{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:05:06Z","timestamp":1790265906369,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.95648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T09:14:14Z","timestamp":1761729254000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Literature Review of Benefits, Challenges, and Emerging Approaches"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Shaden","family":"AlHarbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saleha  S","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adnan A","family":"Moallem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raoud M","family":"Allagani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rand R","family":"Al Sari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maram S","family":"Gubari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bader  M","family":"Al Murad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nooreen","family":"Kazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wala S","family":"Fallatah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanha","family":"Sideeque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Reihan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators","year":"2020","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020, 396:1204-22. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001258","article-title":"Forecasting the economic burden of cardiovascular disease and stroke in the United States through 2050: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association","volume":"150","author":"Kazi DS","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kazi DS, Elkind MS, Deutsch A, et al.. Forecasting the economic burden of cardiovascular disease and stroke in the United States through 2050: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2024, 150:89-101. 10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001258","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191711000","article-title":"Cluster analysis to distinguish patients most likely to benefit from outpatient cardiac rehabilitation - a prospective, multicenter study","volume":"19","author":"Hincz J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hincz J, Sterli\u0144ski M, Kostrzewa D, D\u0105browski R, Smolis-B\u0105k E. Cluster analysis to distinguish patients most likely to benefit from outpatient cardiac rehabilitation - a prospective, multicenter study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022, 19:10.3390\/ijerph191711000","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h5000","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"351","author":"Dalal HM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dalal HM, Doherty P, Taylor RS. Cardiac rehabilitation. BMJ. 2015, 351:10.1136\/bmj.h5000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation","author":"Tessler J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tessler J, Ahmed I, Bordoni B. Cardiac rehabilitation. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2025."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001800.pub4","article-title":"Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease","volume":"11","author":"Dibben G","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dibben G, Faulkner J, Oldridge N, Rees K, Thompson DR, Zwisler AD, Taylor RS. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021, 11:10.1002\/14651858.CD001800.pub4","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00611-7","article-title":"The role of cardiac rehabilitation in improving cardiovascular outcomes","volume":"19","author":"Taylor RS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Taylor RS, Dalal HM, McDonagh ST. The role of cardiac rehabilitation in improving cardiovascular outcomes. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2022, 19:180-94. 10.1038\/s41569-021-00611-7","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2013.09.018","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation in the United States","volume":"56","author":"Menezes AR","year":"2014","unstructured":"Menezes AR, Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Forman DE, King M, Williams MA. Cardiac rehabilitation in the United States. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2014, 56:522-9. 10.1016\/j.pcad.2013.09.018","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.(2020). Acute coronary syndromes. (185). Accessed. July 15, 2024: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng185\/chapter\/Recommendations."},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"The BACPR Standards and Core Components for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Rehabilitation","year":"2023","unstructured":"The BACPR Standards and Core Components for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Rehabilitation. British Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, London; 2023."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14779072.2020.1816464","article-title":"Current challenges in cardiac rehabilitation: strategies to overcome social factors and attendance barriers","volume":"18","author":"Chindhy S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chindhy S, Taub PR, Lavie CJ, Shen J. Current challenges in cardiac rehabilitation: strategies to overcome social factors and attendance barriers. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2020, 18:777-89. 