{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]],"date-time":"2025-11-16T11:54:40Z","timestamp":1763294080186,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.96960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]],"date-time":"2025-11-16T11:50:36Z","timestamp":1763293836000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Pharmacoepidemiological Indicator for Detecting Potential Regional Overuse of Hypnotics in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Ryosuke","family":"Shinkai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Tomita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12090","article-title":"Melatonin and the theories of aging: a critical appraisal of melatonin's role in antiaging mechanisms","volume":"55","author":"Hardeland R","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hardeland R. Melatonin and the theories of aging: a critical appraisal of melatonin's role in antiaging mechanisms. J Pineal Res. 2013, 55:325-56. 10.1111\/jpi.12090","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38623.768588.47","article-title":"Sedative hypnotics in older people with insomnia: meta-analysis of risks and benefits","volume":"331","author":"Glass J","year":"2005","unstructured":"Glass J, Lanct\u00f4t KL, Herrmann N, Sproule BA, Busto UE. Sedative hypnotics in older people with insomnia: meta-analysis of risks and benefits. BMJ. 2005, 331:1169. 10.1136\/bmj.38623.768588.47","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3837","article-title":"The role of orexin in motivated behaviours","volume":"15","author":"Sakurai T","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sakurai T. The role of orexin in motivated behaviours. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014, 15:719-31. 10.1038\/nrn3837","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16030336","article-title":"Hypnotic medications and suicide: risk, mechanisms, mitigation, and the FDA","volume":"174","author":"McCall WV","year":"2017","unstructured":"McCall WV, Benca RM, Rosenquist PB, et al.. Hypnotic medications and suicide: risk, mechanisms, mitigation, and the FDA. Am J Psychiatry. 2017, 174:18-25. 10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16030336","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2004.07.009","article-title":"Melatonin, sleep, and circadian rhythms: rationale for development of specific melatonin agonists","volume":"5","author":"Turek FW","year":"2004","unstructured":"Turek FW, Gillette MU. Melatonin, sleep, and circadian rhythms: rationale for development of specific melatonin agonists. Sleep Med. 2004, 5:523-32. 10.1016\/j.sleep.2004.07.009","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70053-5","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of suvorexant during 1-year treatment of insomnia with subsequent abrupt treatment discontinuation: a phase 3 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Michelson D","year":"2014","unstructured":"Michelson D, Snyder E, Paradis E, et al.. Safety and efficacy of suvorexant during 1-year treatment of insomnia with subsequent abrupt treatment discontinuation: a phase 3 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2014, 13:461-71. 10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70053-5","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1873","article-title":"Positive effect of daylight exposure on nocturnal urinary melatonin excretion in the elderly: a cross-sectional analysis of the HEIJO-KYO study","volume":"97","author":"Obayashi K","year":"2012","unstructured":"Obayashi K, Saeki K, Iwamoto J, et al.. Positive effect of daylight exposure on nocturnal urinary melatonin excretion in the elderly: a cross-sectional analysis of the HEIJO-KYO study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012, 97:4166-73. 10.1210\/jc.2012-1873","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11818-019-00215-x","article-title":"Effects of light on human circadian rhythms, sleep and mood","volume":"23","author":"Blume C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blume C, Garbazza C, Spitschan M. Effects of light on human circadian rhythms, sleep and mood. Somnologie (Berl). 2019, 23:147-56. 10.1007\/s11818-019-00215-x","journal-title":"Somnologie (Berl)"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2734611","article-title":"Bright light induction of strong (type 0) resetting of the human circadian pacemaker","volume":"244","author":"Czeisler CA","year":"1989","unstructured":"Czeisler CA, Kronauer RE, Allan JS, Duffy JF, Jewett ME, Brown EN, Ronda JM. Bright light induction of strong (type 0) resetting of the human circadian pacemaker. Science. 1989, 244:1328-33. 10.1126\/science.2734611","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018395","article-title":"Shift work in nurses: contribution of phenotypes and genotypes to adaptation","volume":"6","author":"Gamble KL","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gamble KL, Motsinger-Reif AA, Hida A, et al.. Shift work in nurses: contribution of phenotypes and genotypes to adaptation. PLoS One. 2011, 6:e18395. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0018395","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11040476","article-title":"Neighborhood and depressive symptoms in older adults living in rural and urban regions in South Korea","volume":"11","author":"Kim S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim S, Cho S, Morgan MR. Neighborhood and depressive symptoms in older adults living in rural and urban regions in South Korea. Healthcare (Basel). 2023, 11:476. 10.3390\/healthcare11040476","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. (2022). Accessed. July 15, 2025: https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/index.html."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-019-1163-9","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness and safety of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for insomnia: an overview of reviews","volume":"8","author":"Rios P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rios P, Cardoso R, Morra D, et al.. Comparative effectiveness and safety of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for insomnia: an overview of reviews. Syst Rev. 2019, 8:281. 