{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T00:16:06Z","timestamp":1760746566466,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.94772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T08:58:32Z","timestamp":1760691512000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Recognizing Haemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in an HIV Patient With Disseminated Tuberculosis: Not Every Fever is Sepsis"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Kawser","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashfaq","family":"Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2022-251255","article-title":"Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in an adult following treatment with trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole","volume":"15","author":"Zimilover A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zimilover A, Huml I. Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in an adult following treatment with trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole. BMJ Case Rep. 2022, 15:10.1136\/bcr-2022-251255","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.16-5-432","article-title":"Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: an elusive syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Thomas W","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thomas W, Veer MV, Besser M. Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: an elusive syndrome. Clin Med (Lond). 2016, 16:432-6. 10.7861\/clinmedicine.16-5-432","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2021.e01275","article-title":"Case report: primary hemophagocytic syndrome triggered by dengue infection","volume":"26","author":"Devi K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Devi K, Ali N. Case report: primary hemophagocytic syndrome triggered by dengue infection. IDCases. 2021, 26:e01275. 10.1016\/j.idcr.2021.e01275","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115921","article-title":"Pathogenesis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis\/macrophage activation syndrome\u00a0: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"25","author":"Gioia C","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gioia C, Paroli M, Izzo R, Di Sanzo L, Rossi E, Pignatelli P, Accapezzato D. Pathogenesis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis\/macrophage activation syndrome\u00a0: a case report and review of the literature. Int J Mol Sci. 2024, 25:10.3390\/ijms25115921","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2017.02.017","article-title":"Diagnostic challenges of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"17S","author":"Otrock ZK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Otrock ZK, Daver N, Kantarjian HM, Eby CS. Diagnostic challenges of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2017, 17S:S105-10. 10.1016\/j.clml.2017.02.017","journal-title":"Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1812-65","article-title":"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: epidemiological, clinical and biological profile","volume":"49","author":"Zahir H","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zahir H, Belkhir J, Mouhib H, Ait Ameur M, Chakour M. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: epidemiological, clinical and biological profile. Turk J Med Sci. 2019, 49:1332-5. 10.3906\/sag-1812-65","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPMD5TJEFOOVBW","article-title":"Marrow assessment for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis demonstrates poor correlation with disease probability","volume":"141","author":"Ho C","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ho C, Yao X, Tian L, Li FY, Podoltsev N, Xu ML. Marrow assessment for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis demonstrates poor correlation with disease probability. Am J Clin Pathol. 2014, 141:62-71. 10.1309\/AJCPMD5TJEFOOVBW","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.20065","article-title":"Multicenter validation of secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis diagnostic criteria","volume":"297","author":"Lachmann G","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lachmann G, Heeren P, Schuster FS, et al.. Multicenter validation of secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis diagnostic criteria. J Intern Med. 2025, 297:312-27. 10.1111\/joim.20065","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac071","article-title":"A review of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in patients with HIV","volume":"9","author":"Tabaja H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tabaja H, Kanj A, El Zein S, Comba IY, Chehab O, Mahmood M. A review of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in patients with HIV. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022, 9:ofac071. 10.1093\/ofid\/ofac071","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.22411","article-title":"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and infection: a literature review","volume":"14","author":"Koumadoraki E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Koumadoraki E, Madouros N, Sharif S, Saleem A, Jarvis S, Khan S. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and infection: a literature review. Cureus. 2022, 14:e22411. 10.7759\/cureus.22411","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-018-1226-1","article-title":"Tuberculosis-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with subsequent unmasking cryptococcal immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in an HIV-negative man","volume":"47","author":"Geerdes-Fenge HF","year":"2019","unstructured":"Geerdes-Fenge HF, L\u00f6bermann M, Hemmer CJ, Benedek O, Reisinger EC. Tuberculosis-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with subsequent unmasking cryptococcal immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in an HIV-negative man. Infection. 2019, 47:129-33. 10.1007\/s15010-018-1226-1","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5045\/br.2015.50.3.131","article-title":"Hematopoietic cell transplantation for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: recent advances and controversies","volume":"50","author":"Seo JJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Seo JJ. Hematopoietic cell transplantation for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: recent advances and controversies. Blood Res. 2015, 50:131-9. 10.5045\/br.2015.50.3.131","journal-title":"Blood Res"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13298","article-title":"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a disorder of T cell activation, immune regulation, and distinctive immunopathology","volume":"322","author":"Jordan MB","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jordan MB. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a disorder of T cell activation, immune regulation, and distinctive immunopathology. Immunol Rev. 2024, 322:339-50. 10.1111\/imr.13298","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2023.283915","article-title":"Expanding treatment options by selectively targeting the cytokine storm with ruxolitinib in primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"109","author":"Van Laar JA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Van Laar JA. Expanding treatment options by selectively targeting the cytokine storm with ruxolitinib in primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Haematologica. 2024, 109:374-5. 10.3324\/haematol.2023.283915","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2013.1.605","article-title":"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"2013","author":"Janka GE","year":"2013","unstructured":"Janka GE, Lehmberg K. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: pathogenesis and treatment. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2013, 2013:605-11. 10.1182\/asheducation-2013.1.605","journal-title":"Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14147","article-title":"Advances in the pathogenesis of primary and secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: differences and similarities","volume":"174","author":"Brisse E","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brisse E, Wouters CH, Matthys P. Advances in the pathogenesis of primary and secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: differences and similarities. Br J Haematol. 