{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T16:42:19Z","timestamp":1761583339162,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.95517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T16:38:41Z","timestamp":1761583121000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-Term Immune Alterations After Thymectomy in Early Childhood: A Case Series"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Vasiliki M","family":"Kymioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panagiota","family":"Panagiotou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Tzanoudaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vana","family":"Spoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00447","article-title":"Thymic epithelium abnormalities in DiGeorge and Down syndrome patients contribute to dysregulation in T cell development","volume":"10","author":"Marcovecchio GE","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marcovecchio GE, Bortolomai I, Ferrua F, et al.. Thymic epithelium abnormalities in DiGeorge and Down syndrome patients contribute to dysregulation in T cell development. Front Immunol. 2019, 10:447. 10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00447","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-023-01071-4","article-title":"Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion (DiGeorge syndrome): immunologic features, diagnosis, and management","volume":"23","author":"Biggs SE","year":"2023","unstructured":"Biggs SE, Gilchrist B, May KR. Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion (DiGeorge syndrome): immunologic features, diagnosis, and management. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2023, 23:213-22. 10.1007\/s11882-023-01071-4","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12247579","article-title":"Distinct immunophenotypic features in patients affected by 22q11.2 deletion syndrome with immune dysregulation and infectious phenotype","volume":"12","author":"Costagliola G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Costagliola G, Legitimo A, Bertini V, Alberio AM, Valetto A, Consolini R. Distinct immunophenotypic features in patients affected by 22q11.2 deletion syndrome with immune dysregulation and infectious phenotype. J Clin Med. 2023, 12:9. 10.3390\/jcm12247579","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.774780","article-title":"Early thymectomy is associated with long-term impairment of the immune system: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Cavalcanti NV","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cavalcanti NV, Palmeira P, Jatene MB, de Barros Dorna M, Carneiro-Sampaio M. Early thymectomy is associated with long-term impairment of the immune system: a systematic review. Front Immunol. 2021, 12:774780. 10.3389\/fimmu.2021.774780","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.02.028","article-title":"Neonatal thymectomy in children\u2014accelerating the immunologic clock?","volume":"146","author":"Deya-Martinez A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deya-Martinez A, Flinn AM, Gennery AR. Neonatal thymectomy in children\u2014accelerating the immunologic clock?. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020, 146:236-43. 10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.02.028","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2008.08.023","article-title":"Thymectomy in early childhood: significant alterations of the CD4(+)CD45RA(+)CD62L(+) T cell compartment in later life","volume":"130","author":"Prelog M","year":"2009","unstructured":"Prelog M, Keller M, Geiger R, et al.. Thymectomy in early childhood: significant alterations of the CD4(+)CD45RA(+)CD62L(+) T cell compartment in later life. Clin Immunol. 2009, 130:123-32. 10.1016\/j.clim.2008.08.023","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03139.x","article-title":"Evidence for extrathymic T cell maturation after thymectomy in infancy","volume":"145","author":"Torfadottir H","year":"2006","unstructured":"Torfadottir H, Freysdottir J, Skaftadottir I, Haraldsson A, Sigfusson G, Ogmundsdottir HM. Evidence for extrathymic T cell maturation after thymectomy in infancy. Clin Exp Immunol. 2006, 145:407-12. 10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03139.x","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1201235","article-title":"Lymphopenia-driven homeostatic regulation of naive T cells in elderly and thymectomized young adults","volume":"189","author":"Sauce D","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sauce D, Larsen M, Fastenackels S, et al.. Lymphopenia-driven homeostatic regulation of naive T cells in elderly and thymectomized young adults. J Immunol. 2012, 189:5541-8. 10.4049\/jimmunol.1201235","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI84997","article-title":"Neonatal thymectomy reveals differentiation and plasticity within human naive T cells","volume":"126","author":"van den Broek T","year":"2016","unstructured":"van den Broek T, Delemarre EM, Janssen WJ, et al.. Neonatal thymectomy reveals differentiation and plasticity within human naive T cells. J Clin Invest. 2016, 126:1126-36. 10.1172\/JCI84997","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1510\/icvts.2010.237172","article-title":"For neonates undergoing cardiac surgery does thymectomy as opposed to thymic preservation have any adverse immunological consequences?","volume":"11","author":"Afifi A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Afifi A, Raja SG, Pennington DJ, Tsang VT. For neonates undergoing cardiac surgery does thymectomy as opposed to thymic preservation have any adverse immunological consequences?. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2010, 11:287-91. 