{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T02:35:31Z","timestamp":1790044531807,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.98103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T23:01:08Z","timestamp":1764457268000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Polycystic Ovary Syndrome-Associated Acne: The Interplay of Hyperandrogenism, Insulin Resistance, and Therapeutic Strategies"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Eftichia","family":"Damoulaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimos","family":"Sioutis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaia","family":"Sarli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eutychios","family":"Trakakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Mastorakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Katoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Kastrinakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Koratzanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Machairiotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Periklis","family":"Panagopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrysi","family":"Christodoulaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2017.10.006","article-title":"A review of diagnosis and treatment of acne in adult female patients","volume":"4","author":"Tan AU","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tan AU, Schlosser BJ, Paller AS. A review of diagnosis and treatment of acne in adult female patients. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2018, 4:56-71. 10.1016\/j.ijwd.2017.10.006","journal-title":"Int J Womens Dermatol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21081063","article-title":"Treatment modalities for acne","volume":"21","author":"Fox L","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fox L, Csongradi C, Aucamp M, du Plessis J, Gerber M. Treatment modalities for acne. Molecules. 2016, 21:1063. 10.3390\/molecules21081063","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2011.09.001","article-title":"Acne vulgaris: pathogenesis, treatment, and needs assessment","volume":"30","author":"Knutsen-Larson S","year":"2012","unstructured":"Knutsen-Larson S, Dawson AL, Dunnick CA, Dellavalle RP. Acne vulgaris: pathogenesis, treatment, and needs assessment. Dermatol Clin. 2012, 30:99-106, viii-ix. 10.1016\/j.det.2011.09.001","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2023.101578","article-title":"Acne vulgaris: A review of the pathophysiology, treatment, and recent nanotechnology based advances","volume":"36","author":"Vasam M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vasam M, Korutla S, Bohara RA. Acne vulgaris: A review of the pathophysiology, treatment, and recent nanotechnology based advances. Biochem Biophys Rep. 2023, 36:101578. 10.1016\/j.bbrep.2023.101578","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Rep"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humic.2017.05.001","article-title":"The emerging principles for acne biogenesis: a dermatological problem of puberty","volume":"4","author":"Qidwai A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qidwai A, Pandey M, Pathak S. The emerging principles for acne biogenesis: a dermatological problem of puberty. Hum Microb J. 2017, 4:7-13. 10.1016\/j.humic.2017.05.001","journal-title":"Hum Microb J"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020303","article-title":"Cutibacterium acnes as an opportunistic pathogen: an update of its virulence-associated factors","volume":"9","author":"Mayslich C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mayslich C, Grange PA, Dupin N. Cutibacterium acnes as an opportunistic pathogen: an update of its virulence-associated factors. Microorganisms. 2021, 9:303. 10.3390\/microorganisms9020303","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.ijd_655_22","article-title":"Development of novel topical anti-acne cream containing postbiotics for mild-to-moderate acne: an observational study","volume":"67","author":"Cui H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cui H, Feng C, Guo C, Duan Z. Development of novel topical anti-acne cream containing postbiotics for mild-to-moderate acne: an observational study. Indian J Dermatol. 2022, 67:667-73. 10.4103\/ijd.ijd_655_22","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11247535","article-title":"Acne vulgaris\u2014novel treatment options and factors affecting therapy adherence: a narrative review","volume":"11","author":"Tobiasz A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tobiasz A, Nowicka D, Szepietowski JC. Acne vulgaris\u2014novel treatment options and factors affecting therapy adherence: a narrative review. J Clin Med. 2022, 11:7535. 10.3390\/jcm11247535","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11082294","article-title":"Insulin resistance in patients with acne vulgaris","volume":"11","author":"Gruszczy\u0144ska M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gruszczy\u0144ska M, Sadowska-Przytocka A, Szybiak W, Wi\u0119ckowska B, Lacka K. Insulin resistance in patients with acne vulgaris. Biomedicines. 2023, 11:2294. 10.3390\/biomedicines11082294","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-022-02625-7","article-title":"A brief insight into the etiology, genetics, and immunology of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)","volume":"39","author":"Siddiqui S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Siddiqui S, Mateen S, Ahmad R, Moin S. A brief insight into the etiology, genetics, and immunology of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). J Assist Reprod Genet. 2022, 39:2439-73. 10.1007\/s10815-022-02625-7","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000038647","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome and its multidimensional impacts on women\u2019s mental health: A narrative review","volume":"103","author":"Almhmoud H","year":"2024","unstructured":"Almhmoud H, Alatassi L, Baddoura M, Sandouk J, Alkayali MZ, Najjar H, Zaino B. Polycystic ovary syndrome and its multidimensional impacts on women\u2019s mental health: A narrative review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2024, 103:e38647. 