{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:33:22Z","timestamp":1787236402535,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.94093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T08:20:58Z","timestamp":1759911658000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Clinical Spectrum and Prognostic Predictors of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome: A Prospective Observational Study From South India"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Harini","family":"Ravichandran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riya","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavitra","family":"Sengar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaori","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sri Amarnath","family":"Mathiyalagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gowtham","family":"Palanivel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gbolahan","family":"Olajuyigbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giridhar","family":"Murali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushil","family":"Suganthakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyadharshini","family":"Shanmugam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-023-01707-3","article-title":"Guidelines for neuroprognostication in adults with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Busl KM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Busl KM, Fried H, Muehlschlegel S, et al.. Guidelines for neuroprognostication in adults with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Neurocrit Care. 2023, 38:564-83. 10.1007\/s12028-023-01707-3","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000184748","article-title":"The epidemiology of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome worldwide. A systematic literature review","volume":"32","author":"McGrogan A","year":"2009","unstructured":"McGrogan A, Madle GC, Seaman HE, de Vries CS. The epidemiology of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome worldwide. A systematic literature review. Neuroepidemiology. 2009, 32:150-63. 10.1159\/000184748","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00339-1","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"388","author":"Willison HJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Willison HJ, Jacobs BC, van Doorn PA. Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Lancet. 2016, 388:717-27. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00339-1","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_50_17","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical features of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Isfahan, Iran","volume":"7","author":"Ansari B","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ansari B, Basiri K, Derakhshan Y, Kadkhodaei F, Okhovat AA. Epidemiology and clinical features of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Isfahan, Iran. Adv Biomed Res. 2018, 7:87. 10.4103\/abr.abr_50_17","journal-title":"Adv Biomed Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270707","article-title":"Assessment of current diagnostic criteria for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"27 Suppl","author":"Asbury AK","year":"1990","unstructured":"Asbury AK, Cornblath DR. Assessment of current diagnostic criteria for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1990, 27 Suppl:S21-4. 10.1002\/ana.410270707","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"WMA Declaration of Helsinki-ethical principles for medical research involving human participants. (2024). Accessed. 12\/09\/2025: https:\/\/www.wma.net\/policies-post\/wma-declaration-of-helsinki\/."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.19.5.604","article-title":"Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients","volume":"19","author":"van Swieten JC","year":"1988","unstructured":"van Swieten JC, Koudstaal PJ, Visser MC, Schouten HJ, van Gijn J. Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients. Stroke. 1988, 19:604-7. 10.1161\/01.str.19.5.604","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_995_14","article-title":"Guillain-Barre syndrome: demographics, clinical profile & seasonal variation in a tertiary care centre of Central India","volume":"145","author":"Shrivastava M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shrivastava M, Nehal S, Seema N. Guillain-Barre syndrome: demographics, clinical profile &amp; seasonal variation in a tertiary care centre of Central India. Indian J Med Res. 2017, 145:203-8. 10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_995_14","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14600","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid protein in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: need for age-dependent interpretation","volume":"28","author":"Hegen H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hegen H, Ladst\u00e4tter F, Bsteh G, et al.. Cerebrospinal fluid protein in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: need for age-dependent interpretation. Eur J Neurol. 2021, 28:965-73. 10.1111\/ene.14600","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Comparison of electrophysiological findings in axonal and demyelinating Guillain-Barre syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Yadegari S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yadegari S, Nafissi S, Kazemi N. Comparison of electrophysiological findings in axonal and demyelinating Guillain-Barre syndrome. Iran J Neurol. 2014, 13:138-43.","journal-title":"Iran J Neurol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.09.123","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in India: population-based validation of the Brighton criteria","volume":"29","author":"Mateen FJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mateen FJ, Cornblath DR, Jafari H, et al.. Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in India: population-based validation of the Brighton criteria. Vaccine. 2011, 29:9697-701. 10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.09.123","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12241","article-title":"Early electrophysiological findings in acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome in the Pakistani population-a comparison with global data","volume":"22","author":"Wali A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wali A, Kanwar D, Khan SA, Khan S. Early electrophysiological findings in acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome in the Pakistani population-a comparison with global data. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2017, 22:451-4. 10.1111\/jns.12241","journal-title":"J Peripher Nerv Syst"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1747_24","article-title":"A retrospective observational study of clinical and electrophysiological types of Guillain-Barre syndrome from Delhi","volume":"14","author":"Maini DK","year":"2025","unstructured":"Maini DK, Dixit A, Prasad A, Nanda S, Rehani V, Anand R. A retrospective observational study of clinical and electrophysiological types of Guillain-Barre syndrome from Delhi. J Family Med Prim Care. 2025, 14:2231-6. 