10.1510\/icvts.2010.237172","journal-title":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivu343","article-title":"Routine thymectomy in congenital cardiac surgery changes adaptive immunity without clinical relevance","volume":"20","author":"Roosen J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roosen J, Oosterlinck W, Meyns B. Routine thymectomy in congenital cardiac surgery changes adaptive immunity without clinical relevance. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2015, 20:101-6. 10.1093\/icvts\/ivu343","journal-title":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-03-341396","article-title":"Long-term restoration of the human T-cell compartment after thymectomy during infancy: a role for thymic regeneration?","volume":"118","author":"van Gent R","year":"2011","unstructured":"van Gent R, Schadenberg AW, Otto SA, et al.. Long-term restoration of the human T-cell compartment after thymectomy during infancy: a role for thymic regeneration?. Blood. 2011, 118:627-34. 10.1182\/blood-2011-03-341396","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-08-2824","article-title":"T-cell homeostasis in humans with thymic hypoplasia due to chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome","volume":"103","author":"Piliero LM","year":"2004","unstructured":"Piliero LM, Sanford AN, McDonald-McGinn DM, Zackai EH, Sullivan KE. T-cell homeostasis in humans with thymic hypoplasia due to chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Blood. 2004, 103:1020-5. 10.1182\/blood-2003-08-2824","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02437.x","article-title":"The influence of partial or total thymectomy during open heart surgery in infants on the immune function later in life","volume":"136","author":"Eysteinsdottir JH","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eysteinsdottir JH, Freysdottir J, Haraldsson A, Stefansdottir J, Skaftadottir I, Helgason H, Ogmundsdottir HM. The influence of partial or total thymectomy during open heart surgery in infants on the immune function later in life. Clin Exp Immunol. 2004, 136:349-55. 10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02437.x","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.5.591","article-title":"T cell homeostasis: thymus regeneration and peripheral T cell restoration in mice with a reduced fraction of competent precursors","volume":"194","author":"Almeida AR","year":"2001","unstructured":"Almeida AR, Borghans JA, Freitas AA. T cell homeostasis: thymus regeneration and peripheral T cell restoration in mice with a reduced fraction of competent precursors. J Exp Med. 2001, 194:591-9. 10.1084\/jem.194.5.591","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.23013","article-title":"Memory CD4 T cell subsets are kinetically heterogeneous and replenished from naive T cells at high levels","volume":"6","author":"Gossel G","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gossel G, Hogan T, Cownden D, Seddon B, Yates AJ. Memory CD4 T cell subsets are kinetically heterogeneous and replenished from naive T cells at high levels. Elife. 2017, 6:3. 10.7554\/eLife.23013","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.05.014","article-title":"Early thymectomy leads to premature immunologic ageing: an 18-year follow-up","volume":"138","author":"Gudmundsdottir J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gudmundsdottir J, \u00d3skarsd\u00f3ttir S, Skogberg G, et al.. Early thymectomy leads to premature immunologic ageing: an 18-year follow-up. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016, 138:1439-43.e10. 10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.05.014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI40855","article-title":"Reduced thymus activity and infection prematurely age the immune system","volume":"119","author":"Gress RE","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gress RE, Deeks SG. Reduced thymus activity and infection prematurely age the immune system. J Clin Invest. 2009, 119:2884-7. 10.1172\/JCI40855","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2016.07.025","article-title":"Prognosis of Good syndrome: mortality and morbidity of thymoma associated immunodeficiency in perspective","volume":"171","author":"Jansen A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jansen A, van Deuren M, Miller J, et al.. Prognosis of Good syndrome: mortality and morbidity of thymoma associated immunodeficiency in perspective. Clin Immunol. 2016, 171:12-7. 10.1016\/j.clim.2016.07.025","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2018.06.004","article-title":"Microdeletion 22q11.2 syndrome: does thymus incidental surgical resection affect its immunological profile?","volume":"47","author":"Navarrete-Rodr\u00edguez EM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Navarrete-Rodr\u00edguez EM, Del-Rio-Navarro BE, Garc\u00eda-Fajardo DE, et al.. Microdeletion 22q11.2 syndrome: does thymus incidental surgical resection affect its immunological profile?. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2019, 47:141-51. 10.1016\/j.aller.2018.06.004","journal-title":"Allergol Immunopathol (Madr)"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/425882-long-term-immune-alterations-after-thymectomy-in-early-childhood-a-case-series","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T16:38:42Z","timestamp":1761583122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/425882-long-term-immune-alterations-after-thymectomy-in-early-childhood-a-case-series"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"references-count":20,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.95517","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2168-8184"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]}}}