{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T21:19:02Z","timestamp":1790371142550,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.94491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T19:17:53Z","timestamp":1760383073000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Azelaic Acid in Dermatology: A Review of Its Mechanism of Action"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Camilo","family":"Mariano-Rodriguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Nava-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria Lyzzete","family":"Diaz-Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1995.tb03583.x","article-title":"Azelaic acid: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and its therapeutic role in hyperpigmentary disorders and acne","volume":"34","author":"Nguyen QH","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nguyen QH, Bui TP. Azelaic acid: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and its therapeutic role in hyperpigmentary disorders and acne. Int J Dermatol. 1995, 34:75-84. 10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1995.tb03583.x","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/17469872.1.4.535","article-title":"Azelaic acid 15% for treatment of rosacea","volume":"1","author":"Elewski BE","year":"2006","unstructured":"Elewski BE. Azelaic acid 15% for treatment of rosacea. Expert Rev Dermatol. 2006, 1:535-45. 10.1586\/17469872.1.4.535","journal-title":"Expert Rev Dermatol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00044011-199500102-00005","article-title":"Pharmacological properties of azelaic acid","volume":"10","author":"Breathnach AS","year":"1995","unstructured":"Breathnach AS. Pharmacological properties of azelaic acid. Clin Drug Invest. 1995, 10:27-33. 10.2165\/00044011-199500102-00005","journal-title":"Clin Drug Invest"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.9.15.2699","article-title":"Azelaic acid 15% gel in the treatment of rosacea","volume":"9","author":"Gollnick H","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gollnick H, Layton A. Azelaic acid 15% gel in the treatment of rosacea. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008, 9:2699-706. 10.1517\/14656566.9.15.2699","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.1992.tb00185.x","article-title":"Percutaneous absorption of azelaic acid in humans","volume":"1","author":"T\u00e4uber U","year":"1992","unstructured":"T\u00e4uber U, Weiss C, Matthes H. Percutaneous absorption of azelaic acid in humans. Exp Dermatol. 1992, 1:176-9. 10.1111\/j.1600-0625.1992.tb00185.x","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200405010-00009","article-title":"Azelaic acid 15% gel: in the treatment of papulopustular rosacea","volume":"5","author":"Frampton JE","year":"2004","unstructured":"Frampton JE, Wagstaff AJ. Azelaic acid 15% gel: in the treatment of papulopustular rosacea. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2004, 5:57-64. 10.2165\/00128071-200405010-00009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19381980.2017.1361570","article-title":"Modulation of toll like receptor-2 on sebaceous gland by the treatment of adult female acne","volume":"9","author":"Rocha MA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rocha MA, Guadanhim LR, Sanudo A, Bagatin E. Modulation of toll like receptor-2 on sebaceous gland by the treatment of adult female acne. Dermatoendocrinol. 2017, 9:e1361570. 10.1080\/19381980.2017.1361570","journal-title":"Dermatoendocrinol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2005.02769.x","article-title":"Azelaic acid (15% gel) in the treatment of acne rosacea","volume":"46","author":"Gupta AK","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gupta AK, Gover MD. Azelaic acid (15% gel) in the treatment of acne rosacea. Int J Dermatol. 2007, 46:533-8. 10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2005.02769.x","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09546638909094475","article-title":"Azelaic acid: pharmacology, toxicology and mechanism of action in acne","volume":"1","author":"Mayer-da-Silva A","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mayer-da-Silva A. Azelaic acid: pharmacology, toxicology and mechanism of action in acne. J Dermatol Treat. 1989, 1:11-5. 10.3109\/09546638909094475","journal-title":"J Dermatol Treat"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S485237","article-title":"Azelaic acid: mechanisms of action and clinical applications","volume":"17","author":"Feng X","year":"2024","unstructured":"Feng X, Shang J, Gu Z, Gong J, Chen Y, Liu Y. Azelaic acid: mechanisms of action and clinical applications. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2024, 17:2359-71. 10.2147\/CCID.S485237","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12285783","article-title":"Effect of L-carnitine on cultured murine melanoma cells exposed to azelaic acid","volume":"86","author":"Ward BJ","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ward BJ, Breathnach AS, Robins EJ, Bhasin YP, Ethridge L, Nazzaro-Porro M, Passi S. Effect of L-carnitine on cultured murine melanoma cells exposed to azelaic acid. J Invest Dermatol. 1986, 86:438-41. 10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12285783","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Azelaic acid: biochemistry and metabolism","volume":"143","author":"Passi S","year":"1989","unstructured":"Passi S, Picardo M, Mingrone G, Breathnach S, Nazzaro-Porro M. Azelaic acid: biochemistry and metabolism. