{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:05:47Z","timestamp":1759190747406,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.93461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T08:29:29Z","timestamp":1759134569000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epidemiological Study of Lactose- and Non-lactose-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacterial Isolates From Clinical Specimens in the Middle Al-Furat Region of Iraq"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Ehsan A","family":"Alaltoganee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hayder A","family":"Muhammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31893\/multiscience.2024096","article-title":"Bacterial resistance of the most locally isolated pathogens to commonly used antibiotics in Kerbala\/Iraq","volume":"6","author":"Omran TZ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Omran TZ, Ali BA, Ali HM, Ali M. Bacterial resistance of the most locally isolated pathogens to commonly used antibiotics in Kerbala\/Iraq. Multidiscip Sci J. 2024, 6:96. 10.31893\/multiscience.2024096","journal-title":"Multidiscip Sci J"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00259-0","article-title":"Pneumonia","volume":"7","author":"Torres A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Torres A, Cilloniz C, Niederman MS, Men\u00e9ndez R, Chalmers JD, Wunderink RG, van der Poll T. Pneumonia. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021, 7:25. 10.1038\/s41572-021-00259-0","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24619","article-title":"The prevalence of multiple drug resistance Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from patients with urinary tract infections","volume":"36","author":"Jalil MB","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jalil MB, Al Atbee MY. The prevalence of multiple drug resistance Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from patients with urinary tract infections. J Clin Lab Anal. 2022, 36:e24619. 10.1002\/jcla.24619","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-022-03061-7","article-title":"Current treatment strategies against multidrug-resistant bacteria: a review","volume":"79","author":"Parmanik A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Parmanik A, Das S, Kar B, Bose A, Dwivedi GR, Pandey MM. Current treatment strategies against multidrug-resistant bacteria: a review. Curr Microbiol. 2022, 79:388. 10.1007\/s00284-022-03061-7","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00215-21","article-title":"Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: updated guidance for processing respiratory tract samples from people with cystic fibrosis","volume":"37","author":"Saiman L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saiman L, Waters V, LiPuma JJ, et al.. Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: updated guidance for processing respiratory tract samples from people with cystic fibrosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2024, 37:e0021521. 10.1128\/cmr.00215-21","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S351755","article-title":"Nosocomial infection and antibiotic-resistant threat in the Middle East","volume":"15","author":"Nimer NA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nimer NA. Nosocomial infection and antibiotic-resistant threat in the Middle East. Infect Drug Resist. 2022, 15:631-9. 10.2147\/IDR.S351755","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55705\/cmbr.2021.143413.1016","article-title":"Overview of typing techniques as molecular epidemiology tools for bacterial characterization","volume":"1","author":"Almasian-Tehrani N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Almasian-Tehrani N, Alebouyeh M, Armin S, Soleimani N, Azimi L, Shaker-Darabad R. Overview of typing techniques as molecular epidemiology tools for bacterial characterization. Cell Mol Biomed Rep. 2021, 1:69-77. 10.55705\/cmbr.2021.143413.1016","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biomed Rep"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25271\/sjuoz.2024.12.4.1395","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance patterns of common uropathogens isolated from females at Zakho city, Kurdistan region, Iraq","volume":"18","author":"Issa FA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Issa FA. Antibiotic resistance patterns of common uropathogens isolated from females at Zakho city, Kurdistan region, Iraq. Sci J University of Zakho. 2024, 18:490-6. 10.25271\/sjuoz.2024.12.4.1395","journal-title":"Sci J University of Zakho"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15130","article-title":"Carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii, and their importance in hospital-acquired infections: a scientific review","volume":"131","author":"Nguyen M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nguyen M, Joshi SG. Carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii, and their importance in hospital-acquired infections: a scientific review. J Appl Microbiol. 2021, 131:2715-38. 10.1111\/jam.15130","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.612422","article-title":"The role of neuroinflammation in glaucoma: an update on molecular mechanisms and new therapeutic options","volume":"11","author":"Rolle T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rolle T, Ponzetto A, Malinverni L. The role of neuroinflammation in glaucoma: an update on molecular mechanisms and new therapeutic options. Front Neurol. 2020, 11:612422. 10.3389\/fneur.2020.612422","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00202-21","article-title":"Epidemiology of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Middle East and North Africa Region","volume":"6","author":"Al-Orphaly M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Orphaly M, Hadi HA, Eltayeb FK, Al-Hail H, Samuel BG, Sultan AA, Skariah S. Epidemiology of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Middle East and North Africa Region. mSphere. 