{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T15:37:44Z","timestamp":1783611464036,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.97854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T14:02:16Z","timestamp":1764165736000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Management of Fracture Non-union in Children: A Literature Review With Two Case Studies"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Hani","family":"Moosavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Curtis-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Dragonas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Birkett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Britten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Manoukian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Bone nonunion","author":"Thomas JD","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thomas JD, Kehoe JL. Bone nonunion. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2023."},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Non-unions","volume":"14","author":"Calori GM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Calori GM, Mazza EL, Mazzola S, Colombo A, Giardina F, Roman\u00f2 F, Colombo M. Non-unions. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab. 2017, 14:186-8.","journal-title":"Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.10.043","article-title":"Infected tibial nonunion in children: is radical debridement mandatory?","volume":"50","author":"Hosny GA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hosny GA, Ahmed AA. Infected tibial nonunion in children: is radical debridement mandatory?. Injury. 2019, 50:590-7. 10.1016\/j.injury.2018.10.043","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-013-0521-8","article-title":"The risk of non-union per fracture in children","volume":"7","author":"Mills LA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mills LA, Simpson AH. The risk of non-union per fracture in children. J Child Orthop. 2013, 7:317-22. 10.1007\/s11832-013-0521-8","journal-title":"J Child Orthop"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011691","article-title":"Risk factors for nonunion of bone fracture in pediatric patients: an inception cohort study of 237,033 fractures","volume":"97","author":"Zura R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zura R, Kaste SC, Heffernan MJ, Accousti WK, Gargiulo D, Wang Z, Steen RG. Risk factors for nonunion of bone fracture in pediatric patients: an inception cohort study of 237,033 fractures. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018, 97:e11691. 10.1097\/MD.0000000000011691","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-020-01556-1","article-title":"Pediatric aseptic lower leg fracture nonunion","volume":"47","author":"von R\u00fcden C","year":"2020","unstructured":"von R\u00fcden C, Dietz SO, Schmittenbecher P, et al.. Pediatric aseptic lower leg fracture nonunion. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2020, 47:303-11. 10.1007\/s00068-020-01556-1","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-021-01609-z","article-title":"Nonunion of fractures in children","volume":"47","author":"Schmittenbecher P","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schmittenbecher P. Nonunion of fractures in children. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2021, 47:281-2. 10.1007\/s00068-021-01609-z","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.5.190037","article-title":"Nonunion - consensus from the 4th annual meeting of the Danish Orthopaedic Trauma Society","volume":"5","author":"Schmal H","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schmal H, Brix M, Bue M, et al.. Nonunion - consensus from the 4th annual meeting of the Danish Orthopaedic Trauma Society. EFORT Open Rev. 2020, 5:46-57. 10.1302\/2058-5241.5.190037","journal-title":"EFORT Open Rev"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.129085","article-title":"State of the nonunion: a review of the latest literature","volume":"17","author":"Ghanem W","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ghanem W, Ezzeddine H, Saad R, et al.. State of the nonunion: a review of the latest literature. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2025, 17:129085. 10.52965\/001c.129085","journal-title":"Orthop Rev (Pavia)"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1758573217701107","article-title":"Diagnosis, management and complications of distal humerus lateral condyle fractures in children","volume":"10","author":"Shaerf DA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shaerf DA, Vanhegan IS, Dattani R. Diagnosis, management and complications of distal humerus lateral condyle fractures in children. Shoulder Elbow. 2017, 10:114-20. 10.1177\/1758573217701107","journal-title":"Shoulder Elbow"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-021-01613-3","article-title":"Failure analysis and recommendations for treatment of posttraumatic non-unions of the distal humerus during childhood","volume":"47","author":"Sommerfeldt DW","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sommerfeldt DW, Schmittenbecher PP. Failure analysis and recommendations for treatment of posttraumatic non-unions of the distal humerus during childhood. