{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:40:12Z","timestamp":1789101612290,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.93414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T15:56:08Z","timestamp":1759074968000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Associations of Intracranial Hemorrhage and Extracranial Injury with Outcomes in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Gregory S","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Michael","family":"Dunham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-075049","article-title":"Global, regional and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"13","author":"Guan B","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guan B, Anderson DB, Chen L, Feng S, Zhou H. Global, regional and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. BMJ Open. 2023, 13:e075049. 10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-075049","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.29787","article-title":"The prediction of outcomes in patients admitted with traumatic brain injury using the Rotterdam score","volume":"14","author":"Javeed F","year":"2022","unstructured":"Javeed F, Rehman L, Masroor M, Khan M. The prediction of outcomes in patients admitted with traumatic brain injury using the Rotterdam score. Cureus. 2022, 14:e29787. 10.7759\/cureus.29787","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.3042","article-title":"Severe traumatic brain injury requiring surgical decompression in the young adult: factors influencing morbidity and mortality - a retrospective analysis","volume":"10","author":"Ogunlade J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ogunlade J, Elia C, Duong J, et al.. Severe traumatic brain injury requiring surgical decompression in the young adult: factors influencing morbidity and mortality - a retrospective analysis. Cureus. 2018, 10:e3042. 10.7759\/cureus.3042","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.41548","article-title":"Prediction of in-hospital mortality in patients with traumatic brain injury using the Rotterdam and Marshall CT scores: a retrospective study from western India","volume":"15","author":"Goswami B","year":"2023","unstructured":"Goswami B, Nanda V, Kataria S, Kataria D. Prediction of in-hospital mortality in patients with traumatic brain injury using the Rotterdam and Marshall CT scores: a retrospective study from western India. Cureus. 2023, 15:e41548. 10.7759\/cureus.41548","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.53781","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury outcome associations with computed tomography and Glasgow Coma Scale score interactions: a retrospective study","volume":"16","author":"Dunham CM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dunham CM, Huang GS, Ugokwe KT, Brocker BP. Traumatic brain injury outcome associations with computed tomography and Glasgow Coma Scale score interactions: a retrospective study. Cureus. 2024, 16:e53781. 10.7759\/cureus.53781","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.73341","article-title":"Injury Severity Score precision for determining undertriage in trauma consultation patients: a retrospective study","volume":"16","author":"Dunham CM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dunham CM, Huang GS, Chance EA, Hileman BM. Injury Severity Score precision for determining undertriage in trauma consultation patients: a retrospective study. Cureus. 2024, 16:e73341. 10.7759\/cureus.73341","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.69661","article-title":"Associations of age, preinjury morbidity, injury severity, and cognitive impairment with mortality and length of stay in trauma consultation patients: a retrospective study","volume":"16","author":"Dunham CM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dunham CM, Huang GS, Chance EA, Hileman BM. Associations of age, preinjury morbidity, injury severity, and cognitive impairment with mortality and length of stay in trauma consultation patients: a retrospective study. Cureus. 2024, 16:e69661. 10.7759\/cureus.69661","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34172\/aim.2022.81","article-title":"Predictive utility of the Glasgow Coma Scale and the head Abbreviated Injury Scale in traumatic brain injury: results from the national trauma registry of Iran","volume":"25","author":"Khormali M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khormali M, Payandemehr P, Zafarmandi S, Baigi V, Zafarghandi M, Sharif-Alhoseini M. Predictive utility of the Glasgow Coma Scale and the head Abbreviated Injury Scale in traumatic brain injury: results from the national trauma registry of Iran. Arch Iran Med. 2022, 25:496-501. 10.34172\/aim.2022.81","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000229796.14717.3a","article-title":"Usefulness of the abbreviated injury score and the injury severity score in comparison to the Glasgow Coma Scale in predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury","volume":"62","author":"Foreman BP","year":"2007","unstructured":"Foreman BP, Caesar RR, Parks J, et al.. Usefulness of the abbreviated injury score and the injury severity score in comparison to the Glasgow Coma Scale in predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury. J Trauma. 2007, 62:946-50. 10.1097\/01.ta.0000229796.14717.3a","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2017.03.027","article-title":"Association of out-of-hospital hypotension depth and duration with traumatic brain injury mortality","volume":"70","author":"Spaite DW","year":"2017","unstructured":"Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, et al.. Association of out-of-hospital hypotension depth and duration with traumatic brain injury mortality. Ann Emerg Med. 2017, 70:522-530.e1. 10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2017.03.027","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.44465","article-title":"Hypotension and adverse outcomes in moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Lee JW","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee JW, Wang W, Rezk A, et al.. Hypotension and adverse outcomes in moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2024, 7:e2444465. 