{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]],"date-time":"2025-11-23T15:39:51Z","timestamp":1763912391852,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.97561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]],"date-time":"2025-11-23T15:37:33Z","timestamp":1763912253000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Defining \u2018Normal\u2019 Liver Function Tests"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Priscilla","family":"Chong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dhanushan","family":"Gnanendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu Xiang","family":"Gao-Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Millson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.1061","article-title":"Global epidemiology of chronic liver disease","volume":"17","author":"Cheemerla S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheemerla S, Balakrishnan M. Global epidemiology of chronic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken). 2021, 17:365-70. 10.1002\/cld.1061","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken)"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i26.4166","article-title":"Mortality from chronic liver disease: recent trends and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"29","author":"Fedeli U","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fedeli U, Barbiellini Amidei C, Casotto V, Grande E, Saia M, Zanetto A, Russo FP. Mortality from chronic liver disease: recent trends and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. World J Gastroenterol. 2023, 29:4166-73. 10.3748\/wjg.v29.i26.4166","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.57162","article-title":"Navigating cirrhosis: a comprehensive review of liver scoring systems for diagnosis and prognosis","volume":"16","author":"Kotak PS","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kotak PS, Kumar J, Kumar S, Varma A, Acharya S. Navigating cirrhosis: a comprehensive review of liver scoring systems for diagnosis and prognosis. Cureus. 2024, 16:e57162. 10.7759\/cureus.57162","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-17948-6","article-title":"Global burden of liver cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases caused by specific etiologies from 1990 to 2019","volume":"24","author":"Wu XN","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu XN, Xue F, Zhang N, et al.. Global burden of liver cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases caused by specific etiologies from 1990 to 2019. BMC Public Health. 2024, 24:363. 10.1186\/s12889-024-17948-6","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CEG.S160537","article-title":"Liver function tests in identifying patients with liver disease","volume":"11","author":"Ahmed Z","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahmed Z, Ahmed U, Walayat S, et al.. Liver function tests in identifying patients with liver disease. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2018, 11:301-7. 10.2147\/CEG.S160537","journal-title":"Clin Exp Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.08.048","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and liver: opportunities and barriers","volume":"55","author":"Balsano C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Balsano C, Burra P, Duvoux C, Alisi A, Piscaglia F, Gerussi A. Artificial intelligence and liver: opportunities and barriers. Dig Liver Dis. 2023, 55:1455-61. 10.1016\/j.dld.2023.08.048","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Liver function tests","author":"Lala V","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lala V, Minter DA, Zubair M. Liver function tests. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2023."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314924","article-title":"Guidelines on the management of abnormal liver blood tests","volume":"67","author":"Newsome PN","year":"2018","unstructured":"Newsome PN, Cramb R, Davison SM, et al.. Guidelines on the management of abnormal liver blood tests. Gut. 2018, 67:6-19. 10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314924","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2009.9","article-title":"Defining laboratory reference values and decision limits: populations, intervals, and interpretations","volume":"12","author":"Boyd JC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Boyd JC. Defining laboratory reference values and decision limits: populations, intervals, and interpretations. Asian J Androl. 2010, 12:83-90. 10.1038\/aja.2009.9","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60383-9","article-title":"Liver cirrhosis","volume":"371","author":"Schuppan D","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schuppan D, Afdhal NH. Liver cirrhosis. Lancet. 2008, 371:838-51. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60383-9","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2021.11.004","article-title":"Value of liver function tests in cirrhosis","volume":"12","author":"Sharma P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharma P. Value of liver function tests in cirrhosis. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2022, 12:948-64. 10.1016\/j.jceh.2021.11.004","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cirrhosis in over 16s. assessment and management (update). Evidence review for the use of antibiotics to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. NICE guideline NG50. (2023). Accessed: 20\/11\/25: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng50\/evidence\/b-use-of-antibiotics-to-prevent-spontaneous-bacterial-peritonitis-pdf-...."},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). assessment and management NICE guideline. (2016). Accessed: 20\/11\/25: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng49\/resources\/nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-nafld-assessment-and-management-pdf-...."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","article-title":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","volume":"310","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013, 310:2191-4. 