10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1747_24","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-324445","article-title":"CSF sphingomyelin: a new biomarker of demyelination in the diagnosis and management of CIDP and GBS","volume":"92","author":"Capodivento G","year":"2021","unstructured":"Capodivento G, De Michelis C, Carpo M, et al.. CSF sphingomyelin: a new biomarker of demyelination in the diagnosis and management of CIDP and GBS. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2021, 92:303-10. 10.1136\/jnnp-2020-324445","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-025-04061-3","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Shenzhen: a retrospective study","volume":"25","author":"Guo F","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guo F, Yao QY, Wu XH, et al.. Clinical characteristics of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Shenzhen: a retrospective study. BMC Neurol. 2025, 25:72. 10.1186\/s12883-025-04061-3","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105072","article-title":"Dynamics and prognostic value of serum neurofilament light chain in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"102","author":"van Tilburg SJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"van Tilburg SJ, Teunissen CE, Maas CC, et al.. Dynamics and prognostic value of serum neurofilament light chain in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. EBioMedicine. 2024, 102:105072. 10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105072","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1415986","article-title":"Variation in worldwide incidence of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: a population-based study in urban China and existing global evidence","volume":"15","author":"Xu L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu L, Zhao C, Bao Y, et al.. Variation in worldwide incidence of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: a population-based study in urban China and existing global evidence. Front Immunol. 2024, 15:1415986. 10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1415986","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000035640.84053.5b","article-title":"The morbidity of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome admitted to the intensive care unit","volume":"60","author":"Henderson RD","year":"2003","unstructured":"Henderson RD, Lawn ND, Fletcher DD, McClelland RL, Wijdicks EF. The morbidity of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome admitted to the intensive care unit. Neurology. 2003, 60:17-21. 10.1212\/01.wnl.0000035640.84053.5b","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-006-0332-1","article-title":"Prognosis and risk factors of early onset pneumonia in ventilated patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Orlikowski D","year":"2006","unstructured":"Orlikowski D, Sharshar T, Porcher R, Annane D, Raphael JC, Clair B. Prognosis and risk factors of early onset pneumonia in ventilated patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2006, 32:1962-9. 10.1007\/s00134-006-0332-1","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1385945","article-title":"Clinical predictors for mechanical ventilation assistance in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-M\u00e9ndez AA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-M\u00e9ndez AA, Brise\u00f1o-Ram\u00edrez J, Rivas-Ruvalcaba FJ, et al.. Clinical predictors for mechanical ventilation assistance in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Front Neurol. 2024, 15:1385945. 10.3389\/fneur.2024.1385945","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2022.288","article-title":"Prognostic implications of early albuminocytological dissociation in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Vargas-Ca\u00f1as ES","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vargas-Ca\u00f1as ES, Galnares-Olalde JA, Le\u00f3n-Velasco F, Garc\u00eda-Grimshaw M, Guti\u00e9rrez A, L\u00f3pez-Hern\u00e1ndez JC. Prognostic implications of early albuminocytological dissociation in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Can J Neurol Sci. 2023, 50:745-50. 10.1017\/cjn.2022.288","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182104407","article-title":"Early recognition of poor prognosis in Guillain-Barre syndrome","volume":"76","author":"Walgaard C","year":"2011","unstructured":"Walgaard C, Lingsma HF, Ruts L, van Doorn PA, Steyerberg EW, Jacobs BC. Early recognition of poor prognosis in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Neurology. 2011, 76:968-75. 10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182104407","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2023.108026","article-title":"Predictors of long-term health-related quality of life in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: a hospital-based study","volume":"235","author":"Khedr EM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khedr EM, Mahmoud DM, Ahmed GK, Haridy NA. Predictors of long-term health-related quality of life in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: a hospital-based study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2023, 235:108026. 10.1016\/j.clineuro.2023.108026","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199204233261705","article-title":"A randomized trial comparing intravenous immune globulin and plasma exchange in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Dutch Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Study Group","volume":"326","author":"van der Mech\u00e9 FG","year":"1992","unstructured":"van der Mech\u00e9 FG, Schmitz PI. A randomized trial comparing intravenous immune globulin and plasma exchange in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Dutch Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1992, 326:1123-9. 10.1056\/NEJM199204233261705","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10043","article-title":"A simple functional marker to predict the need for prolonged mechanical ventilation in patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Fourrier F","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fourrier F, Robriquet L, Hurtevent JF, Spagnolo S. A simple functional marker to predict the need for prolonged mechanical ventilation in patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Crit Care. 2011, 15:R65. 10.1186\/cc10043","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207203","article-title":"CSF in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: it's a matter of timing","volume":"100","author":"Sejvar J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sejvar J. CSF in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: it's a matter of timing. Neurology. 2023, 100:1081-2. 10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207203","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/415755-clinical-spectrum-and-prognostic-predictors-of-guillain-barr-syndrome-a-prospective-observational-study-from-south-india","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T08:20:59Z","timestamp":1759911659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/415755-clinical-spectrum-and-prognostic-predictors-of-guillain-barr-syndrome-a-prospective-observational-study-from-south-india"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"references-count":26,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.94093","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]}}}