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl. 1989, 143:8-13.","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol Suppl"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199141050-00007","article-title":"Azelaic acid. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in acne and hyperpigmentary skin disorders","volume":"41","author":"Fitton A","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fitton A, Goa KL. Azelaic acid. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in acne and hyperpigmentary skin disorders. Drugs. 1991, 41:780-98. 10.2165\/00003495-199141050-00007","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-022-00854-3","article-title":"Treatment of acne vulgaris during pregnancy and lactation: a narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Ly S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ly S, Kamal K, Manjaly P, Barbieri JS, Mostaghimi A. Treatment of acne vulgaris during pregnancy and lactation: a narrative review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2023, 13:115-30. 10.1007\/s13555-022-00854-3","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Azelaic acid in the treatment of acne, rosacea, and hyperpigmentary skin diseases","volume":"14","author":"Kakita LS","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kakita LS. Azelaic acid in the treatment of acne, rosacea, and hyperpigmentary skin diseases. Today\u2019s Therapeutic Trends. 1997, 14:251-66.","journal-title":"Today\u2019s Therapeutic Trends"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2010.01107.x","article-title":"Azelaic acid modulates the inflammatory response in normal human keratinocytes through PPARgamma activation","volume":"19","author":"Mastrofrancesco A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mastrofrancesco A, Ottaviani M, Aspite N, et al.. Azelaic acid modulates the inflammatory response in normal human keratinocytes through PPARgamma activation. Exp Dermatol. 2010, 19:813-20. 10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2010.01107.x","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12066","article-title":"Azelaic acid reduced senescence-like phenotype in photo-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts: possible implication of PPAR\u03b3","volume":"22","author":"Briganti S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Briganti S, Flori E, Mastrofrancesco A, et al.. Azelaic acid reduced senescence-like phenotype in photo-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts: possible implication of PPAR\u03b3. Exp Dermatol. 2013, 22:41-7. 10.1111\/exd.12066","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000354888","article-title":"Azelaic acid: properties and mode of action","volume":"27","author":"Sieber MA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sieber MA, Hegel JK. Azelaic acid: properties and mode of action. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2014, 27:9-17. 10.1159\/000354888","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.05.019","article-title":"Cathelicidin, kallikrein 5, and serine protease activity\u00a0is inhibited during treatment of rosacea with azelaic acid 15% gel","volume":"69","author":"Coda AB","year":"2013","unstructured":"Coda AB, Hata T, Miller J, et al.. Cathelicidin, kallikrein 5, and serine protease activity\u00a0is inhibited during treatment of rosacea with azelaic acid 15% gel. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013, 69:570-7. 10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.05.019","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14098","article-title":"A\u00a0novel azelaic acid formulation for the topical treatment of inflammatory rosacea: a multicentre, prospective clinical trial","volume":"20","author":"Dall'Oglio F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dall'Oglio F, Tedeschi A, Lacarrubba F, Fabbrocini G, Skroza N, Chiodini P, Micali G. A\u00a0novel azelaic acid formulation for the topical treatment of inflammatory rosacea: a multicentre, prospective clinical trial. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021, 20:28-31. 10.1111\/jocd.14098","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1986.tb05764.x","article-title":"The in vitro antimicrobial effect of azelaic acid","volume":"115","author":"Leeming JP","year":"1986","unstructured":"Leeming JP, Holland KT, Bojar RA. The in vitro antimicrobial effect of azelaic acid. Br J Dermatol. 1986, 115:551-6. 10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1986.tb05764.x","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Versatility of azelaic acid 15% gel in treatment of inflammatory acne vulgaris","volume":"7","author":"Thiboutot D","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thiboutot D. Versatility of azelaic acid 15% gel in treatment of inflammatory acne vulgaris. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008, 7:13-16.","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00372056","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of azelaic acid on neutrophil functions: a possible cause for its efficacy in treating pathogenetically unrelated diseases","volume":"283","author":"Akamatsu H","year":"1991","unstructured":"Akamatsu H, Komura J, Asada Y, Miyachi Y, Niwa Y. Inhibitory effect of azelaic acid on neutrophil functions: a possible cause for its efficacy in treating pathogenetically unrelated diseases. Arch Dermatol Res. 1991, 283:162-6. 