10.1080\/14779072.2020.1816464","journal-title":"Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2403909","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation - challenges and advances","volume":"390","author":"Thomas RJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thomas RJ. Cardiac rehabilitation - challenges and advances. N Engl J Med. 2024, 390:1835. 10.1056\/NEJMc2403909","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.85a.17037","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation: a class 1 recommendation","volume":"85","author":"Simon M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Simon M, Korn K, Cho L, Blackburn GG, Raymond C. Cardiac rehabilitation: a class 1 recommendation. Cleve Clin J Med. 2018, 85:551-8. 10.3949\/ccjm.85a.17037","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.06.007","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation availability and density around the globe","volume":"13","author":"Turk-Adawi K","year":"2019","unstructured":"Turk-Adawi K, Supervia M, Lopez-Jimenez F, et al.. Cardiac rehabilitation availability and density around the globe. EClinicalMedicine. 2019, 13:31-45. 10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.06.007","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.501","article-title":"Effect of cardiac rehabilitation referral strategies on utilization rates: a prospective, controlled study","volume":"171","author":"Grace SL","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grace SL, Russell KL, Reid RD, et al.. Effect of cardiac rehabilitation referral strategies on utilization rates: a prospective, controlled study. Arch Intern Med. 2011, 171:235-41. 10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.501","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-023-10309-2","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation utilization, barriers, and outcomes among patients with heart failure","volume":"28","author":"Nelson RK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nelson RK, Solomon R, Hosmer E, Zuhl M. Cardiac rehabilitation utilization, barriers, and outcomes among patients with heart failure. Heart Fail Rev. 2023, 28:1239-49. 10.1007\/s10741-023-10309-2","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2023.06.854","article-title":"A clinical guide for assessment and prescription of exercise and physical activity in cardiac rehabilitation. A Csanz position statement","volume":"32","author":"Verdicchio C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Verdicchio C, Freene N, Hollings M, et al.. A clinical guide for assessment and prescription of exercise and physical activity in cardiac rehabilitation. A Csanz position statement. Heart Lung Circ. 2023, 32:1035-48. 10.1016\/j.hlc.2023.06.854","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.734278","article-title":"Optimizing outcomes in cardiac rehabilitation: the importance of exercise intensity","volume":"8","author":"Taylor JL","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taylor JL, Bonikowske AR, Olson TP. Optimizing outcomes in cardiac rehabilitation: the importance of exercise intensity. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021, 8:10.3389\/fcvm.2021.734278","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12775\/JEHS.2024.72.51689","article-title":"Exercise based cardiac rehabilitation: analyzing clinical effectiveness","volume":"72","author":"Gondko D","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gondko D, Roman J, Debiec P, Pietrzak N. Exercise based cardiac rehabilitation: analyzing clinical effectiveness. J Educ Health Sport. 2024, 72:10.12775\/JEHS.2024.72.51689","journal-title":"J Educ Health Sport"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001189","article-title":"Resistance exercise training in individuals with and without cardiovascular disease: 2023 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"149","author":"Paluch AE","year":"2024","unstructured":"Paluch AE, Boyer WR, Franklin BA, et al.. Resistance exercise training in individuals with and without cardiovascular disease: 2023 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2024, 149:217-31. 10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001189","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.01.030","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation for patients with heart failure: JACC Expert Panel","volume":"77","author":"Bozkurt B","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bozkurt B, Fonarow G.C., Goldberg L.R., et al.. Cardiac rehabilitation for patients with heart failure: JACC Expert Panel. JACC. 2021, 77:1454-60. 10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.01.030","journal-title":"JACC"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.46006","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation in the modern era: optimizing recovery and reducing recurrence","volume":"15","author":"Zaree A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zaree A, Dev S, Yaseen Khan I, et al.. Cardiac rehabilitation in the modern era: optimizing recovery and reducing recurrence. Cureus. 2023, 15:10.7759\/cureus.46006","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa605","article-title":"2020 ESC guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease","volume":"42","author":"Pelliccia A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pelliccia A, Sharma S, Gati S, et al.. 2020 ESC guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2021, 42:17-96. 