{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T04:39:49Z","timestamp":1763354389370,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.97003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T04:37:38Z","timestamp":1763354258000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Progressive Cerebral Atrophy and Cognitive Decline Without Cerebral Lesion in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Susumu","family":"Fujikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fumitaka","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masaya","family":"Honda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michiaki","family":"Koga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Nakamori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(03)00308-9","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis in the Japanese population","volume":"2","author":"Kira J","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kira J. Multiple sclerosis in the Japanese population. Lancet Neurol. 2003, 2:117-27. 10.1016\/s1474-4422(03)00308-9","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(04)17551-x","article-title":"A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis","volume":"364","author":"Lennon VA","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lennon VA, Wingerchuk DM, Kryzer TJ, et al.. A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 2004, 364:2106-12. 10.1016\/s0140-6736(04)17551-x","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25463","article-title":"Silent progression in disease activity-free relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"85","author":"Cree BA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cree BA, Hollenbach JA, Bove R, et al.. Silent progression in disease activity-free relapsing multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2019, 85:653-66. 10.1002\/ana.25463","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-5108-4","article-title":"Quantification and clinical relevance of brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis: a review","volume":"256","author":"Grassiot B","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grassiot B, Desgranges B, Eustache F, Defer G. Quantification and clinical relevance of brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis: a review. J Neurol. 2009, 256:1397-412. 10.1007\/s00415-009-5108-4","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws109","article-title":"Prognostic factors and disease course in aquaporin-4 antibody-positive patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder from the United Kingdom and Japan","volume":"135","author":"Kitley J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kitley J, Leite MI, Nakashima I, et al.. Prognostic factors and disease course in aquaporin-4 antibody-positive patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder from the United Kingdom and Japan. Brain. 2012, 135:1834-49. 10.1093\/brain\/aws109","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000254502.87233.9a","article-title":"A secondary progressive clinical course is uncommon in neuromyelitis optica","volume":"68","author":"Wingerchuk DM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wingerchuk DM, Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF, Lennon VA, Weinshenker BG. A secondary progressive clinical course is uncommon in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology. 2007, 68:603-5. 10.1212\/01.wnl.0000254502.87233.9a","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23721","article-title":"Cognitive impairment and cortical degeneration in neuromyelitis optica","volume":"73","author":"Saji E","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saji E, Arakawa M, Yanagawa K, et al.. Cognitive impairment and cortical degeneration in neuromyelitis optica. Ann Neurol. 2013, 73:65-76. 10.1002\/ana.23721","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13011","article-title":"Widespread cortical thinning in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"23","author":"Kim SH","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim SH, Kwak K, Hyun JW, et al.. Widespread cortical thinning in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Eur J Neurol. 2016, 23:1165-73. 10.1111\/ene.13011","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-326386","article-title":"Silent progression of brain atrophy in aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"93","author":"Masuda H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Masuda H, Mori M, Hirano S, et al.. Silent progression of brain atrophy in aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2022, 93:32-40. 10.1136\/jnnp-2021-326386","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"The revised Hasegawa's Dementia Scale (HDS-R)--- evaluation of its usefulness as a screening test for dementia","volume":"4","author":"Imai Y","year":"1994","unstructured":"Imai Y, Hasegawa K. The revised Hasegawa's Dementia Scale (HDS-R)--- evaluation of its usefulness as a screening test for dementia. East Asia Arch Pshych. 1994, 4:20-4.","journal-title":"East Asia Arch Pshych"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"WAIS-IV Administration and Scoring Manual","author":"Wechsler D","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wechsler D. WAIS-IV Administration and Scoring Manual. PsychCorp, London, UK; 2008."},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Wisconsin Card Sorting Test manual","author":"Heaton RK","year":"1993","unstructured":"Heaton RK, Chelune GJ, Talley JL, Kay GG, Curtiss G. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test manual. Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa, FL; 1993."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515600246","article-title":"Progressive cerebral atrophy in neuromyelitis optica","volume":"21","author":"Warabi Y","year":"2015","unstructured":"Warabi Y, Takahashi T, Isozaki E. Progressive cerebral atrophy in neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler. 2015, 21:1872-5. 10.1177\/1352458515600246","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-016-0685-3","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction and behavioral abnormalities in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: report of a case with cortical gray matter involvement and frontotemporal atrophy","volume":"117","author":"Wang Y","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang Y, Zhang B, Dai Y, Yang Y, Lu Z. Cognitive dysfunction and behavioral abnormalities in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: report of a case with cortical gray matter involvement and frontotemporal atrophy. Acta Neurol Belg. 2017, 117:409-11. 10.1007\/s13760-016-0685-3","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38893-1","article-title":"Higher longitudinal brain white matter atrophy rate in aquaporin-4 IgG-positive NMOSD compared with healthy controls","volume":"13","author":"Masuda H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Masuda H, Mori M, Hirano S, et al.. Higher longitudinal brain white matter atrophy rate in aquaporin-4 IgG-positive NMOSD compared with healthy controls. Sci Rep. 2023, 13:12631. 10.1038\/s41598-023-38893-1","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr093","article-title":"Disability, atrophy and cortical reorganization following spinal cord injury","volume":"134","author":"Freund P","year":"2011","unstructured":"Freund P, Weiskopf N, Ward NS, et al.. Disability, atrophy and cortical reorganization following spinal cord injury. Brain. 2011, 134:1610-22. 10.1093\/brain\/awr093","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2037","article-title":"Cortical morphometric changes associated with completeness, level, and duration of spinal cord injury in humans: a case-control study","volume":"11","author":"Guo Y","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guo Y, Gao F, Guo H, et al.. Cortical morphometric changes associated with completeness, level, and duration of spinal cord injury in humans: a case-control study. Brain Behav. 2021, 11:e02037. 10.1002\/brb3.2037","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73001-7","article-title":"The superior frontal longitudinal tract: a connection between the dorsal premotor and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortices","volume":"10","author":"Bakhit M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bakhit M, Fujii M, Hiruta R, Yamada M, Iwami K, Sato T, Saito K. The superior frontal longitudinal tract: a connection between the dorsal premotor and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. Sci Rep. 2020, 10:15855. 10.1038\/s41598-020-73001-7","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105395","article-title":"Massive body-brain disconnection consequent to spinal cord injuries drives profound changes in higher-order cognitive and emotional functions: a PRISMA scoping review","volume":"154","author":"Moro V","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moro V, Beccherle M, Scandola M, Aglioti SM. Massive body-brain disconnection consequent to spinal cord injuries drives profound changes in higher-order cognitive and emotional functions: a PRISMA scoping review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2023, 154:105395. 10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105395","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/393262-progressive-cerebral-atrophy-and-cognitive-decline-without-cerebral-lesion-in-neuromyelitis-optica-spectrum-disorder-a-case-report","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T04:37:39Z","timestamp":1763354259000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/393262-progressive-cerebral-atrophy-and-cognitive-decline-without-cerebral-lesion-in-neuromyelitis-optica-spectrum-disorder-a-case-report"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]]},"references-count":19,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.97003","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]]}}}