10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(88)80022-2","article-title":"Ratio of serum aspartate to alanine aminotransferase in chronic hepatitis. Relationship to cirrhosis","volume":"95","author":"Williams ALB","year":"1988","unstructured":"Williams ALB, Hoofnagle JH. Ratio of serum aspartate to alanine aminotransferase in chronic hepatitis. Relationship to cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 1988, 95:734-9. 10.1016\/S0016-5085(88)80022-2","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2022.100557","article-title":"The ALBI score: from liver function in patients with HCC to a general measure of liver function","volume":"4","author":"Toyoda H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Toyoda H, Johnson PJ. The ALBI score: from liver function in patients with HCC to a general measure of liver function. JHEP Rep. 2022, 4:100557. 10.1016\/j.jhepr.2022.100557","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12172129","article-title":"Liver injury and regeneration: current understanding, new approaches, and future perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Hora S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hora S, Wuestefeld T. Liver injury and regeneration: current understanding, new approaches, and future perspectives. Cells. 2023, 12:2129. 10.3390\/cells12172129","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1040752","article-title":"Liver enzyme alteration: a guide for clinicians","volume":"172","author":"Giannini EG","year":"2005","unstructured":"Giannini EG, Testa R, Savarino V. Liver enzyme alteration: a guide for clinicians. CMAJ. 2005, 172:367-79. 10.1503\/cmaj.1040752","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.01.046","article-title":"Influence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with increased liver enzyme levels on the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Huang YH","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang YH, Chan C, Lee HW, et al.. Influence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with increased liver enzyme levels on the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023, 21:960-9.e1. 10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.01.046","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.2.218","article-title":"Validity and clinical utility of the aspartate aminotransferase-alanine aminotransferase ratio in assessing disease severity and prognosis in patients with hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease","volume":"163","author":"Giannini E","year":"2003","unstructured":"Giannini E, Risso D, Botta F, et al.. Validity and clinical utility of the aspartate aminotransferase-alanine aminotransferase ratio in assessing disease severity and prognosis in patients with hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease. Arch Intern Med. 2003, 163:218-24. 10.1001\/archinte.163.2.218","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.02.021","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence, and clinical significance of abnormal hematologic indices in compensated cirrhosis","volume":"7","author":"Qamar AA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Qamar AA, Grace ND, Groszmann RJ, et al.. Incidence, prevalence, and clinical significance of abnormal hematologic indices in compensated cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009, 7:689-95. 10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.02.021","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.57.9151","article-title":"Assessment of liver function in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a new evidence-based approach-the ALBI grade","volume":"33","author":"Johnson PJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Johnson PJ, Berhane S, Kagebayashi C, et al.. Assessment of liver function in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a new evidence-based approach-the ALBI grade. J Clin Oncol. 2015, 33:550-8. 10.1200\/JCO.2014.57.9151","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.10.001","article-title":"Elastography, spleen size, and platelet count identify portal hypertension in patients with compensated cirrhosis","volume":"144","author":"Berzigotti A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berzigotti A, Seijo S, Arena U, et al.. Elastography, spleen size, and platelet count identify portal hypertension in patients with compensated cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2013, 144:102-11.e1. 10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.10.001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.28005.2","article-title":"Platelet count can predict the grade of esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients: a cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Afsar A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Afsar A, Nadeem M, Shah SA, Hussain H, Rani A, Ghaffar S. Platelet count can predict the grade of esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients: a cross-sectional study. F1000Res. 2021, 10:101. 10.12688\/f1000research.28005.2","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/flgastro-2016-100729","article-title":"Virtual touch quantification (VTq) elastography for non-invasive assessment of liver disease and its complications: what the clinician needs to know","volume":"8","author":"Sherman D","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sherman D, Lung P, Shorvon P. Virtual touch quantification (VTq) elastography for non-invasive assessment of liver disease and its complications: what the clinician needs to know. Frontline Gastroenterol. 2017, 8:37-44. 10.1136\/flgastro-2016-100729","journal-title":"Frontline Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/430459-defining-normal-liver-function-tests","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]],"date-time":"2025-11-23T15:37:34Z","timestamp":1763912254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/430459-defining-normal-liver-function-tests"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]]},"references-count":25,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.97561","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]]}}}