10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa605","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v11.i7.171","article-title":"High-intensity interval training for health benefits and care of cardiac diseases - the key to an efficient exercise protocol","volume":"11","author":"Ito S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ito S. High-intensity interval training for health benefits and care of cardiac diseases - the key to an efficient exercise protocol. World J Cardiol. 2019, 11:171-88. 10.4330\/wjc.v11.i7.171","journal-title":"World J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2016.01.011","article-title":"Assessment tools for personalizing training intensity during cardiac rehabilitation: literature review and practical proposals","volume":"60","author":"Casillas JM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Casillas JM, Gudjoncik A, Gremeaux V, Aulagne J, Besson D, Laroche D. Assessment tools for personalizing training intensity during cardiac rehabilitation: literature review and practical proposals. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2017, 60:43-9. 10.1016\/j.rehab.2016.01.011","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2022.02.001","article-title":"Exercise training in cardiac rehabilitation: setting the right intensity for optimal benefit","volume":"70","author":"Sabbahi A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sabbahi A, Canada JM, Babu AS, Severin R, Arena R, Ozemek C. Exercise training in cardiac rehabilitation: setting the right intensity for optimal benefit. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2022, 70:58-65. 10.1016\/j.pcad.2022.02.001","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion","volume":"14","author":"Borg GA","year":"1982","unstructured":"Borg GA. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982, 14:377-81.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133772","article-title":"Effectiveness of home-based cardiac rehabilitation, using wearable sensors, as a multicomponent, cutting-edge intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Antoniou V","year":"2022","unstructured":"Antoniou V, Davos CH, Kapreli E, Batalik L, Panagiotakos DB, Pepera G. Effectiveness of home-based cardiac rehabilitation, using wearable sensors, as a multicomponent, cutting-edge intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2022, 11:10.3390\/jcm11133772","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v12.i12.2009","article-title":"Comprehensive and personalized approach is a critical area for developing remote cardiac rehabilitation programs","volume":"12","author":"Pepera G","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pepera G, Antoniou V, Su JJ, Lin R, Batalik L. Comprehensive and personalized approach is a critical area for developing remote cardiac rehabilitation programs. World J Clin Cases. 2024, 12:2009-15. 10.12998\/wjcc.v12.i12.2009","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.061046","article-title":"A new era in cardiac rehabilitation delivery: research gaps, questions, strategies, and priorities","volume":"147","author":"Beatty AL","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beatty AL, Beckie TM, Dodson J, et al.. A new era in cardiac rehabilitation delivery: research gaps, questions, strategies, and priorities. Circulation. 2023, 147:254-66. 10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.061046","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.020482","article-title":"Mobile technology improves adherence to cardiac rehabilitation: a propensity score-matched study","volume":"10","author":"Imran TF","year":"2021","unstructured":"Imran TF, Wang N, Zombeck S, Balady GJ. Mobile technology improves adherence to cardiac rehabilitation: a propensity score-matched study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021, 10:10.1161\/JAHA.120.020482","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-019-1149-5","article-title":"The effect of mobile applications for improving adherence in cardiac rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Xu L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu L, Li F, Zhou C, Li J, Hong C, Tong Q. The effect of mobile applications for improving adherence in cardiac rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2019, 19:166. 10.1186\/s12872-019-1149-5","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58020210","article-title":"Telemedicine in cardiology: modern technologies to improve cardiovascular patients\u2019 outcomes - a narrative review","volume":"58","author":"K\u0119dzierski K","year":"2022","unstructured":"K\u0119dzierski K, Radziejewska J, S\u0142awuta A, Wawrzy\u0144ska M, Arkowski J. Telemedicine in cardiology: modern technologies to improve cardiovascular patients\u2019 outcomes - a narrative review. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022, 58:10.3390\/medicina58020210","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000688","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and qualitative perceptions of in-person, hybrid, and virtual cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"42","author":"Ganeshan S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ganeshan S, Jackson H, Grandis DJ, Janke D, Murray ML, Valle V, Beatty AL. Clinical outcomes and qualitative perceptions of in-person, hybrid, and virtual cardiac rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2022, 42:338-46. 