{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T19:37:13Z","timestamp":1761334633092,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.95344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T19:33:54Z","timestamp":1761334434000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Central and Peripheral Neurotoxicity: Case Series and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Shuvangee","family":"Dhar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naresh","family":"Mullaguri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanjeev","family":"Sivakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Cortez-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2020.1738382","article-title":"Neurologic complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"19","author":"Haugh AM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haugh AM, Probasco JC, Johnson DB. Neurologic complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2020, 19:479-488. 10.1080\/14740338.2020.1738382","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2020.11.005","article-title":"Neurologic complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors in thoracic malignancies","volume":"16","author":"Sechi E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sechi E, Zekeridou A. Neurologic complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors in thoracic malignancies. J Thorac Oncol. 2021, 16:381-394. 10.1016\/j.jtho.2020.11.005","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X19666201230151224","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors and neurotoxicity","volume":"19","author":"Zhao Z","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao Z, Zhang C, Zhou L, Dong P, Shi L. Immune checkpoint inhibitors and neurotoxicity. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2021, 19:1246-1263. 10.2174\/1570159X19666201230151224","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12010130","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: An emerging neurotoxicity in neuro-oncology practice: case series","volume":"12","author":"Marco C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marco C, Sim\u00f3 M, Alemany M, et al.. Myasthenia gravis induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: An emerging neurotoxicity in neuro-oncology practice: case series. J Clin Med. 2022, 12:10.3390\/jcm12010130","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29050247","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy","volume":"29","author":"Shiravand Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shiravand Y, Khodadadi F, Kashani SM, et al.. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy. Curr Oncol. 2022, 29:3044-3060. 10.3390\/curroncol29050247","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.03.006","article-title":"Immune checkpoint therapy-current perspectives and future directions","volume":"186","author":"Sharma P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sharma P, Goswami S, Raychaudhuri D, et al.. Immune checkpoint therapy-current perspectives and future directions. Cell. 2023, 186:1652-1669. 10.1016\/j.cell.2023.03.006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.2535","article-title":"Estimation of the percentage of US patients with cancer who are eligible for and respond to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy drugs","volume":"2","author":"Haslam A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haslam A, Prasad V. Estimation of the percentage of US patients with cancer who are eligible for and respond to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy drugs. JAMA Netw Open. 2019, 2:e192535. 10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.2535","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtocrr.2023.100495","article-title":"Programmed cell death protein 1 inhibitor-mediated peripheral neuropathy","volume":"4","author":"Ao Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ao Y, Gao M, Sun B, et al.. Programmed cell death protein 1 inhibitor-mediated peripheral neuropathy. JTO Clin Res Rep. 2023, 4:100495. 10.1016\/j.jtocrr.2023.100495","journal-title":"JTO Clin Res Rep"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.774170","article-title":"Neurologic toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a review of literature","volume":"13","author":"Albarr\u00e1n V","year":"2022","unstructured":"Albarr\u00e1n V, Chamorro J, Rosero DI, Saavedra C, Soria A, Carrato A, Gajate P. Neurologic toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a review of literature\r\n. Front Pharmacol. 2022, 13:774170. 10.3389\/fphar.2022.774170","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2024.104595","article-title":"Central nervous system complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a comprehensive review","volume":"206","author":"Lopes S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lopes S, Pabst L, Bahougne T, et al.. Central nervous system complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2025, 206:104595. 10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2024.104595","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pn-2024-004327","article-title":"Neurological complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a practical guide","volume":"25","author":"Carr AS","year":"2025","unstructured":"Carr AS, Vonberg FW, Koay S, Young K, Shaw H, Olsson-Brown A, Willis M. Neurological complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a practical guide. Pract Neurol. 2025, 25:116-126. 10.1136\/pn-2024-004327","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200484","article-title":"Outcomes in patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor-related myopathy and prolonged follow-up","volume":"12","author":"Segal Y","year":"2025","unstructured":"Segal Y, Mangioris G, Toledano M, et al.. Outcomes in patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor-related myopathy and prolonged follow-up. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2025, 12:e200484. 10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200484","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1130313","article-title":"Case series: immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced transverse myelitis","volume":"14","author":"Chatterton S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chatterton S, Xi S, Jia JX, et al.. Case series: immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced transverse myelitis. Front Neurol. 2023, 14:1130313. 10.3389\/fneur.2023.1130313","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000967","article-title":"Longitudinally extensive myelitis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"8","author":"Picca A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Picca A, Berzero G, Bihan K, et al.. Longitudinally extensive myelitis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors\r\n. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2021, 8:10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000967","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000204686","article-title":"Incidence and outcome of neurologic immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with melanoma (S38.007)","volume":"102","author":"Pepys J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pepys J, Stoff R, Ramon-Gonen R, Ben-Betzalel G, Dori A, Shelly S. Incidence and outcome of neurologic immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with melanoma (S38.007). Neurology. 