10.1007\/BF00372056","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/34.3.321","article-title":"Disruption of the transmembrane pH gradient--a possible mechanism for the antibacterial action of azelaic acid in Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis","volume":"34","author":"Bojar RA","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bojar RA, Cunliffe WJ, Holland KT. Disruption of the transmembrane pH gradient--a possible mechanism for the antibacterial action of azelaic acid in Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1994, 34:321-30. 10.1093\/jac\/34.3.321","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"On the effect of aliphatic saturated dicarboxylic acids on anaerobic glycolysis in chicken embryo","volume":"32","author":"Bargoni N","year":"1983","unstructured":"Bargoni N, Tazartes O. On the effect of aliphatic saturated dicarboxylic acids on anaerobic glycolysis in chicken embryo. Ital J Biochem. 1983, 32:385-390.","journal-title":"Ital J Biochem"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.142.8.1047","article-title":"Azelaic acid in the treatment of papulopustular rosacea: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"142","author":"Liu RH","year":"2006","unstructured":"Liu RH, Smith MK, Basta SA, Farmer ER. Azelaic acid in the treatment of papulopustular rosacea: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Arch Dermatol. 2006, 142:1047-52. 10.1001\/archderm.142.8.1047","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000247303","article-title":"Azelaic acid has antimycotic properties in vitro","volume":"186","author":"Brasch J","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brasch J, Christophers E. Azelaic acid has antimycotic properties in vitro. Dermatology. 1993, 186:55-8. 10.1159\/000247303","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00372617","article-title":"A possible mechanism of action for azelaic acid in the human epidermis","volume":"282","author":"Schallreuter KU","year":"1990","unstructured":"Schallreuter KU, Wood JW. A possible mechanism of action for azelaic acid in the human epidermis. Arch Dermatol Res. 1990, 282:168-71. 10.1007\/BF00372617","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(86)90487-0","article-title":"The role of thioredoxin reductase in the reduction of free radicals at the surface of the epidermis","volume":"136","author":"Schallreuter KU","year":"1986","unstructured":"Schallreuter KU, Wood JM. The role of thioredoxin reductase in the reduction of free radicals at the surface of the epidermis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1986, 136:630-637. 10.1016\/0006-291X(86)90487-0","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1988.tb02441.x","article-title":"Azelaic acid: its uptake and mode of action in Staphylococcus epidermidis NCTC 11047","volume":"64","author":"Bojar RA","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bojar RA, Holland KT, Leeming JP, Cunliffe WJ. Azelaic acid: its uptake and mode of action in Staphylococcus epidermidis NCTC 11047. J Appl Bacteriol. 1988, 64:497-504. 10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1988.tb02441.x","journal-title":"J Appl Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"The interaction of azelaic acid with Propionibacterium acnes","volume":"92","author":"Holland KT","year":"1989","unstructured":"Holland KT, Bojar R. The interaction of azelaic acid with Propionibacterium acnes. J Invest Dermatol. 1989, 92:446.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1993.tb03165.x","article-title":"Follicular concentrations of azelaic acid after a single topical application","volume":"129","author":"Bojar RA","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bojar RA, Cutcliffe AG, Graupe K, Cunliffe WJ, Holland KT. Follicular concentrations of azelaic acid after a single topical application. Br J Dermatol. 1993, 129:399-402. 10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1993.tb03165.x","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12547184","article-title":"Identification of tyrosinase inhibitors in cultures of Pityrosporum","volume":"71","author":"Nazzaro-Porro M","year":"1978","unstructured":"Nazzaro-Porro M, Passi S. Identification of tyrosinase inhibitors in cultures of Pityrosporum. J Invest Dermatol. 1978, 71:205-8. 10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12547184","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.1995.tb00226.x","article-title":"Effect of azelaic acid on melanoma cells in culture","volume":"4","author":"Lemic-Stojcevic L","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lemic-Stojcevic L, Nias AH, Breathnach AS. Effect of azelaic acid on melanoma cells in culture. Exp Dermatol. 1995, 4:79-81. 10.1111\/j.1600-0625.1995.tb00226.x","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1988.tb03474.x","article-title":"Inhibition of 5 alpha-reductase activity in human skin by zinc and azelaic acid","volume":"119","author":"Stamatiadis D","year":"1988","unstructured":"Stamatiadis D, Bulteau-Portois MC, Mowszowicz I. Inhibition of 5 alpha-reductase activity in human skin by zinc and azelaic acid. Br J Dermatol. 1988, 119:627-32. 