10.1186\/s13643-019-1163-9","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.10.003","article-title":"Suvorexant in patients with insomnia: results from two 3-month randomized controlled clinical trials","volume":"79","author":"Herring WJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Herring WJ, Connor KM, Ivgy-May N, et al.. Suvorexant in patients with insomnia: results from two 3-month randomized controlled clinical trials. Biol Psychiatry. 2016, 79:136-48. 10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.10.003","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Japan Meteorological Agency. Annual sunshine duration by prefecture. (2022). Accessed. July 15, 2025: https:\/\/www.data.jma.go.jp\/gmd\/risk\/obsdl\/index.php."},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Ministry of the Environment. UV index data. (2022). Accessed. July 15, 2025: https:\/\/www.data.jma.go.jp\/env\/uvindex\/en\/index.html?elem=0&amp;area=0&amp;lat=34.2&amp;lng=138.53&amp;zoom=5."},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Statistics Bureau of Japan. Population census. (2022). Accessed. July 15, 2025: http:\/\/\/\/www.stat.go.jp\/english\/data\/kokusei\/."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6738","article-title":"Using geographic information systems for exposure assessment in environmental epidemiology studies","volume":"112","author":"Nuckols JR","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nuckols JR, Ward MH, Jarup L. Using geographic information systems for exposure assessment in environmental epidemiology studies. Environ Health Perspect. 2004, 112:1007-15. 10.1289\/ehp.6738","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2012.244","article-title":"Investigation of the freely available easy-to-use software 'EZR' for medical statistics","volume":"48","author":"Kanda Y","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kanda Y. Investigation of the freely available easy-to-use software 'EZR' for medical statistics. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2013, 48:452-8. 10.1038\/bmt.2012.244","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"QGIS Development Team. (2025). Accessed. July 15, 2025: https:\/\/qgis.org."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-46814-x_51","article-title":"Melatonin as a marker and phase-resetter of circadian rhythms in humans","volume":"460","author":"Lewy AJ","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lewy AJ. Melatonin as a marker and phase-resetter of circadian rhythms in humans. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999, 460:425-34. 10.1007\/0-306-46814-x_51","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5204-4","article-title":"Neighborhood social capital and sleep duration: a population based cross-sectional study in a rural Japanese town","volume":"18","author":"Win T","year":"2018","unstructured":"Win T, Yamazaki T, Kanda K, Tajima K, Sokejima S. Neighborhood social capital and sleep duration: a population based cross-sectional study in a rural Japanese town. BMC Public Health. 2018, 18:343. 10.1186\/s12889-018-5204-4","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2012.762010","article-title":"Factors associated with shift work disorder in nurses working with rapid-rotation schedules in Japan: the nurses' sleep health project","volume":"30","author":"Asaoka S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Asaoka S, Aritake S, Komada Y, et al.. Factors associated with shift work disorder in nurses working with rapid-rotation schedules in Japan: the nurses' sleep health project. Chronobiol Int. 2013, 30:628-36. 10.3109\/07420528.2012.762010","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-021-00748-3","article-title":"Sleep-wake rhythm and its association with lifestyle, health-related quality of life and academic performance among Japanese nursing students: a cross-sectional study","volume":"20","author":"Kayaba M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kayaba M, Matsushita T, Katayama N, Inoue Y, Sasai-Sakuma T. Sleep-wake rhythm and its association with lifestyle, health-related quality of life and academic performance among Japanese nursing students: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nurs. 2021, 20:225. 10.1186\/s12912-021-00748-3","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041398","article-title":"Association between neighborhood environment and quality of sleep in older adult residents living in Japan: the JAGES 2010 cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Watanabe M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Watanabe M, Shobugawa Y, Tashiro A, et al.. Association between neighborhood environment and quality of sleep in older adult residents living in Japan: the JAGES 2010 cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020, 17:41398. 10.3390\/ijerph17041398","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/jcp.v67n0204","article-title":"The relationship between depression and sleep disturbances: a Japanese nationwide general population survey","volume":"67","author":"Kaneita Y","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kaneita Y, Ohida T, Uchiyama M, et al.. The relationship between depression and sleep disturbances: a Japanese nationwide general population survey. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006, 67:196-203. 10.4088\/jcp.v67n0204","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20200288","article-title":"History and profile of diagnosis procedure combination (DPC): development of a real data collection system for acute inpatient care in Japan","volume":"31","author":"Hayashida K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hayashida K, Murakami G, Matsuda S, Fushimi K. History and profile of diagnosis procedure combination (DPC): development of a real data collection system for acute inpatient care in Japan. J Epidemiol. 