{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T19:32:12Z","timestamp":1762889532353,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.96594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T19:29:55Z","timestamp":1762889395000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["3D Bioprinting for Custom Bone Grafts in Orthopaedic Trauma: Current Advances and Clinical Translation"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Gaurav","family":"Jha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gagandeep","family":"Mahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Surya","family":"Malasani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Onsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Barakat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.02.020","article-title":"Inflammation, fracture and bone repair","volume":"86","author":"Loi F","year":"2016","unstructured":"Loi F, C\u00f3rdova LA, Pajarinen J, Lin TH, Yao Z, Goodman SB. Inflammation, fracture and bone repair. Bone. 2016, 86:119-130. 10.1016\/j.bone.2016.02.020","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5082\/6\/3\/035004","article-title":"A comparative study on collagen type I and hyaluronic acid dependent cell behavior for osteochondral tissue bioprinting","volume":"6","author":"Park JY","year":"2014","unstructured":"Park JY, Choi JC, Shim JH, et al.. A comparative study on collagen type I and hyaluronic acid dependent cell behavior for osteochondral tissue bioprinting. Biofabrication. 2014, 6:035004. 10.1088\/1758-5082\/6\/3\/035004","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198604000-00036","article-title":"The critical size defect as an experimental model for craniomandibulofacial nonunions","author":"Schmitz JP","year":"1986","unstructured":"Schmitz JP, Hollinger JO. The critical size defect as an experimental model for craniomandibulofacial nonunions. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1986, 299-308.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-9-66","article-title":"Bone regeneration: current concepts and future directions","volume":"9","author":"Dimitriou R","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dimitriou R, Jones E, McGonagle D, Giannoudis PV. Bone regeneration: current concepts and future directions. BMC Med. 2011, 9:66. 10.1186\/1741-7015-9-66","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.17705","article-title":"Bone grafts in trauma and orthopaedics","volume":"13","author":"Archunan MW","year":"2021","unstructured":"Archunan MW, Petronis S. Bone grafts in trauma and orthopaedics. Cureus. 2021, 13:e17705. 10.7759\/cureus.17705","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2009.07.011","article-title":"The concept of induced membrane for reconstruction of long bone defects","volume":"41","author":"Masquelet AC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Masquelet AC, Begue T. The concept of induced membrane for reconstruction of long bone defects. Orthop Clin North Am. 2010, 41:27-37. 10.1016\/j.ocl.2009.07.011","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-198909000-00002","article-title":"Morbidity at bone graft donor sites","volume":"3","author":"Younger EM","year":"1989","unstructured":"Younger EM, Chapman MW. Morbidity at bone graft donor sites. J Orthop Trauma. 1989, 3:192-195. 10.1097\/00005131-198909000-00002","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.03.036 Abstract","article-title":"Masquelet technique for the treatment of bone defects: tips-tricks and future directions","volume":"42","author":"Giannoudis PV","year":"2011","unstructured":"Giannoudis PV, Faour O, Goff T, Kanakaris N, Dimitriou R. Masquelet technique for the treatment of bone defects: tips-tricks and future directions. Injury. 2011, 42:591-598. 10.1016\/j.injury.2011.03.036 Abstract","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2017.05.007","article-title":"Bone grafts and biomaterials substitutes for bone defect repair: a\u00a0review","volume":"2","author":"Wang W","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang W, Yeung KW. Bone grafts and biomaterials substitutes for bone defect repair: a\u00a0review. Bioact Mater. 2017, 2:224-247. 10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2017.05.007","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2958","article-title":"3D bioprinting of tissues and organs","volume":"32","author":"Murphy SV","year":"2014","unstructured":"Murphy SV, Atala A. 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs. Nat Biotechnol. 2014, 32:773-785. 10.1038\/nbt.2958","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-016-0058-2","article-title":"3-dimensional bioprinting for tissue engineering applications","volume":"20","author":"Gu BK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gu BK, Choi DJ, Park SJ, Kim MS, Kang CM, Kim CH. 3-dimensional bioprinting for tissue engineering applications. Biomater Res. 2016, 20:12. 10.1186\/s40824-016-0058-2","journal-title":"Biomater Res"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Extrusion Bioprinting of Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications","author":"Chen XBD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen XBD. Extrusion Bioprinting of Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications. Springer, 2019."