2021, 6:10.1128\/mSphere.00202-21","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","year":"2022","unstructured":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019. a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2022, 399:629-55. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2022.114006","article-title":"Prevalence of ESKAPE pathogens in the environment: antibiotic resistance status, community-acquired infection and risk to human health","volume":"244","author":"Denissen J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Denissen J, Reyneke B, Waso-Reyneke M, Havenga B, Barnard T, Khan S, Khan W. Prevalence of ESKAPE pathogens in the environment: antibiotic resistance status, community-acquired infection and risk to human health. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2022, 244:114006. 10.1016\/j.ijheh.2022.114006","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.08.069","article-title":"Bioremediation potential of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria: isolation, characterization, and assessment","volume":"29","author":"Hossain MF","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hossain MF, Akter MA, Sohan MS, Sultana DN, Reza MA, Hoque KM. Bioremediation potential of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria: isolation, characterization, and assessment. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022, 29:211-6. 10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.08.069","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/bvmj.2024.299996.1838","article-title":"Molecular identification of antibiotic resistance genes in E. coli isolated from dairy cattle","volume":"47","author":"Omara W","year":"2024","unstructured":"Omara W, Mustapha A, Salama H. Molecular identification of antibiotic resistance genes in E. coli isolated from dairy cattle. Benha Vet Med J. 2024, 47:124-8. 10.21608\/bvmj.2024.299996.1838","journal-title":"Benha Vet Med J"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7709","article-title":"Molecular characterization of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli strains from a dairy cattle farm and its surroundings","volume":"97","author":"Navajas-Benito EV","year":"2017","unstructured":"Navajas-Benito EV, Alonso CA, Sanz S, et al.. Molecular characterization of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli strains from a dairy cattle farm and its surroundings. J Sci Food Agric. 2017, 97:362-5. 10.1002\/jsfa.7709","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00048-25","article-title":"Evaluation of MicroScan and VITEK 2 systems for susceptibility testing of Enterobacterales with updated breakpoints","volume":"63","author":"Richter SS","year":"2025","unstructured":"Richter SS, Dominguez EL, Hupp AA, Griffis M, MacVane SH. Evaluation of MicroScan and VITEK 2 systems for susceptibility testing of Enterobacterales with updated breakpoints. J Clin Microbiol. 2025, 63:e0004825. 10.1128\/jcm.00048-25","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-04916-2","article-title":"Changes in microbial composition and interaction patterns of female urogenital tract and rectum in response to HPV infection","volume":"22","author":"Dong YH","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dong YH, Luo YH, Liu CJ, et al.. Changes in microbial composition and interaction patterns of female urogenital tract and rectum in response to HPV infection. J Transl Med. 2024, 22:125. 10.1186\/s12967-024-04916-2","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44259-024-00051-6","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility testing using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays","volume":"2","author":"Kade\u0159\u00e1bkov\u00e1 N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kade\u0159\u00e1bkov\u00e1 N, Mahmood AJ, Mavridou DA. Antibiotic susceptibility testing using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. NPJ Antimicrob Resist. 2024, 2:37. 10.1038\/s44259-024-00051-6","journal-title":"NPJ Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-023-05469-6","article-title":"The female urethra: urethral function throughout a woman's lifetime","volume":"34","author":"van Geelen H","year":"2023","unstructured":"van Geelen H, Sand PK. The female urethra: urethral function throughout a woman's lifetime. Int Urogynecol J. 2023, 34:1175-86. 10.1007\/s00192-023-05469-6","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.09.018","article-title":"The epidemiology of 32 selected communicable diseases in Iraq, 2004-2016","volume":"89","author":"Zhao Y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Lafta R, Hagopian A, Flaxman AD. The epidemiology of 32 selected communicable diseases in Iraq, 2004-2016. Int J Infect Dis. 2019, 89:102-9. 10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.09.018","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/09581596.2025.2474686","article-title":"Seasonal patterns of infectious diseases in Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia: a retrospective analysis","volume":"35","author":"Almuqbil M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Almuqbil M, Rabbani SM, Alharbi FG, et al.. Seasonal patterns of infectious diseases in Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia: a retrospective analysis. Crit Public Health. 2025, 35:2472686.","journal-title":"Crit Public Health"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-12-8","article-title":"Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in Iran: serogroup distributions, virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance properties","volume":"12","author":"Momtaz H","year":"2013","unstructured":"Momtaz H, Karimian A, Madani M, Safarpoor Dehkordi F, Ranjbar R, Sarshar M, Souod N. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in Iran: serogroup distributions, virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance properties. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2013, 12:8. 