10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000688","journal-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000222","article-title":"Suicidal risk following hospital discharge: a review","volume":"27","author":"Forte A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Forte A, Buscajoni A, Fiorillo A, Pompili M, Baldessarini RJ. Suicidal risk following hospital discharge: a review. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2019, 27:209-16. 10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000222","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.23101","article-title":"Predictors of cardiorespiratory fitness improvement in phase II cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"41","author":"Abu-Haniyeh A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abu-Haniyeh A, Shah NP, Wu Y, Cho L, Ahmed HM. Predictors of cardiorespiratory fitness improvement in phase II cardiac rehabilitation. Clin Cardiol. 2018, 41:1563-9. 10.1002\/clc.23101","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-308790","article-title":"Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies","volume":"102","author":"Valtorta NK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Valtorta NK, Kanaan M, Gilbody S, Ronzi S, Hanratty B. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies. Heart. 2016, 102:1009-16. 10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-308790","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487317739978","article-title":"Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Richards SH","year":"2018","unstructured":"Richards SH, Anderson L, Jenkinson CE, et al.. Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2018, 25:247-59. 10.1177\/2047487317739978","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.39243","article-title":"Adapted mindfulness training for interoception and adherence to the DASH diet: a phase 2 randomized clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Loucks EB","year":"2023","unstructured":"Loucks EB, Kronish IM, Saadeh FB, et al.. Adapted mindfulness training for interoception and adherence to the DASH diet: a phase 2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2023, 6:10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.39243","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyp001","article-title":"The health impact of an online heart disease support group: a comparison of moderated versus unmoderated support","volume":"24","author":"Lindsay S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lindsay S, Smith S, Bellaby P, Baker R. The health impact of an online heart disease support group: a comparison of moderated versus unmoderated support. Health Educ Res. 2009, 24:646-54. 10.1093\/her\/cyp001","journal-title":"Health Educ Res"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjcn\/zvae113","article-title":"Psychological interventions for depression and anxiety in patients with coronary heart disease, heart failure or atrial fibrillation: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Ski CF","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ski CF, Taylor RS, McGuigan K, Long L, Lambert JD, Richards SH, Thompson DR. Psychological interventions for depression and anxiety in patients with coronary heart disease, heart failure or atrial fibrillation: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2025, 24:194-204. 10.1093\/eurjcn\/zvae113","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2018.11.006","article-title":"The suitability of motivational interviewing versus cognitive behavioural interventions on improving self-care in patients with heart failure: a literature review and discussion paper","volume":"45","author":"Chew HS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chew HS, Cheng HY, Chair SY. The suitability of motivational interviewing versus cognitive behavioural interventions on improving self-care in patients with heart failure: a literature review and discussion paper. Appl Nurs Res. 2019, 45:17-22. 10.1016\/j.apnr.2018.11.006","journal-title":"Appl Nurs Res"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113883","article-title":"Effectiveness of intensive cardiac rehabilitation in high-risk patients with cardiovascular disease in real-world practice","volume":"13","author":"\u015awi\u0105tkiewicz I","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u015awi\u0105tkiewicz I, Di Somma S, De Fazio L, Mazzilli V, Taub PR. Effectiveness of intensive cardiac rehabilitation in high-risk patients with cardiovascular disease in real-world practice. Nutrients. 2021, 13:10.3390\/nu13113883","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-019-1104-1","article-title":"Intensive cardiac rehabilitation: an underutilized resource","volume":"21","author":"Freeman AM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Freeman AM, Taub PR, Lo HC, Ornish D.  Intensive cardiac rehabilitation: an underutilized resource. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2019, 21:19. 10.1007\/s11886-019-1104-1","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194048","article-title":"Effects of cardiac rehabilitation and diet counselling on adherence to the mediterranean lifestyle in patients after myocardial infarction","volume":"14","author":"Novakovi\u0107 M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Novakovi\u0107 M, Rajkovi\u010d U, Ko\u0161uta D, Tr\u0161an J, Fras Z, Jug B. Effects of cardiac rehabilitation and diet counselling on adherence to the mediterranean lifestyle in patients after myocardial infarction. Nutrients. 