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2021, 47:313-24. 10.1007\/s00068-021-01613-3","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Comparative study on the management of neglected lateral condyle humerus fracture in children: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Garg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garg, V, Kumar S, Singh V, Pathak A, Saraf SK. Comparative study on the management of neglected lateral condyle humerus fracture in children: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Health Clin Res. 2022, 5:280-5.","journal-title":"Int J Health Clin Res"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/jost.v8i2.9309","article-title":"The contributing factors of nonunion bone fractures: a brief review","volume":"8","author":"Zafari H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zafari H, Moein SA, Razzaghof M, Mortazavi SJ. The contributing factors of nonunion bone fractures: a brief review. J Orthop Spine Trauma. 2022, 8:44-7. 10.18502\/jost.v8i2.9309","journal-title":"J Orthop Spine Trauma"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Atrophic non-union with severe osteolysis of the radius in a healthy child: successful rescue surgery. Management with fibular allograft and autograft growth factors in a paediatric patient","volume":"8","author":"Priano D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Priano D, D'Errico M, Peretto L, Memeo A. Atrophic non-union with severe osteolysis of the radius in a healthy child: successful rescue surgery. Management with fibular allograft and autograft growth factors in a paediatric patient. Pediatr Traumatol Orthop Reconstr Surg. 2020, 8:461-6.","journal-title":"Pediatr Traumatol Orthop Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcr.2022.100616","article-title":"Single stage open reduction, intramedullary rod, bone grafting, and plate fixation for managing adolescent midshaft femoral fracture non-union, report of two cases","volume":"38","author":"Refai O","year":"2022","unstructured":"Refai O, Khalifa AA. Single stage open reduction, intramedullary rod, bone grafting, and plate fixation for managing adolescent midshaft femoral fracture non-union, report of two cases. Trauma Case Rep. 2022, 38:100616. 10.1016\/j.tcr.2022.100616","journal-title":"Trauma Case Rep"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13107\/jocr.2022.v12.i03.2704","article-title":"Autologous wrapping fibular strut graft and iliac bone graft for the treatment of septic non-union of pediatric ulnar fracture: a case report","volume":"12","author":"Wankhade AM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wankhade AM, Aiyer S, Salve A, Bava S, Nahatkar T, Koshire SR. Autologous wrapping fibular strut graft and iliac bone graft for the treatment of septic non-union of pediatric ulnar fracture: a case report. J Orthop Case Rep. 2022, 12:30-3. 10.13107\/jocr.2022.v12.i03.2704","journal-title":"J Orthop Case Rep"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.6.PEDS1562","article-title":"Allograft versus autograft for pediatric posterior cervical and occipito-cervical fusion: a systematic review of factors affecting fusion rates","volume":"17","author":"Reintjes SL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reintjes SL, Amankwah EK, Rodriguez LF, Carey CC, Tuite GF. Allograft versus autograft for pediatric posterior cervical and occipito-cervical fusion: a systematic review of factors affecting fusion rates. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2016, 17:187-202.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2019.10.048","article-title":"Scaphoid nonunions in adolescents: treatment with vascularized bone grafts","volume":"50","author":"Koutalos AA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Koutalos AA, Papatheodorou L, Kontogeorgakos V, Varitimidis SE, Malizos KN, Dailiana ZH. Scaphoid nonunions in adolescents: treatment with vascularized bone grafts. Injury. 2019, 50:S50-3. 10.1016\/j.injury.2019.10.048","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.29659","article-title":"A comparative study of treatment with external fixator versus antibiotic coated intramedullary nail in infected non-union long bones","volume":"14","author":"Bakshi AS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bakshi AS, Singh A, Kaur H, Kaur G, Singh J. A comparative study of treatment with external fixator versus antibiotic coated intramedullary nail in infected non-union long bones. Cureus. 2022, 14:e29659. 10.7759\/cureus.29659","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-008-0695-4","article-title":"Modified Pauwels' intertrochanteric osteotomy in neglected femoral neck fracture","volume":"467","author":"Magu NK","year":"2009","unstructured":"Magu NK, Rohilla R, Singh R, Tater R. Modified Pauwels' intertrochanteric osteotomy in neglected femoral neck fracture. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009, 467:1064-73. 10.1007\/s11999-008-0695-4","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36347\/sasjs.2023.v09i02.013","article-title":"Valgus osteotomy for non-union fracture neck of femur in a child: a case report","volume":"2","author":"Sarkar A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sarkar A, Sahni S, Sen B. Valgus osteotomy for non-union fracture neck of femur in a child: a case report. SAS J Surg. 2023, 2:122-4. 10.36347\/sasjs.2023.v09i02.013","journal-title":"SAS J Surg"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Non-wedge technique for valgus subtrochanteric osteotomy in pediatric femoral neck non-union","volume":"5","author":"Ahmad S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahmad S, Qadir I, Mazari J, Aziz A. Non-wedge technique for valgus subtrochanteric osteotomy in pediatric femoral neck non-union. Asian J Orthop Res. 2022, 5:263-9.","journal-title":"Asian J Orthop Res"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2016.10.014","article-title":"Non-union fracture neck femur in a toddler: reconstructed by valgus osteotomy - a minimally invasive approach","volume":"7","author":"Sharma A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sharma A, Tiwari A, Verma T, Maini L. Non-union fracture neck femur in a toddler: reconstructed by valgus osteotomy - a minimally invasive approach. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2016, 7:8-11. 10.1016\/j.jcot.2016.10.014","journal-title":"J Clin Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5301\/hipint.5000382","article-title":"Nonunion paediatric femoral neck fracture treatment without open reduction","volume":"26","author":"Eamsobhana P","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eamsobhana P, Keawpornsawan K. Nonunion paediatric femoral neck fracture treatment without open reduction. Hip Int. 2016, 26:608-11. 10.5301\/hipint.5000382","journal-title":"Hip Int"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2018.05.002","article-title":"Molecular pathogenesis of fracture nonunion","volume":"14","author":"Ding ZC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ding ZC, Lin YK, Gan YK, Tang TT. Molecular pathogenesis of fracture nonunion. J Orthop Translat. 2018, 14:45-56. 10.1016\/j.jot.2018.05.002","journal-title":"J Orthop Translat"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.2095-4344.1888","article-title":"Meta-analysis of bone morphogenetic protein versus autologous bone grafting for limb long bone nonunion","volume":"24","author":"Xie C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xie C, Yu C, Wang W, Wang C, Yin D. Meta-analysis of bone morphogenetic protein versus autologous bone grafting for limb long bone nonunion. Chin J Tissue Eng Res. 2020, 24:803-10. 10.3969\/j.issn.2095-4344.1888","journal-title":"Chin J Tissue Eng Res"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10194597","article-title":"Effect of bone morphogenetic protein-2 in the treatment of long bone non-unions","volume":"10","author":"Fuchs T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fuchs T, Stolberg-Stolberg J, Michel PA, Garcia P, Amler S, W\u00e4hnert D, Raschke MJ. Effect of bone morphogenetic protein-2 in the treatment of long bone non-unions. J Clin Med. 2021, 10:4597. 10.3390\/jcm10194597","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.11.PEDS19622","article-title":"Use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein for revision cervical spine fusion in children with Down syndrome: a case series","volume":"25","author":"Cohen LL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cohen LL, Yang BW, O'Neill NP, Proctor MR, Glotzbecker MP, Hedequist DJ. Use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein for revision cervical spine fusion in children with Down syndrome: a case series. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2020, 25:535-9. 10.3171\/2019.11.PEDS19622","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01058","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo osteogenesis induced by icariin and bone morphogenetic protein-2: a dynamic observation","volume":"11","author":"Xie L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xie L, Liu N, Xiao Y, Liu Y, Yan C, Wang G, Jing X. In vitro and in vivo osteogenesis induced by icariin and bone morphogenetic protein-2: a dynamic observation. Front Pharmacol. 2020, 11:1058. 10.3389\/fphar.2020.01058","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/400568-management-of-fracture-non-union-in-children-a-literature-review-with-two-case-studies","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T14:02:19Z","timestamp":1764165739000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/400568-management-of-fracture-non-union-in-children-a-literature-review-with-two-case-studies"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"references-count":29,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.97854","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]}}}