2016, 174:203-17. 10.1111\/bjh.14147","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-10220-7","article-title":"Comprehensive insights into tuberculosis-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Eslami A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eslami A, Alimoghadam S, Khodadadi S, et al.. Comprehensive insights into tuberculosis-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis. 2024, 24:1341. 10.1186\/s12879-024-10220-7","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.53410","article-title":"Overlap syndrome of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome secondary to disseminated mycobacterial infection and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a patient with newly diagnosed HIV\/AIDS","volume":"16","author":"Patel N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Patel N, Chastain C. Overlap syndrome of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome secondary to disseminated mycobacterial infection and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a patient with newly diagnosed HIV\/AIDS. Cureus. 2024, 16:e53410. 10.7759\/cureus.53410","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jpn.JPN_140_16","article-title":"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a diagnostic conundrum","volume":"12","author":"Grzybowski B","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grzybowski B, Vishwanath VA. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a diagnostic conundrum. J Pediatr Neurosci. 2017, 12:55-60. 10.4103\/jpn.JPN_140_16","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neurosci"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of bone marrow hemophagocytosis in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"42","author":"Goel S","year":"2012","unstructured":"Goel S, Polski JM, Imran H. Sensitivity and specificity of bone marrow hemophagocytosis in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2012, 42:21-5.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00273-4","article-title":"Diagnosis and investigation of suspected haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults: 2023 Hyperinflammation and HLH Across Speciality Collaboration (HiHASC) consensus guideline","volume":"6","author":"Cox MF","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cox MF, Mackenzie S, Low R, et al.. Diagnosis and investigation of suspected haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults: 2023 Hyperinflammation and HLH Across Speciality Collaboration (HiHASC) consensus guideline. Lancet Rheumatol. 2024, 6:e51-e62. 10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00273-4","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38690","article-title":"Development and validation of the HScore, a score for the diagnosis of reactive hemophagocytic syndrome","volume":"66","author":"Fardet L","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fardet L, Galicier L, Lambotte O, et al.. Development and validation of the HScore, a score for the diagnosis of reactive hemophagocytic syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014, 66:2613-20. 10.1002\/art.38690","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2015.123562","article-title":"Consensus recommendations for the diagnosis and management of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with malignancies","volume":"100","author":"Lehmberg K","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lehmberg K, Nichols KE, Henter JI, et al.. Consensus recommendations for the diagnosis and management of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with malignancies. Haematologica. 2015, 100:997-1004. 10.3324\/haematol.2015.123562","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v7.i21.3394","article-title":"Efficient management of secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with intravenous steroids and \u03b3-immunoglobulin infusions","volume":"7","author":"Georgiadou S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Georgiadou S, Gatselis NK, Stefos A, Zachou K, Makaritsis K, Rigopoulou EI, Dalekos GN. Efficient management of secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with intravenous steroids and \u03b3-immunoglobulin infusions. World J Clin Cases. 2019, 7:3394-406. 10.12998\/wjcc.v7.i21.3394","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.17303","article-title":"Undiagnosed tuberculosis associated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis due to improper use of corticosteroid","volume":"17","author":"Allahverdi Nazhand H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Allahverdi Nazhand H, Sabeti S, Javandoust Gharehbagh F, et al.. Undiagnosed tuberculosis associated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis due to improper use of corticosteroid. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2023, 17:1647-53. 10.3855\/jidc.17303","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad697","article-title":"Tuberculosis-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: diagnostic challenges and determinants of outcome","volume":"11","author":"Kurver L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kurver L, Seers T, van Dorp S, van Crevel R, Pollara G, van Laarhoven A. Tuberculosis-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: diagnostic challenges and determinants of outcome. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2024, 11:ofad697. 10.1093\/ofid\/ofad697","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-022-00362-2","article-title":"The role of etoposide in the treatment of adult patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"12","author":"Zondag TC","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zondag TC, Lika A, van Laar JA. The role of etoposide in the treatment of adult patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2023, 12:2. 10.1186\/s40164-022-00362-2","journal-title":"Exp Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S388880","article-title":"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults: a retrospective study in a Belgian teaching hospital","volume":"15","author":"Yildiz H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yildiz H, Castanares-Zapatero D, d'Abadie P, Bailly S, Yombi JC. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults: a retrospective study in a Belgian teaching hospital. Int J Gen Med. 2022, 15:8111-20. 10.2147\/IJGM.S388880","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-023-05271-w","article-title":"Delay in treatment of adult hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is associated with worse in-hospital outcomes","volume":"102","author":"Abdelhay A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdelhay A, Mahmoud A, Mostafa M, et al.. Delay in treatment of adult hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is associated with worse in-hospital outcomes. Ann Hematol. 2023, 102:2989-96. 10.1007\/s00277-023-05271-w","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/hematology.2023000509","article-title":"Inpatient recognition and management of HLH","volume":"2023","author":"Zoref-Lorenz A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zoref-Lorenz A, Ellis M, Jordan MB. Inpatient recognition and management of HLH. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2023, 2023:259-66. 10.1182\/hematology.2023000509","journal-title":"Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/376377-recognizing-haemophagocytic-lymphohistiocytosis-in-an-hiv-patient-with-disseminated-tuberculosis-not-every-fever-is-sepsis","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T08:58:33Z","timestamp":1760691513000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/376377-recognizing-haemophagocytic-lymphohistiocytosis-in-an-hiv-patient-with-disseminated-tuberculosis-not-every-fever-is-sepsis"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"references-count":30,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.94772","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]}}}