{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T16:34:24Z","timestamp":1762965264927,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.96681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T16:29:46Z","timestamp":1762964986000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Rare and Hidden Cause of Stroke"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Immy","family":"Stringer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akshaye","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leyan","family":"Edhem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Delamere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gedoni","family":"Eni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jhiamluka","family":"Solano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12154999","article-title":"Stroke in young adults","volume":"12","author":"Bukhari S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bukhari S, Yaghi S, Bashir Z. Stroke in young adults. J Clin Med. 2023, 12:10.3390\/jcm12154999","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30034-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of stroke, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","author":"GBD 2016 Stroke Collaborators","year":"2019","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Stroke Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2019, 18:439-58. 10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30034-1","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000938","article-title":"2020 AHA\/ACC guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice guidelines","volume":"142","author":"Ommen SR","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ommen SR, Mital S, Burke MA, et al.. 2020 AHA\/ACC guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice guidelines. Circulation. 2020, 142:e533-57. 10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000938","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.122.014907","article-title":"Apical ischemia is a universal feature of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"16","author":"Hughes RK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hughes RK, Augusto JB, Knott K, et al.. Apical ischemia is a universal feature of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2023, 16:e014907. 10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.122.014907","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.cj-09-0438","article-title":"Clinical profiles of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with apical phenotype: comparison of pure-apical form and distal-dominant form","volume":"73","author":"Kubo T","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kubo T, Kitaoka H, Okawa M, et al.. Clinical profiles of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with apical phenotype: comparison of pure-apical form and distal-dominant form. Circ J. 2009, 73:2330-6. 10.1253\/circj.cj-09-0438","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euae093","article-title":"Accurate diagnosis of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using explainable advanced electrocardiogram analysis","volume":"26","author":"Hughes RK","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hughes RK, Thornton GD, Malcolmson JW, et al.. Accurate diagnosis of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using explainable advanced electrocardiogram analysis. Europace. 2024, 26:10.1093\/europace\/euae093","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.015294","article-title":"Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the variant less known","volume":"9","author":"Hughes RK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hughes RK, Knott KD, Malcolmson J, et al.. Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the variant less known. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020, 9:e015294. 10.1161\/JAHA.119.015294","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v6.i9.916","article-title":"Multimodality imaging in apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"6","author":"Parisi R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Parisi R, Mirabella F, Secco GG, Fattori R. Multimodality imaging in apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. World J Cardiol. 2014, 6:916-23. 10.4330\/wjc.v6.i9.916","journal-title":"World J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(79)90388-6","article-title":"Hypertrophic nonobstructive cardiomyopathy with giant negative T waves (apical hypertrophy): ventriculographic and echocardiographic features in 30 patients","volume":"44","author":"Yamaguchi H","year":"1979","unstructured":"Yamaguchi H, Ishimura T, Nishiyama S, et al.. Hypertrophic nonobstructive cardiomyopathy with giant negative T waves (apical hypertrophy): ventriculographic and echocardiographic features in 30 patients. Am J Cardiol. 1979, 44:401-412.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2003.07.027","article-title":"Comparison of prevalence of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Japan and the United States","volume":"92","author":"Kitaoka H","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kitaoka H, Doi Y, Casey SA, et al.. Comparison of prevalence of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Japan and the United States. Am J Cardiol. 2003, 92:1183-6. 10.1016\/j.amjcard.2003.07.027","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00244-3","article-title":"Toward clinical risk assessment inhypertrophic cardiomyopathy withgadolinium cardiovascular magnetic resonance","volume":"41","author":"Moon JC","year":"2003","unstructured":"Moon JC, McKenna WJ, McCrohon JA, et al.. Toward clinical risk assessment inhypertrophic cardiomyopathy withgadolinium cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003, 41:1561-1567. 10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00244-3","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(97)00216-6","article-title":"Comparison of morphologic assessment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by magnetic resonance versus echocardiographic imaging","volume":"79","author":"Pons-Llad\u00f3 G","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pons-Llad\u00f3 G, Carreras F, Borr\u00e1s X, et al.. Comparison of morphologic assessment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by magnetic resonance versus echocardiographic imaging. Am J Cardiol. 1997, 79:1651-1656. 10.1016\/S0002-9149(97)00216-6","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.781401","article-title":"Prevalence, clinical significance, and natural history of left ventricular apical aneurysms in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"118","author":"Maron MS","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maron MS, Finley JJ, Bos JM, et al.. Prevalence, clinical significance, and natural history of left ventricular apical aneurysms in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2008, 118:1541-9. 