10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.44465","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11958","article-title":"Review: traumatic brain injury and hyperglycemia, a potentially modifiable risk factor","volume":"7","author":"Shi J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shi J, Dong B, Mao Y, Guan W, Cao J, Zhu R, Wang S. Review: traumatic brain injury and hyperglycemia, a potentially modifiable risk factor. Oncotarget. 2016, 7:71052-61. 10.18632\/oncotarget.11958","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Body mass index interaction effects with hyperglycemia and hypocholesterolemia modify blunt traumatic brain injury outcomes: a retrospective study","volume":"10","author":"Huang GS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang GS, Dunham CM, Chance EA, Hileman BM, DelloStritto DJ. Body mass index interaction effects with hyperglycemia and hypocholesterolemia modify blunt traumatic brain injury outcomes: a retrospective study. Int J Burns Trauma. 2020, 10:314-23.","journal-title":"Int J Burns Trauma"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318235d640","article-title":"Prognostic value of major extracranial injury in traumatic brain injury: an individual patient data meta-analysis in 39,274 patients","volume":"70","author":"van Leeuwen N","year":"2012","unstructured":"van Leeuwen N, Lingsma HF, Perel P, et al.. Prognostic value of major extracranial injury in traumatic brain injury: an individual patient data meta-analysis in 39,274 patients. Neurosurgery. 2012, 70:811-8; discussion 818. 10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318235d640","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39461.643438.25","article-title":"Predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury: practical prognostic models based on large cohort of international patients","volume":"336","author":"Perel P","year":"2008","unstructured":"Perel P, Arango M, Clayton T, et al.. Predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury: practical prognostic models based on large cohort of international patients. BMJ. 2008, 336:425-9. 10.1136\/bmj.39461.643438.25","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001594","article-title":"Erythropoietin in patients with traumatic brain injury and extracranial injury-a post hoc analysis of the erythropoietin traumatic brain injury trial","volume":"83","author":"Skrifvars MB","year":"2017","unstructured":"Skrifvars MB, Bailey M, French C, et al.. Erythropoietin in patients with traumatic brain injury and extracranial injury-a post hoc analysis of the erythropoietin traumatic brain injury trial. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017, 83:449-56. 10.1097\/TA.0000000000001594","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348211047488","article-title":"Influence of a stay-at-home order on trauma volume and injury patterns at a level I trauma center in Ohio","volume":"89","author":"Huang GS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang GS, Chance EA, Dunham CM. Influence of a stay-at-home order on trauma volume and injury patterns at a level I trauma center in Ohio. Am Surg. 2023, 89:914-9. 10.1177\/00031348211047488","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Hypertonic saline administration and complex traumatic brain injury outcomes: a retrospective study","volume":"8","author":"Dunham CM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dunham CM, Malik RJ, Huang GS, Kohli CM, Brocker BP, Ugokwe KT. Hypertonic saline administration and complex traumatic brain injury outcomes: a retrospective study. Int J Burns Trauma. 2018, 8:40-53.","journal-title":"Int J Burns Trauma"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348231157823","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury under triage risk: a rural trauma system experience","volume":"89","author":"Rhodes H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rhodes H, Anderson S, Locklear T, Pepe A, Courtney D. Traumatic brain injury under triage risk: a rural trauma system experience. Am Surg. 2023, 89:3052-7. 10.1177\/00031348231157823","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.62186\/001c.125154","article-title":"Determining a meaningful R-squared value in clinical medicine","author":"Gupta A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gupta A, Stead TS, Ganti L. Determining a meaningful R-squared value in clinical medicine. Acad Med Surg. 2024, 10.62186\/001c.125154","journal-title":"Acad Med Surg"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2025.12834","article-title":"Incidence and mortality related risk factors in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a meta\u2011analysis","volume":"29","author":"Liu MW","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu MW, Ma ZQ, Liao RL, et al.. Incidence and mortality related risk factors in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a meta\u2011analysis. Exp Ther Med. 2025, 29:84. 10.3892\/etm.2025.12834","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0555-1","article-title":"The effect of concomitant peripheral injury on traumatic brain injury pathobiology and outcome","volume":"13","author":"McDonald SJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"McDonald SJ, Sun M, Agoston DV, Shultz SR. The effect of concomitant peripheral injury on traumatic brain injury pathobiology and outcome. J Neuroinflammation. 2016, 13:90. 10.1186\/s12974-016-0555-1","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/399033-associations-of-intracranial-hemorrhage-and-extracranial-injury-with-outcomes-in-patients-with-traumatic-brain-injury","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T15:56:08Z","timestamp":1759074968000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/399033-associations-of-intracranial-hemorrhage-and-extracranial-injury-with-outcomes-in-patients-with-traumatic-brain-injury"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]]},"references-count":22,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.93414","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]]}}}