10.1097\/MD.0000000000038647","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718002076","article-title":"Depression, anxiety and perceived stress in women with and without PCOS: a community-based study","volume":"49","author":"Damone AL","year":"2019","unstructured":"Damone AL, Joham AE, Loxton D, Earnest A, Teede HJ, Moran LJ. Depression, anxiety and perceived stress in women with and without PCOS: a community-based study. Psychol Med. 2019, 49:1510-20. 10.1017\/S0033291718002076","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-024-02064-7","article-title":"Investigating the effect of endometrial thickness changes and compaction on the fertility rate of patients undergoing art: a prospective study","volume":"75","author":"Etezadi A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Etezadi A, Aghahosseini M, Aleyassin A, Hosseinimousa S, Najafian A, Sarvi F, Nashtaee MS. Investigating the effect of endometrial thickness changes and compaction on the fertility rate of patients undergoing art: a prospective study. J Obstet Gynaecol India. 2025, 75:198-205. 10.1007\/s13224-024-02064-7","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol India"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092700","article-title":"The prevalence and impact of polycystic ovary syndrome in recurrent miscarriage: a retrospective cohort study and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Mayrhofer D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mayrhofer D, Hager M, Walch K, et al.. The prevalence and impact of polycystic ovary syndrome in recurrent miscarriage: a retrospective cohort study and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2020, 9:2700. 10.3390\/jcm9092700","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246743","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome and extremely preterm birth: A nationwide register-based study","volume":"16","author":"Valgeirsdottir H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Valgeirsdottir H, Sundstr\u00f6m Poromaa I, Kunovac Kallak T, et al.. Polycystic ovary syndrome and extremely preterm birth: A nationwide register-based study. PLoS One. 2021, 16:e0246743. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0246743","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/ijamh-2021-0073","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome and infertility: an update","volume":"34","author":"Zehravi M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zehravi M, Maqbool M, Ara I. Polycystic ovary syndrome and infertility: an update. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2021, 34:1-9. 10.1515\/ijamh-2021-0073","journal-title":"Int J Adolesc Med Health"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-024-07607-x","article-title":"Global prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in women worldwide: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"310","author":"Salari N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salari N, Nankali A, Ghanbari A, Jafarpour S, Ghasemi H, Dokaneheifard S, Mohammadi M. Global prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in women worldwide: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2024, 310:1303-14. 10.1007\/s00404-024-07607-x","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2020.10.002","article-title":"Diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome: which criteria to use and when?","volume":"50","author":"Chang S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chang S, Dunaif A. Diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome: which criteria to use and when?. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2021, 50:11-23. 10.1016\/j.ecl.2020.10.002","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1735259","article-title":"The need to reassess the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a review of diagnostic recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of PCOS","volume":"39","author":"Kiconco S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kiconco S, Teede HJ, Azziz R, Norman RJ, Joham AE. The need to reassess the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a review of diagnostic recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of PCOS. Semin Reprod Med. 2021, 39:71-7. 10.1055\/s-0041-1735259","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13061113","article-title":"Current guidelines for diagnosing PCOS","volume":"13","author":"Christ JP","year":"2023","unstructured":"Christ JP, Cedars MI. Current guidelines for diagnosing PCOS. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023, 13:1113. 10.3390\/diagnostics13061113","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endmts.2025.100228","article-title":"The last update on PCOS: diagnosis criteria and novel treatment.","volume":"17","author":"Ghafari A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ghafari A, Maftoohi M, Samarin ME, Barani S, Banimohammad M, Samie R. The last update on PCOS: diagnosis criteria and novel treatment. . Endocr Metab Sci. 2025, 17:100228. 10.1016\/j.endmts.2025.100228","journal-title":"Endocr Metab Sci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1514250","article-title":"Global burden of polycystic ovary syndrome among women of childbearing age, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis using the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"13","author":"Meng Y","year":"2025","unstructured":"Meng Y, Zhao T, Zhang R, Zhu X, Ma C, Shi Q. Global burden of polycystic ovary syndrome among women of childbearing age, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis using the global burden of disease study 2021. Front Public Health. 2025, 13:1514250. 10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1514250","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/ijrm.v17i8.4818","article-title":"The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Naz MS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Naz MS, Tehrani FR, Majd HA, Ahmadi F, Ozgoli G, Fakari FR, Ghasemi V. The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Reprod Biomed. 2019, 17:533-42. 10.18502\/ijrm.v17i8.4818","journal-title":"Int J Reprod Biomed"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jhrs.JHRS_95_18","article-title":"The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome: a brief systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Deswal R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deswal R, Narwal V, Dang A, Pundir CS. The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome: a brief systematic review. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2020, 13:261-71. 10.4103\/jhrs.JHRS_95_18","journal-title":"J Hum Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-021-00515-4","article-title":"The role of genetics, epigenetics and lifestyle in polycystic ovary syndrome development: the state of the art","volume":"29","author":"Bruni V","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bruni V, Capozzi A, Lello S. The role of genetics, epigenetics and lifestyle in polycystic ovary syndrome development: the state of the art. Reprod Sci. 2022, 29:668-79. 10.1007\/s43032-021-00515-4","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-021-00516-3","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome: The epigenetics behind the disease","volume":"29","author":"Eiras MC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eiras MC, Pinheiro DP, Romcy KA, Ferriani RA, Reis RM, Furtado CL. Polycystic ovary syndrome: The epigenetics behind the disease. Reprod Sci. 2022, 29:680-94. 10.1007\/s43032-021-00516-3","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/TACG.S200341","article-title":"Genetic basis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): current perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Khan MJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khan MJ, Ullah A, Basit S. Genetic basis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): current perspectives. Appl Clin Genet. 2019, 12:249-60. 10.2147\/TACG.S200341","journal-title":"Appl Clin Genet"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22034\/pmj.2021.249631","article-title":"PCOS and genetic factors: review","volume":"6","author":"Piri-Gharaghie R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Piri-Gharaghie R. PCOS and genetic factors: review. Personalized Medicine Journal. 2021, 6:25-9. 10.22034\/pmj.2021.249631","journal-title":"Personalized Medicine Journal"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-016-9326-7","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs)","volume":"16","author":"Palioura E","year":"2015","unstructured":"Palioura E, Diamanti-Kandarakis E. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2015, 16:365-71. 10.1007\/s11154-016-9326-7","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2024.108562","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and hormonal profiles in PCOS women: A comparative study between urban and rural environment","volume":"125","author":"Patel J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Patel J, Chaudhary H, Panchal S, Joshi T, Joshi R. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and hormonal profiles in PCOS women: A comparative study between urban and rural environment. Reprod Toxicol. 2024, 125:108562. 10.1016\/j.reprotox.2024.108562","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1203902","article-title":"The association between gut microbiome and PCOS: evidence from meta-analysis and two-sample mendelian randomization","volume":"14","author":"Min Q","year":"2023","unstructured":"Min Q, Geng H, Gao Q, Xu M. The association between gut microbiome and PCOS: evidence from meta-analysis and two-sample mendelian randomization. Front Microbiol. 2023, 14:1203902. 10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1203902","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25041-4","article-title":"Gut microbiome in PCOS associates to serum metabolomics: a cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Yu Z","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu Z, Qin E, Cheng S, et al.. Gut microbiome in PCOS associates to serum metabolomics: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep. 2022, 12:22184. 10.1038\/s41598-022-25041-4","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1124405","article-title":"Roles of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Koike H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Koike H, Harada M, Kusamoto A, et al.. Roles of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023, 14:1124405. 10.3389\/fendo.2023.1124405","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75178-7","article-title":"ER stress-induced LINC00173 promotes the apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells by regulating the HRK\/PI3K\/AKT pathway in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Zhao Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Wu X, Meng F, et al.. ER stress-induced LINC00173 promotes the apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells by regulating the HRK\/PI3K\/AKT pathway in polycystic ovary syndrome. Sci Rep. 2024, 14:24636. 10.1038\/s41598-024-75178-7","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.16502","article-title":"The time of prenatal androgen exposure affects development of polycystic ovary syndrome-like phenotype in adulthood in female rats","volume":"12","author":"Ramezani Tehrani F","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ramezani Tehrani F, Noroozzadeh M, Zahediasl S, Piryaei A, Hashemi S, Azizi F. The time of prenatal androgen exposure affects development of polycystic ovary syndrome-like phenotype in adulthood in female rats. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2014, 12:e16502. 10.5812\/ijem.16502","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0666-1","article-title":"Prenatal androgen exposure and transgenerational susceptibility to polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Risal S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Risal S, Pei Y, Lu H, et al.. Prenatal androgen exposure and transgenerational susceptibility to polycystic ovary syndrome. Nat Med. 2019, 25:1894-904. 10.1038\/s41591-019-0666-1","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0188-4409(01)00325-3","article-title":"Mechanisms of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal disruption in polycystic ovarian syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Barontini M","year":"2001","unstructured":"Barontini M, Garc\u00eda-Rudaz MC, Veldhuis JD. Mechanisms of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal disruption in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Arch Med Res. 2001, 32:544-52. 