10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.781401","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2007.01.006","article-title":"Left atrial reverse remodeling in dogs with moderate and advanced heart failure treated with a passive mechanical containment device: an echocardiographic study","volume":"13","author":"Zac\u00e0 V","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zac\u00e0 V, Brewer R, Khanal S, et al.. Left atrial reverse remodeling in dogs with moderate and advanced heart failure treated with a passive mechanical containment device: an echocardiographic study. J Card Fail. 2007, 13:312-7. 10.1016\/j.cardfail.2007.01.006","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.05.010","article-title":"Prognostic significance of myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"56","author":"O'Hanlon R","year":"2010","unstructured":"O'Hanlon R, Grasso A, Roughton M, et al.. Prognostic significance of myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010, 56:867-74. 10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.05.010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.rev.2017-0145","article-title":"Cardiac MR imaging of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: techniques, findings, and clinical relevance","volume":"17","author":"Amano Y","year":"2018","unstructured":"Amano Y, Kitamura M, Takano H, et al.. Cardiac MR imaging of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: techniques, findings, and clinical relevance. Magn Reson Med Sci. 2018, 17:120-31. 10.2463\/mrms.rev.2017-0145","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med Sci"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-023-02328-8","article-title":"Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management","volume":"113","author":"Li J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li J, Fang J, Liu Y, Wei X. Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Clin Res Cardiol. 2024, 113:680-93. 10.1007\/s00392-023-02328-8","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2009.07.079","article-title":"Apical myectomy: a new surgical technique for management of severely symptomatic patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"139","author":"Schaff HV","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schaff HV, Brown ML, Dearani JA, et al.. Apical myectomy: a new surgical technique for management of severely symptomatic patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010, 139:634-40. 10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2009.07.079","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/jthc.v16i1.6604","article-title":"Thrombosis formation in the apical aneurysm of a patient with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"16","author":"Hosseinsabet A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hosseinsabet A. Thrombosis formation in the apical aneurysm of a patient with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Tehran Heart Cent. 2021, 16:47-8. 10.18502\/jthc.v16i1.6604","journal-title":"J Tehran Heart Cent"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2016-310720","article-title":"Impact of atrial fibrillation on the clinical course of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"103","author":"Lee SE","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee SE, Park JK, Uhm JS, et al.. Impact of atrial fibrillation on the clinical course of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart. 2017, 103:1496-501. 10.1136\/heartjnl-2016-310720","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad194","article-title":"2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiomyopathies: Developed by the task force on the management of cardiomyopathies of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"44","author":"Arbelo E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arbelo E, Protonotarios A, Gimeno JR, et al.. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiomyopathies: Developed by the task force on the management of cardiomyopathies of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) . Eur Heart J. 2023, 44:3503-626. 10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad194","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/chd.12242","article-title":"Genotype-phenotype correlations in apical variant hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"10","author":"Towe EC","year":"2015","unstructured":"Towe EC, Bos JM, Ommen SR, et al.. Genotype-phenotype correlations in apical variant hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Congenit Heart Dis. 2015, 10:E139-45. 10.1111\/chd.12242","journal-title":"Congenit Heart Dis"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.038208","article-title":"Unveiling clinical and genetic distinctions in pure-apical versus distal-dominant apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"14","author":"Sugiura K","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sugiura K, Kubo T, Inoue S, et al.. Unveiling clinical and genetic distinctions in pure-apical versus distal-dominant apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Heart Assoc. 2025, 14:e038208. 10.1161\/JAHA.124.038208","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16050494","article-title":"Unravelling the genotype of the apical variant of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a Swedish cohort","volume":"16","author":"Kissopoulou A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kissopoulou A, Elleg\u00e5rd R, Fernlund EI, et al.. Unravelling the genotype of the apical variant of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a Swedish cohort. Genes (Basel). 2025, 16:10.3390\/genes16050494","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.033200","article-title":"Genotype and lifetime burden of disease in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: insights from the Sarcomeric Human Cardiomyopathy Registry (SHaRe)","volume":"138","author":"Ho CY","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ho CY, Day SM, Ashley EA, et al.. Genotype and lifetime burden of disease in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: insights from the Sarcomeric Human Cardiomyopathy Registry (SHaRe). Circulation. 2018, 138:1387-98. 10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.033200","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-017-1155-5","article-title":"Clinical outcomes associated with sarcomere mutations in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a meta-analysis on 7675 individuals","volume":"107","author":"Sedaghat-Hamedani F","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sedaghat-Hamedani F, Kayvanpour E, Tugrul OF, et al.. Clinical outcomes associated with sarcomere mutations in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a meta-analysis on 7675 individuals. Clin Res Cardiol. 2018, 107:30-41. 10.1007\/s00392-017-1155-5","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/408041-apical-hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy-a-rare-and-hidden-cause-of-stroke","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T16:29:47Z","timestamp":1762964987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/408041-apical-hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy-a-rare-and-hidden-cause-of-stroke"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"references-count":26,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.96681","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]}}}