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2017.10.002","article-title":"3-D bioprinting technologies in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: current and future trends","volume":"4","author":"Bishop ES","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bishop ES, Mostafa S, Pakvasa M, et al.. 3-D bioprinting technologies in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: current and future trends. Genes Dis. 2017, 4:185-195. 10.1016\/j.gendis.2017.10.002","journal-title":"Genes Dis"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35664","article-title":"Biological functionality of extracellular matrix-ornamented three-dimensional printed hydroxyapatite scaffolds","volume":"104","author":"Kumar A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumar A, Nune KC, Misra RD. Biological functionality of extracellular matrix-ornamented three-dimensional printed hydroxyapatite scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2016, 104:1343-1351. 10.1002\/jbm.a.35664","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res A"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/aa8dd8","article-title":"Proposal to assess printability of bioinks for extrusion-based bioprinting and evaluation of rheological properties governing bioprintability","volume":"9","author":"Paxton N","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paxton N, Smolan W, B\u00f6ck T, Melchels F, Groll J, Jungst T. Proposal to assess printability of bioinks for extrusion-based bioprinting and evaluation of rheological properties governing bioprintability. Biofabrication. 2017, 9:044107. 10.1088\/1758-5090\/aa8dd8","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33639","article-title":"Development of a 3D cell printed structure as an alternative to autologs cartilage for auricular reconstruction","volume":"105","author":"Park JY","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park JY, Choi YJ, Shim JH, Park JH, Cho DW. Development of a 3D cell printed structure as an alternative to autologs cartilage for auricular reconstruction. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2017, 105:1016-1028. 10.1002\/jbm.b.33639","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2017.10.001","article-title":"3D bioactive composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"3","author":"Turnbull G","year":"2018","unstructured":"Turnbull G, Clarke J, Picard F, et al.. 3D bioactive composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Bioact Mater. 2018, 3:278-314. 10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2017.10.001","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2011.11.007","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of tissues and organs","volume":"37","author":"Melchels FP","year":"2012","unstructured":"Melchels FP, Domingos MA, Klein TJ, Malda J, Bartolo PJ, Hutmacher DW. Additive manufacturing of tissues and organs. Prog Polym Sci. 2012, 37:1079-1104. 10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2011.11.007","journal-title":"Prog Polym Sci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.06.033","article-title":"Bioactive glass-based materials with hierarchical porosity for medical applications: review of recent advances","volume":"42","author":"Baino F","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baino F, Fiorilli S, Vitale-Brovarone C. Bioactive glass-based materials with hierarchical porosity for medical applications: review of recent advances. Acta Biomater. 2016, 42:18-32. 10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.06.033","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.05.017","article-title":"Scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: state of the art and new perspectives","volume":"78","author":"Roseti L","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roseti L, Parisi V, Petretta M, Cavallo C, Desando G, Bartolotti I, Grigolo B. Scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: state of the art and new perspectives. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2017, 78:1246-1262. 10.1016\/j.msec.2017.05.017","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.12.002","article-title":"Bioprinting for the biologist","volume":"184","author":"Daly AC","year":"2021","unstructured":"Daly AC, Prendergast ME, Hughes AJ, Burdick JA. Bioprinting for the biologist. Cell. 2021, 184:18-32. 10.1016\/j.cell.2020.12.002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01914-x","article-title":"In situ printing of mesenchymal stromal cells, by laser-assisted bioprinting, for in vivo bone regeneration applications","volume":"7","author":"Keriquel V","year":"2017","unstructured":"Keriquel V, Oliveira H, R\u00e9my M, et al.. In situ printing of mesenchymal stromal cells, by laser-assisted bioprinting, for in vivo bone regeneration applications. Sci Rep. 2017, 7:1778. 10.1038\/s41598-017-01914-x","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201801048","article-title":"Advancing frontiers in bone bioprinting","volume":"8","author":"Ashammakhi N","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ashammakhi N, Hasan A, Kaarela O, Byambaa B, Sheikhi A, Gaharwar AK, Khademhosseini A. Advancing frontiers in bone bioprinting. Adv Healthc Mater. 2019, 8:e1801048. 10.1002\/adhm.201801048","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/term.24","article-title":"State of the art and future directions of scaffold-based bone engineering from a biomaterials perspective","volume":"1","author":"Hutmacher DW","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hutmacher DW, Schantz JT, Lam CX, Tan KC, Lim TC. State of the art and future directions of scaffold-based bone engineering from a biomaterials perspective. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2007, 1:245-260. 10.1002\/term.24","journal-title":"J Tissue Eng Regen Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2014.04.001","article-title":"Biomimetic porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"80","author":"Wu S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wu S, Liu X, Yeung KW, Liu C, Yang X. Biomimetic porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng R Rep. 2014, 80:1-36. 10.1016\/j.mser.2014.04.001","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng R Rep"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.110698","article-title":"Recent trends in the application of widely used natural and synthetic polymer nanocomposites in bone tissue regeneration","volume":"110","author":"Bharadwaz A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bharadwaz A, Jayasuriya AC. Recent trends in the application of widely used natural and synthetic polymer nanocomposites in bone tissue regeneration. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2020, 110:110698. 10.1016\/j.msec.2020.110698","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.TEA.2016.0418","article-title":"Comparison of 3D-printed poly-\u025b-caprolactone scaffolds functionalized with tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, bio-OSS, or decellularized bone matrix","volume":"23","author":"Nyberg E","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nyberg E, Rindone A, Dorafshar A, Grayson WL. Comparison of 3D-printed poly-\u025b-caprolactone scaffolds functionalized with tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, bio-OSS, or decellularized bone matrix. Tissue Eng Part A. 2017, 23:503-514. 10.1089\/ten.TEA.2016.0418","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part A"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2013.11.017","article-title":"Bone tissue engineering using 3D printing","volume":"16","author":"Bose S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bose S, Vahabzadeh S, Bandyopadhyay A. Bone tissue engineering using 3D printing. Mater Today. 2013, 16:496-504. 10.1016\/j.mattod.2013.11.017","journal-title":"Mater Today"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201800025","article-title":"Synergistic effects of beta tri-calcium phosphate and porcine-derived decellularized bone extracellular matrix in 3D-printed polycaprolactone scaffold on bone regeneration","volume":"18","author":"Kim JY","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim JY, Ahn G, Kim C, et al.. Synergistic effects of beta tri-calcium phosphate and porcine-derived decellularized bone extracellular matrix in 3D-printed polycaprolactone scaffold on bone regeneration. Macromol Biosci. 2018, 18:e1800025. 10.1002\/mabi.201800025","journal-title":"Macromol Biosci"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.12.044","article-title":"3D and 4D printing in dentistry and maxillofacial surgery: printing techniques, materials, and applications","volume":"122","author":"Khorsandi D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khorsandi D, Fahimipour A, Abasian P, et al.. 3D and 4D printing in dentistry and maxillofacial surgery: printing techniques, materials, and applications. Acta Biomater. 2021, 122:26-49. 10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.12.044","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2013.04.001","article-title":"Localized delivery of growth factors for angiogenesis and bone formation in tissue engineering","volume":"16","author":"Bai Y","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bai Y, Yin G, Huang Z, Liao X, Chen X, Yao Y, Pu X. Localized delivery of growth factors for angiogenesis and bone formation in tissue engineering. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013, 16:214-223. 10.1016\/j.intimp.2013.04.001","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08412-0","article-title":"3D biomimetic artificial bone scaffolds with dual-cytokines spatiotemporal delivery for large weight-bearing bone defect repair","volume":"7","author":"Bao X","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bao X, Zhu L, Huang X, Tang D, He D, Shi J, Xu G. 3D biomimetic artificial bone scaffolds with dual-cytokines spatiotemporal delivery for large weight-bearing bone defect repair. Sci Rep. 2017, 7:7814. 10.1038\/s41598-017-08412-0","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.72838","article-title":"Innovative nanotechnological approaches in trauma and orthopaedic surgery: a comprehensive review","volume":"16","author":"Jha G","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jha G, Malasani S, Barakat A, Sola SC, Gera K, Gupta G. Innovative nanotechnological approaches in trauma and orthopaedic surgery: a comprehensive review. Cureus. 2024, 16:e72838. 10.7759\/cureus.72838","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2019.03.009","article-title":"3D bioprinting: a novel avenue for manufacturing tissues and organs","volume":"5","author":"Zhang B","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang B, Gao L, Ma L, Luo Y, Yang H, Cui Z. 3D bioprinting: a novel avenue for manufacturing tissues and organs. Engineering. 2017, 5:777-794. 10.1016\/j.eng.2019.03.009","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003720","article-title":"A tissue engineering solution for segmental defect regeneration in load-bearing long bones","volume":"4","author":"Reichert JC","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reichert JC, Cipitria A, Epari DR, et al.. A tissue engineering solution for segmental defect regeneration in load-bearing long bones. Sci Transl Med. 2012, 4:141-193. 