2022, 14:10.3390\/nu14194048","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjcn\/zvac033","article-title":"Effectiveness and reporting of nutrition interventions in cardiac rehabilitation programmes: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Kocanda L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kocanda L, Schumacher TL, Plotnikoff RC, et al.. Effectiveness and reporting of nutrition interventions in cardiac rehabilitation programmes: a systematic review. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2023, 22:1-12. 10.1093\/eurjcn\/zvac033","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001173","article-title":"Principles for health information collection, sharing, and use: a policy statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"148","author":"Spector-Bagdady K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Spector-Bagdady K, Armoundas AA, Arnaout R, et al.. Principles for health information collection, sharing, and use: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023, 148:1061-9. 10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001173","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070828","article-title":"Dietary patterns in secondary prevention of heart failure: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Dos Reis Padilha G","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dos Reis Padilha G, Sanches Machado d'Almeida K, Ronchi Spillere S, Corr\u00eaa Souza G. Dietary patterns in secondary prevention of heart failure: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2018, 10:10.3390\/nu10070828","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2223-3652.2012.01.02","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation past, present and future: an overview","volume":"2","author":"Mampuya WM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mampuya WM. Cardiac rehabilitation past, present and future: an overview. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2012, 2:38-49. 10.3978\/j.issn.2223-3652.2012.01.02","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diagn Ther"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000748","article-title":"Lifestyle and risk factor modification for reduction of atrial fibrillation: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"141","author":"Chung MK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chung MK, Eckhardt LL, Chen LY, et al.. Lifestyle and risk factor modification for reduction of atrial fibrillation: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020, 141:750-72. 10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000748","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319894","article-title":"Sex differences in cardiac rehabilitation outcomes","volume":"130","author":"Smith JR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Smith JR, Thomas RJ, Bonikowske AR, Hammer SM, Olson TP. Sex differences in cardiac rehabilitation outcomes. Circ Res. 2022, 130:552-65. 10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319894","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.10.824","article-title":"AHA\/ACCF secondary prevention and risk reduction therapy for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation endorsed by the World Heart Federation and the Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association","volume":"58","author":"Smith SC Jr","year":"2011","unstructured":"Smith SC Jr, Benjamin EJ, Bonow RO, et al.. AHA\/ACCF secondary prevention and risk reduction therapy for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation endorsed by the World Heart Federation and the Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011, 58:2432-46. 10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.10.824","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004","article-title":"Exercise for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: JACC focus seminar 1\/4","volume":"80","author":"Tucker WJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tucker WJ, Fegers-Wustrow I, Halle M, Haykowsky MJ, Chung EH, Kovacic JC. Exercise for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: JACC focus seminar 1\/4. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022, 80:1091-106. 10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.004","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8171057","article-title":"Virtual reality and cardiac diseases: a systematic review of applications and effects","volume":"2023","author":"Bouraghi H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bouraghi H, Mohammadpour A, Khodaveisi T, Ghazisaeedi M, Saeedi S, Familgarosian S. Virtual reality and cardiac diseases: a systematic review of applications and effects. J Healthc Eng. 2023, 2023:10.1155\/2023\/8171057","journal-title":"J Healthc Eng"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47750\/pnr.2022.13.S06.391","article-title":"Use of augmented reality and virtual reality in cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"13","author":"Ladkhedkar P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ladkhedkar P, Yadav V. Use of augmented reality and virtual reality in cardiac rehabilitation. J Pharm Negat Results. 2022, 13:2957-9. 