAD-antibody detection and development of limbic encephalitis--a case report. BMC Neurol. 2015, 15:177. 10.1186\/s12883-015-0435-9","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.5814","article-title":"A case of recurrent insomnia: extending the spectrum of autoimmune encephalitis","volume":"12","author":"Sabharwal P","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sabharwal P, Mahmoudi M, Berberi N, Vasquez BA, Friedman D, Kothare SV. A case of recurrent insomnia: extending the spectrum of autoimmune encephalitis. J Clin Sleep Med. 2016, 12:763-5. 10.5664\/jcsm.5814","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.25186","article-title":"Autoimmune voltage-gated potassium channel limbic encephalitis with auditory and visual hallucinations","volume":"14","author":"Srichawla BS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Srichawla BS. Autoimmune voltage-gated potassium channel limbic encephalitis with auditory and visual hallucinations. Cureus. 2022, 14:e25186. 10.7759\/cureus.25186","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13448","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus-induced anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis: a systematic literature review with analysis of 43 cases","volume":"59","author":"Nosadini M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nosadini M, Mohammad SS, Corazza F, et al.. Herpes simplex virus-induced anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis: a systematic literature review with analysis of 43 cases. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2017, 59:796-805. 10.1111\/dmcn.13448","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-023-03238-y","article-title":"A case of herpes simplex virus induced peripheral neuropathy and encephalitis with positive GM3 and CASPR2 antibody","volume":"23","author":"Lu H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lu H, Liao Y, Zhang C, Wen W, Du Y, Zhao M, Wang L. A case of herpes simplex virus induced peripheral neuropathy and encephalitis with positive GM3 and CASPR2 antibody. BMC Neurol. 2023, 23:199. 10.1186\/s12883-023-03238-y","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/364792-glutamic-acid-decarboxylase-antibody-unexpectedly-detected-during-recovery-phase-in-three-patients-with-voltage-gated-potassium-channel-antibody-related-autoimmune-encephalitis","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T15:17:08Z","timestamp":1758986228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/364792-glutamic-acid-decarboxylase-antibody-unexpectedly-detected-during-recovery-phase-in-three-patients-with-voltage-gated-potassium-channel-antibody-related-autoimmune-encephalitis"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]]},"references-count":25,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.93345","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]]}}}