10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003720","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aam8828","article-title":"Mechanobiologically optimized 3D titanium-mesh scaffolds enhance bone regeneration in critical segmental defects in sheep","volume":"10","author":"Pobloth AM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pobloth AM, Checa S, Razi H, et al.. Mechanobiologically optimized 3D titanium-mesh scaffolds enhance bone regeneration in critical segmental defects in sheep. Sci Transl Med. 2018, 10:eaam8828. 10.1126\/scitranslmed.aam8828","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5082\/5\/4\/045004","article-title":"The first systematic analysis of 3D rapid prototyped poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) scaffolds manufactured through BioCell printing: the effect of pore size and geometry on compressive mechanical behaviour and in\u00a0vitro hMSC viability","volume":"5","author":"Domingos M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Domingos M, Intranuovo F, Russo T, et al.. The first systematic analysis of 3D rapid prototyped poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) scaffolds manufactured through BioCell printing: the effect of pore size and geometry on compressive mechanical behaviour and in\u00a0vitro hMSC viability. Biofabrication. 2013, 5:045004. 10.1088\/1758-5082\/5\/4\/045004","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19468","article-title":"Design and fabrication of 3D printed scaffolds with a mechanical strength comparable to cortical bone to repair large bone defects","volume":"6","author":"Roohani-Esfahani SI","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roohani-Esfahani SI, Newman P, Zreiqat H. Design and fabrication of 3D printed scaffolds with a mechanical strength comparable to cortical bone to repair large bone defects. Sci Rep. 2016, 6:19468. 10.1038\/srep19468","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.10.004","article-title":"Guided tissue engineering for healing of cancellous and cortical bone using a combination of biomaterial based scaffolding and local bone active molecule delivery","volume":"188","author":"Raina DB","year":"2019","unstructured":"Raina DB, Qayoom I, Larsson D, et al.. Guided tissue engineering for healing of cancellous and cortical bone using a combination of biomaterial based scaffolding and local bone active molecule delivery. Biomaterials. 2019, 188:38-49. 10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.10.004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15034714","article-title":"Current progress in bioactive ceramic scaffolds for bone repair and regeneration","volume":"15","author":"Gao C","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gao C, Deng Y, Feng P, et al.. Current progress in bioactive ceramic scaffolds for bone repair and regeneration. Int J Mol Sci. 2014, 15:4714-4732. 10.3390\/ijms15034714","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/aa6ed6","article-title":"3D-printed bioceramic scaffolds with antibacterial and osteogenic activity","volume":"9","author":"Zhang Y","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Zhai D, Xu M, Yao Q, Zhu H, Chang J, Wu C. 3D-printed bioceramic scaffolds with antibacterial and osteogenic activity. Biofabrication. 2017, 9:025037. 10.1088\/1758-5090\/aa6ed6","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2019.08.010","article-title":"Key components of engineering vascularized 3-dimensional bioprinted bone constructs","volume":"216","author":"Shahabipour F","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shahabipour F, Ashammakhi N, Oskuee RK, Bonakdar S, Hoffman T, Shokrgozar MA, Khademhosseini A. Key components of engineering vascularized 3-dimensional bioprinted bone constructs. Transl Res. 2020, 216:57-76. 10.1016\/j.trsl.2019.08.010","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1365.035","article-title":"Bone remodeling","volume":"1092","author":"Hadjidakis DJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hadjidakis DJ, Androulakis II. Bone remodeling. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006, 1092:385-396. 10.1196\/annals.1365.035","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"Technical considerations for additive manufactured medical devices | FDA. (2021). https.\/\/www.fda.gov\/regulatory-information\/search-fda-guidance-documents\/technical-considerations-additive-manufactur...."},{"key":"ref45","unstructured":"Guideline on quality, non-clinical and clinical requirements for investigational advanced therapy medicinal products in clinical trials - scientific guideline | European Medicines Agency (EMA). (2025). https.\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/guideline-quality-non-clinical-clinical-requirements-investigational-advanced-therapy-me...."}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/429636-3d-bioprinting-for-custom-bone-grafts-in-orthopaedic-trauma-current-advances-and-clinical-translation","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T19:30:01Z","timestamp":1762889401000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/429636-3d-bioprinting-for-custom-bone-grafts-in-orthopaedic-trauma-current-advances-and-clinical-translation"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"references-count":45,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.96594","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]}}}