10.47750\/pnr.2022.13.S06.391","journal-title":"J Pharm Negat Results"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2021.08.017","article-title":"Virtual and augmented reality in cardiovascular care: state-of-the-art and future perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Jung C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jung C, Wolff G, Wernly B, et al.. Virtual and augmented reality in cardiovascular care: state-of-the-art and future perspectives. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022, 15:519-32. 10.1016\/j.jcmg.2021.08.017","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40945-017-0033-9","article-title":"Using Xbox kinect motion capture technology to improve clinical rehabilitation outcomes for balance and cardiovascular health in an individual with chronic TBI","volume":"7","author":"Chanpimol S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chanpimol S, Seamon B, Hernandez H, Harris-Love M, Blackman MR. Using Xbox kinect motion capture technology to improve clinical rehabilitation outcomes for balance and cardiovascular health in an individual with chronic TBI. Arch Physiother. 2017, 7:10.1186\/s40945-017-0033-9","journal-title":"Arch Physiother"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2023.101628","article-title":"The impact of virtual reality on anxiety and functional capacity in cardiac rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Bashir Z","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bashir Z, Misquith C, Shahab A, Has P, Bukhari S. The impact of virtual reality on anxiety and functional capacity in cardiac rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2023, 48:10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2023.101628","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.51470\/APR.2023.2.2.10","article-title":"Advancements and considerations in cardiac rehabilitation: a comprehensive review","volume":"2","author":"Rawat A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rawat A , Sharma A. Advancements and considerations in cardiac rehabilitation: a comprehensive review. Acta\u202fPharma\u202fRep. 2023, 2:10-14. 10.51470\/APR.2023.2.2.10","journal-title":"Acta\u202fPharma\u202fRep"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.46469","article-title":"Revolutionizing cardiac care: a comprehensive narrative review of cardiac rehabilitation and the evolution of cardiovascular medicine","volume":"15","author":"Ullah A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ullah A, Kumar M, Sayyar M, et al.. Revolutionizing cardiac care: a comprehensive narrative review of cardiac rehabilitation and the evolution of cardiovascular medicine. Cureus. 2023, 15:10.7759\/cureus.46469","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31487\/j.JICOA.2021.02.03","article-title":"Biofeedback as an example of modern exercise method used in cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"4","author":"Wo\u0142oszyn F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wo\u0142oszyn F, Mazur K, Mielniczuk M, Kopa\u0144ska M. Biofeedback as an example of modern exercise method used in cardiac rehabilitation. J Integr Cardiol. 2021, 4:1-6. 10.31487\/j.JICOA.2021.02.03","journal-title":"J Integr Cardiol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3397779\/v1","article-title":"Boosting heart rate variability biofeedback adaptability in cardiac rehabilitation with cognitive model [PREPRINT]","author":"Hu T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu T, Medeiros EP, Yuan A, et al.. Boosting heart rate variability biofeedback adaptability in cardiac rehabilitation with cognitive model [PREPRINT]. Res Sq. 2023, 1-24. 10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3397779\/v1","journal-title":"Res Sq"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.942740","article-title":"Effects of yogic interventions on patients diagnosed with cardiac diseases. a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Kalra S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kalra S, Miraj M, Ajmera P, et al.. Effects of yogic interventions on patients diagnosed with cardiac diseases. a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022, 9:10.3389\/fcvm.2022.942740","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000372","article-title":"Role of yoga in cardiac disease and rehabilitation","volume":"39","author":"Guddeti RR","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guddeti RR, Dang G, Williams MA, Alla VM. Role of yoga in cardiac disease and rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2019, 39:146-52. 10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000372","journal-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2021.102132","article-title":"Roles of central orexinergic system on cardiovascular function and acupuncture on intervention of cardiovascular risk: orexinergic system mediate the role of acupuncture?","volume":"87","author":"Gao HR","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao HR, Wu ZJ, Wu SB, Gao HY, Wang J, Zhang JL, Zhou MQ. Roles of central orexinergic system on cardiovascular function and acupuncture on intervention of cardiovascular risk: orexinergic system mediate the role of acupuncture?. Neuropeptides. 