10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1988.tb03474.x","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-17-S1-S45","article-title":"Effect of combination of taurine and azelaic acid on antimelanogenesis in murine melanoma cells","volume":"17","author":"Yu JS","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yu JS, Kim AK. Effect of combination of taurine and azelaic acid on antimelanogenesis in murine melanoma cells. J Biomed Sci. 2010, 17:S45. 10.1186\/1423-0127-17-S1-S45","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(85)90630-6","article-title":"Activity of azelaic acid on cultures of lymphoma and leukemia-derived cell lines, normal resting and stimulated lymphocytes and 3T3 fibroblasts","volume":"34","author":"Picardo M","year":"1985","unstructured":"Picardo M, Passi S, Sirianni MC, et al.. Activity of azelaic acid on cultures of lymphoma and leukemia-derived cell lines, normal resting and stimulated lymphocytes and 3T3 fibroblasts. Biochem Pharm. 1985, 34:1653-8. 10.1016\/0006-2952(85)90630-6","journal-title":"Biochem Pharm"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(84)90376-9","article-title":"Antimitochondrial effect of saturated medium chain length (C8-C13) dicarboxylic acids","volume":"33","author":"Passi S","year":"1984","unstructured":"Passi S, Picardo M, Nazzaro-Porro M, Breathnach A, Confaloni AM, Serlupi-Crescenzi G. Antimitochondrial effect of saturated medium chain length (C8-C13) dicarboxylic acids. Biochem Pharmacol. 1984, 33:103-108. 10.1016\/0006-2952(84)90376-9","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.8","article-title":"Anti-acne agents attenuate FGFR2 signal transduction in acne","volume":"129","author":"Melnik BC","year":"2009","unstructured":"Melnik BC, Schmitz G, Zouboulis CC. Anti-acne agents attenuate FGFR2 signal transduction in acne. J Invest Dermatol. 2009, 129:1868-77. 10.1038\/jid.2009.8","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Effects of azelaic acid on filaggrin, other cytokeratins and on the ultrastructure of human keratinocytes in vivo","volume":"89","author":"Gollnick H","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gollnick H, Mayer-da-Silva A, Orfanos CE. Effects of azelaic acid on filaggrin, other cytokeratins and on the ultrastructure of human keratinocytes in vivo. J Invest Dermatol. 1987, 89:452.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Rosacea, reactive oxygen species, and azelaic acid","volume":"2","author":"Jones DA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jones DA. Rosacea, reactive oxygen species, and azelaic acid. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2009, 2:26-30.","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10715769109049121","article-title":"The oxyradical-scavenging activity of azelaic acid in biological systems","volume":"15","author":"Passi S","year":"1991","unstructured":"Passi S, Picardo M, Zompetta C, De Luca C, Breathnach AS, Nazzaro-Porro M. The oxyradical-scavenging activity of azelaic acid in biological systems. Free Radic Res Commun. 1991, 15:17-28. 10.3109\/10715769109049121","journal-title":"Free Radic Res Commun"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18311\/mvpjms\/2015\/v2\/i2\/781","article-title":"Comparative study of efficacy of topical minoxidil 5% and combination of topical minoxidil 5%, topical azelaic acid 1.5% and topical tretinoin 0.01% on the basis of dermoscopic analysis in androgenetic alopecia","volume":"2","author":"Gugle AS","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gugle AS, Jadhav VM, Kote RP, et al.. Comparative study of efficacy of topical minoxidil 5% and combination of topical minoxidil 5%, topical azelaic acid 1.5% and topical tretinoin 0.01% on the basis of dermoscopic analysis in androgenetic alopecia. MVP J Med Sci. 2015, 2:90.","journal-title":"MVP J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Chemotactic behaviour of melanoma cells in vitro: correlation with plasminogen activator activity and influence of azelaic acid activity","volume":"84","author":"Mensing H","year":"1984","unstructured":"Mensing H, Remier C, Schmidt KU. Chemotactic behaviour of melanoma cells in vitro: correlation with plasminogen activator activity and influence of azelaic acid activity. J Invest Dermatol. 1984, 84:84.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2023.133955","article-title":"The multiple uses of azelaic acid in dermatology: mechanism of action, preparations, and potential therapeutic applications","volume":"40","author":"Sauer N","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sauer N, O\u015bliz\u0142o M, Brzostek M, Wolska J, Lubaszka K, Kar\u0142owicz-Bodalska K. The multiple uses of azelaic acid in dermatology: mechanism of action, preparations, and potential therapeutic applications. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2023, 40:716-24. 10.5114\/ada.2023.133955","journal-title":"Postepy Dermatol Alergol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/416186-azelaic-acid-in-dermatology-a-review-of-its-mechanism-of-action","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T19:17:55Z","timestamp":1760383075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/416186-azelaic-acid-in-dermatology-a-review-of-its-mechanism-of-action"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"references-count":45,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.94491","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]}}}