2024, 102:2696. 10.1212\/WNL.0000000000204686","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200314","article-title":"Clinical course of neurologic adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: focus on chronic toxicities","volume":"11","author":"Rossi S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rossi S, Farina A, Malvaso A, et al.. Clinical course of neurologic adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: focus on chronic toxicities. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2025, 11:e200314. 10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200314","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-022-02926-5","article-title":"Increased volume of cerebral oedema is associated with risk of acute seizure activity and adverse neurological outcomes in encephalitis - regional and volumetric analysis in a multi-centre cohort","volume":"22","author":"Alam AM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alam AM, Chen JP, Wood GK, et al.. Increased volume of cerebral oedema is associated with risk of acute seizure activity and adverse neurological outcomes in encephalitis - regional and volumetric analysis in a multi-centre cohort. BMC Neurol. 2022, 22:412. 10.1186\/s12883-022-02926-5","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2023-0273","article-title":"Patterns of neurological adverse events among a retrospective cohort of patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"16","author":"Hunting JC","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hunting JC, Faucheux AT, Price SN, et al.. Patterns of neurological adverse events among a retrospective cohort of patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors. Immunotherapy. 2024, 16:381-390. 10.2217\/imt-2023-0273","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyae186","article-title":"Immune-related encephalitis after immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"30","author":"Buckley MW","year":"2025","unstructured":"Buckley MW, Balaji Warner A, Brahmer J, et al.. Immune-related encephalitis after immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Oncologist. 2025, 30:10.1093\/oncolo\/oyae186","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Anoxic Encephalopathy","author":"Messina Z","year":"2025","unstructured":"Messina Z, Hays SA, Mills R. Anoxic Encephalopathy. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL; 2025."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00369-1","article-title":"Neurological adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors and the development of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes","volume":"23","author":"Farina A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Farina A, Villagr\u00e1n-Garc\u00eda M, Vogrig A, et al.. Neurological adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors and the development of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Lancet Neurol. 2024, 23:81-94. 10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00369-1","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0774-y","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor related myasthenia gravis: single center experience and systematic review of the literature","volume":"7","author":"Safa H","year":"2019","unstructured":"Safa H, Johnson DH, Trinh VA, et al.. Immune checkpoint inhibitor related myasthenia gravis: single center experience and systematic review of the literature. J Immunother Cancer. 2019, 7:319. 10.1186\/s40425-019-0774-y","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.15962","article-title":"Discontinuation of immune checkpoint inhibitor and survival in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer without a driver gene mutation","volume":"42","author":"Hattori S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hattori S, Okauchi S, Sasatani Y, et al.. Discontinuation of immune checkpoint inhibitor and survival in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer without a driver gene mutation. Anticancer Res. 2022, 42:4589-4595. 10.21873\/anticanres.15962","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtocrr.2022.100441","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of patients with metastatic NSCLC after discontinuation of immunotherapy because of immune-related adverse effects","volume":"4","author":"Lievense LA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lievense LA, Heukels P, van Walree NC, van der Leest CH. Clinical outcomes of patients with metastatic NSCLC after discontinuation of immunotherapy because of immune-related adverse effects. JTO Clin Res Rep. 2022, 4:100441. 10.1016\/j.jtocrr.2022.100441","journal-title":"JTO Clin Res Rep"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/mmt-2019-0001","article-title":"The neurotoxic effects of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for melanoma","volume":"6","author":"Spain L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Spain L, Wong R. The neurotoxic effects of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for melanoma. Melanoma Manag. 2019, 6:MMT16. 10.2217\/mmt-2019-0001","journal-title":"Melanoma Manag"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1403658","article-title":"Safety of immune checkpoint inhibitor rechallenge after severe immune-related adverse events: a retrospective analysis","volume":"14","author":"Eldani C","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eldani C, Kostine M, Faure M, et al.. Safety of immune checkpoint inhibitor rechallenge after severe immune-related adverse events: a retrospective analysis. Front Oncol. 2024, 14:1403658. 10.3389\/fonc.2024.1403658","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-000604","article-title":"Rechallenge patients with immune checkpoint inhibitors following severe immune-related adverse events: review of the literature and suggested prophylactic strategy","volume":"8","author":"Haanen J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haanen J, Ernstoff M, Wang Y, et al.. Rechallenge patients with immune checkpoint inhibitors following severe immune-related adverse events: review of the literature and suggested prophylactic strategy. J Immunother Cancer. 2020, 8:10.1136\/jitc-2020-000604","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1546886","article-title":"Case report: successful immune checkpoint inhibitor rechallenge after sintilimab-induced guillain-barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Ye L","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ye L, Yue WR, Shi H, Li JR, Qun YY. Case report: successful immune checkpoint inhibitor rechallenge after sintilimab-induced guillain-barr\u00e9 syndrome. Front Immunol. 2025, 16:1546886. 10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1546886","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/420471-immune-checkpoint-inhibitor-induced-central-and-peripheral-neurotoxicity-case-series-and-literature-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T19:33:55Z","timestamp":1761334435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/420471-immune-checkpoint-inhibitor-induced-central-and-peripheral-neurotoxicity-case-series-and-literature-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"references-count":28,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.95344","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2168-8184"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]}}}