10.1186\/1476-0711-12-8","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000833","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for managing genitourinary symptoms associated with menopause","volume":"67","author":"Christmas M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Christmas M, Huguenin A, Iyer S. Clinical practice guidelines for managing genitourinary symptoms associated with menopause. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2024, 67:101-14. 10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000833","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/us9.0000000000000053","article-title":"Strategies to decolonize uropathogens in urethra and bladder for prevention of urinary tract infections among pregnant women: a comprehensive narrative analysis","volume":"36","author":"Mohda A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mohda A, Abhishek S, Kumar A, Akshd C. Strategies to decolonize uropathogens in urethra and bladder for prevention of urinary tract infections among pregnant women: a comprehensive narrative analysis. Urol Sci. 2025, 36:11-9. 10.1097\/us9.0000000000000053","journal-title":"Urol Sci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2024.100469","article-title":"The incidence, clinical features and outcome of urinary tract infections in geriatric patients: a prospective longitudinal study","volume":"13","author":"Al Qahtani M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al Qahtani M, Naghib ME, Alshamrani AM, Al Mazroua AM, Alayyaf AS, Ofisan SB, Kamal SM. The incidence, clinical features and outcome of urinary tract infections in geriatric patients: a prospective longitudinal study. IJID Reg. 2024, 13:100469. 10.1016\/j.ijregi.2024.100469","journal-title":"IJID Reg"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-025-02776-5","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of carbapenem resistance in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Jayathilaka N","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jayathilaka N, Shehana S, Nakkawita D, Senaratne T. Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of carbapenem resistance in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2025, 14:123. 10.1186\/s13643-025-02776-5","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01092-4","article-title":"Urinary tract infections: pathogenesis, host susceptibility and emerging therapeutics","volume":"23","author":"Timm MR","year":"2025","unstructured":"Timm MR, Russell SK, Hultgren SJ. Urinary tract infections: pathogenesis, host susceptibility and emerging therapeutics. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2025, 23:72-86. 10.1038\/s41579-024-01092-4","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Antibiotics over usage: a vital contributor of antibiotic resistance","volume":"2","author":"Otia M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Otia M, Dubey A. Antibiotics over usage: a vital contributor of antibiotic resistance. Int J Ther Innov. 2024, 2:130-7.","journal-title":"Int J Ther Innov"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14030222","article-title":"Acquired bacterial resistance to antibiotics and resistance genes: from past to future","volume":"14","author":"Galgano M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Galgano M, Pellegrini F, Catalano E, et al.. Acquired bacterial resistance to antibiotics and resistance genes: from past to future. Antibiotics (Basel). 2025, 14:222. 10.3390\/antibiotics14030222","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13060501","article-title":"RND efflux pump induction: a crucial network unveiling adaptive antibiotic resistance mechanisms of gram-negative bacteria","volume":"13","author":"Novelli M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Novelli M, Bolla JM. RND efflux pump induction: a crucial network unveiling adaptive antibiotic resistance mechanisms of gram-negative bacteria. Antibiotics (Basel). 2024, 13:10.3390\/antibiotics13060501","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14652","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the management of patients with chronic urticaria: an observational two-center study from Turkey","volume":"34","author":"Erdem Y","year":"2021","unstructured":"Erdem Y, Polat Ekinci A, Altunay IK, et al.. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the management of patients with chronic urticaria: an observational two-center study from Turkey. Dermatol Ther. 2021, 34:e14652. 10.1111\/dth.14652","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0256-4947.55306","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"29","author":"Al-Agamy MH","year":"2009","unstructured":"Al-Agamy MH, Shibl AM, Tawfik AF. Prevalence and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med. 2009, 29:253-7. 10.4103\/0256-4947.55306","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24996\/ijs.2024.65.7.12","article-title":"Prevalence of extended-spectrum \u00df-lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpC \u00df-lactamases in clinical isolates of multiple drug-resistant Escherichia coli","author":"Al-Hasani HM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al-Hasani HM, Al-Rubaye DS, Abdelhameed A. Prevalence of extended-spectrum \u00df-lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpC \u00df-lactamases in clinical isolates of multiple drug-resistant Escherichia coli. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2024, 10.24996\/ijs.2024.65.7.12","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/397142-epidemiological-study-of-lactose--and-non-lactose-fermenting-gram-negative-bacterial-isolates-from-clinical-specimens-in-the-middle-al-furat-region-of-iraq","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T08:29:30Z","timestamp":1759134570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/397142-epidemiological-study-of-lactose--and-non-lactose-fermenting-gram-negative-bacterial-isolates-from-clinical-specimens-in-the-middle-al-furat-region-of-iraq"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"references-count":34,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.93461","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]}}}