2021, 31:1-11. 10.2188\/jea.JE20200288","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. Overview of the FY2022 revision of medical fee schedule. (2022). Accessed. July 15, 2025: https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/english\/new-info\/2022.html."},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Variation in Health Care Spending: Target Decision Making, Not Geography","author":"Newhouse JP","year":"2013","unstructured":"Newhouse JP, Garber AM, Graham RP, et al.. Variation in Health Care Spending: Target Decision Making, Not Geography. National Academies Press, Washington (DC); 2013."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3210-y","article-title":"Regional variation in health care utilization in Sweden - the importance of demand-side factors","volume":"18","author":"Johansson N","year":"2018","unstructured":"Johansson N, Jakobsson N, Svensson M. Regional variation in health care utilization in Sweden - the importance of demand-side factors. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018, 18:403. 10.1186\/s12913-018-3210-y","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1104816","article-title":"Sources of regional variation in Medicare Part D drug spending","volume":"366","author":"Donohue JM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Donohue JM, Morden NE, Gellad WF, Bynum JP, Zhou W, Hanlon JT, Skinner J. Sources of regional variation in Medicare Part D drug spending. N Engl J Med. 2012, 366:530-8. 10.1056\/NEJMsa1104816","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1010220","article-title":"Geographic variation in the quality of prescribing","volume":"363","author":"Zhang Y","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Baicker K, Newhouse JP. Geographic variation in the quality of prescribing. N Engl J Med. 2010, 363:1985-8. 10.1056\/NEJMp1010220","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.01.024","article-title":"Impact of lemborexant treatment on insomnia severity: analyses from a 12-month study of adults with insomnia disorder","volume":"90","author":"Roth T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Roth T, Rosenberg R, Morin CM, et al.. Impact of lemborexant treatment on insomnia severity: analyses from a 12-month study of adults with insomnia disorder. Sleep Med. 2022, 90:249-57. 10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.01.024","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6800","article-title":"Lemborexant, a dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) for the treatment of insomnia disorder: results from a Bayesian, adaptive, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"13","author":"Murphy P","year":"2017","unstructured":"Murphy P, Moline M, Mayleben D, et al.. Lemborexant, a dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) for the treatment of insomnia disorder: results from a Bayesian, adaptive, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2017, 13:1289-99. 10.5664\/jcsm.6800","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101573","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of dual orexin receptor antagonists in primary insomnia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Xue T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xue T, Wu X, Chen S, et al.. The efficacy and safety of dual orexin receptor antagonists in primary insomnia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2022, 61:101573. 10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101573","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.18254","article-title":"Comparison of lemborexant and placebo in the treatment of older adults with insomnia disorder: a phase 3 randomized clinical trial","volume":"2","author":"Rosenberg R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rosenberg R, Murphy P, Zammit G, et al.. Comparison of lemborexant and placebo in the treatment of older adults with insomnia disorder: a phase 3 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2019, 2:e1918254. 10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.18254","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pu.16.050195.000425","article-title":"Ecologic studies in epidemiology: concepts, principles, and methods","volume":"16","author":"Morgenstern H","year":"1995","unstructured":"Morgenstern H. Ecologic studies in epidemiology: concepts, principles, and methods. Annu Rev Public Health. 1995, 16:61-81. 10.1146\/annurev.pu.16.050195.000425","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3940","article-title":"Distributed lag non-linear models","volume":"29","author":"Gasparrini A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gasparrini A, Armstrong B, Kenward MG. Distributed lag non-linear models. Stat Med. 2010, 29:2224-34. 10.1002\/sim.3940","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"International ethical guidelines for health-related research involving humans. (2016). Accessed. July 15, 2025: https:\/\/cioms.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/WEB-CIOMS-EthicalGuidelines.pdf."},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Survey of medical institutions and hospital report. (2022). Accessed. July 15, 2025: https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/toukei\/saikin\/hw\/iryosd\/22\/."}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/434179-a-pharmacoepidemiological-indicator-for-detecting-potential-regional-overuse-of-hypnotics-in-japan-a-cross-sectional-study","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]],"date-time":"2025-11-16T11:50:38Z","timestamp":1763293838000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/434179-a-pharmacoepidemiological-indicator-for-detecting-potential-regional-overuse-of-hypnotics-in-japan-a-cross-sectional-study"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]]},"references-count":40,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.96960","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]]}}}