2021, 87:10.1016\/j.npep.2021.102132","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4903265","article-title":"The effect of acupuncture combined with aerobic exercise for coronary heart disease as cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"2022","author":"Yang Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang Y, Li Y, Zheng Y, et al.. The effect of acupuncture combined with aerobic exercise for coronary heart disease as cardiac rehabilitation. J Healthc Eng. 2022, 2022:10.1155\/2022\/4903265","journal-title":"J Healthc Eng"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2302045","article-title":"Mobilizing artificial intelligence to cardiac telerehabilitation","volume":"23","author":"Su J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Su J, Zhang Y, Ke QQ, Su JK, Yang QH. Mobilizing artificial intelligence to cardiac telerehabilitation. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2022, 23:45. 10.31083\/j.rcm2302045","journal-title":"Rev Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.62852","article-title":"Telemedicine in cardiology: enhancing access to care and improving patient outcomes","volume":"16","author":"Tolu-Akinnawo O","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tolu-Akinnawo O, Ezekwueme F, Awoyemi T. Telemedicine in cardiology: enhancing access to care and improving patient outcomes. Cureus. 2024, 16:10.7759\/cureus.62852","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000663","article-title":"Home-based cardiac rehabilitation: a scientific statement from the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, the American Heart Association, and the American College of Cardiology","volume":"140","author":"Thomas RJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thomas RJ, Beatty AL, Beckie TM, et al.. Home-based cardiac rehabilitation: a scientific statement from the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, the American Heart Association, and the American College of Cardiology. Circulation. 2019, 140:69-89. 10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000663","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000659","article-title":"A review of disparities in cardiac rehabilitation: evidence, drivers, and solutions","volume":"41","author":"Mathews L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mathews L, Brewer LC. A review of disparities in cardiac rehabilitation: evidence, drivers, and solutions. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2021, 41:375-82. 10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000659","journal-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487314520783","article-title":"Sex bias in referral of women to outpatient cardiac rehabilitation? A meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Colella TJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Colella TJ, Gravely S, Marzolini S, Grace SL, Francis JA, Oh P, Scott LB. Sex bias in referral of women to outpatient cardiac rehabilitation? A meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2015, 22:423-41. 10.1177\/2047487314520783","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2019.07.61","article-title":"Barriers physicians face when referring patients to cardiac rehabilitation: a narrative review","volume":"7","author":"Elsakr C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elsakr C, Bulger DA, Roman S, Kirolos I, Khouzam RN. Barriers physicians face when referring patients to cardiac rehabilitation: a narrative review. Ann Transl Med. 2019, 7:414. 10.21037\/atm.2019.07.61","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11050757","article-title":"Ethnic minorities' experiences of cardiac rehabilitation: a scoping review","volume":"11","author":"Carew Tofani A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carew Tofani A, Taylor E, Pritchard I, Jackson J, Xu A, Kotera Y. Ethnic minorities' experiences of cardiac rehabilitation: a scoping review. Healthcare (Basel). 2023, 11:10.3390\/healthcare11050757","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S425505","article-title":"Barriers to participation in cardiac rehabilitation among patients with coronary heart disease after reperfusion therapy: a scoping review","volume":"19","author":"Sugiharto F","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sugiharto F, Nuraeni A, Trisyani Y, Melati Putri A, Aghnia Armansyah N. Barriers to participation in cardiac rehabilitation among patients with coronary heart disease after reperfusion therapy: a scoping review. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2023, 19:557-70. 10.2147\/VHRM.S425505","journal-title":"Vasc Health Risk Manag"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21030339","article-title":"Barriers to cardiac rehabilitation among patients diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases - a scoping review","volume":"21","author":"Iyngkaran P","year":"2024","unstructured":"Iyngkaran P, Appuhamilage PY, Patabandige G, Sarathchandra Peru Kandage PS, Usmani W, Hanna F. Barriers to cardiac rehabilitation among patients diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases - a scoping review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2024, 21:10.3390\/ijerph21030339","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/332010-cardiac-rehabilitation-a-literature-review-of-benefits-challenges-and-emerging-approaches","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T09:14:19Z","timestamp":1761729259000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/332010-cardiac-rehabilitation-a-literature-review-of-benefits-challenges-and-emerging-approaches"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"references-count":75,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.95648","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]}}}