10.1016\/s0188-4409(01)00325-3","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2020.74.289-293","article-title":"Follicle stimulating hormone (LH: FSH) ratio in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) - obese vs. non- obese women","volume":"74","author":"Saadia Z","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saadia Z. Follicle stimulating hormone (LH: FSH) ratio in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) - obese vs. non- obese women. Med Arch. 2020, 74:289-93. 10.5455\/medarh.2020.74.289-293","journal-title":"Med Arch"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010174","article-title":"Endocrine disrupting chemicals in polycystic ovary syndrome: the relevant role of the theca and granulosa cells in the pathogenesis of the ovarian dysfunction","volume":"12","author":"Jozkowiak M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jozkowiak M, Piotrowska-Kempisty H, Kobylarek D, et al.. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in polycystic ovary syndrome: the relevant role of the theca and granulosa cells in the pathogenesis of the ovarian dysfunction. Cells. 2022, 12:174. 10.3390\/cells12010174","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-024-03466-3","article-title":"Characterizing clinical and hormonal profiles of acne in north African women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"316","author":"Ben Abdessalem F","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ben Abdessalem F, Ach T, Fetoui NG, Mraihi E, Abdelkarim AB. Characterizing clinical and hormonal profiles of acne in north African women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Arch Dermatol Res. 2024, 316:711. 10.1007\/s00403-024-03466-3","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46998\/IJCMCR.2024.37.000906","article-title":"PCOS and acne a systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Benyaminpour S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Benyaminpour S, Sachmechi I. PCOS and acne a systematic review. Int J Clin Stud Med Case Rep. 2024, 37:10.46998\/IJCMCR.2024.37.000906","journal-title":"Int J Clin Stud Med Case Rep"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2020.1859474","article-title":"Prevalence of acne vulgaris among women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a\u00a0systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Ramezani Tehrani F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramezani Tehrani F, Behboudi-Gandevani S, Bidhendi Yarandi R, Saei Ghare Naz M, Carmina E. Prevalence of acne vulgaris among women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a\u00a0systemic review and meta-analysis. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2021, 37:392-405. 10.1080\/09513590.2020.1859474","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016340903353284","article-title":"Specific dermatologic features of the polycystic ovary syndrome and its association with biochemical markers of the metabolic syndrome and hyperandrogenism","volume":"89","author":"Ozdemir S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ozdemir S, Ozdemir M, G\u00f6rkemli H, Kiyici A, Bodur S. Specific dermatologic features of the polycystic ovary syndrome and its association with biochemical markers of the metabolic syndrome and hyperandrogenism. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2010, 89:199-204. 10.3109\/00016340903353284","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.07.001","article-title":"Medical treatments for male and female pattern hair loss","volume":"59","author":"Rogers NE","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rogers NE, Avram MR. Medical treatments for male and female pattern hair loss. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008, 59:547-66; quiz 567-8. 10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.07.001","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00015550410023248","article-title":"Correlation between endocrinological parameters and acne severity in adult women","volume":"84","author":"Borgia F","year":"2004","unstructured":"Borgia F, Cannav\u00f2 S, Guarneri F, Cannav\u00f2 SP, Vaccaro M, Guarneri B. Correlation between endocrinological parameters and acne severity in adult women. Acta Derm Venereol. 2004, 84:201-4. 10.1080\/00015550410023248","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.1997.tb02778.x","article-title":"Hormonal profiles and prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in women with acne","volume":"24","author":"Timpatanapong P","year":"1997","unstructured":"Timpatanapong P, Rojanasakul A. Hormonal profiles and prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in women with acne. J Dermatol. 1997, 24:223-9. 10.1111\/j.1346-8138.1997.tb02778.x","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Insulin resistance","author":"Freeman AM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Freeman AM, Acevedo LA. Insulin resistance. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL; 2023."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-18576","article-title":"Insulin resistance: definition and consequences","volume":"109 Suppl 2","author":"Lebovitz HE","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lebovitz HE. Insulin resistance: definition and consequences. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2001, 109 Suppl 2:S135-48. 10.1055\/s-2001-18576","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20221066","article-title":"Insulin signalling and GLUT4 trafficking in insulin resistance","volume":"51","author":"van Gerwen J","year":"2023","unstructured":"van Gerwen J, Shun-Shion AS, Fazakerley DJ. Insulin signalling and GLUT4 trafficking in insulin resistance. Biochem Soc Trans. 2023, 51:1057-69. 10.1042\/BST20221066","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.09.007","article-title":"Pathophysiology of insulin resistance","volume":"20","author":"Sesti G","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sesti G. Pathophysiology of insulin resistance. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006, 20:665-79. 10.1016\/j.beem.2006.09.007","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.18.6.0318","article-title":"Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome: mechanism and implications for pathogenesis","volume":"18","author":"Dunaif A","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dunaif A. Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome: mechanism and implications for pathogenesis. Endocr Rev. 1997, 18:774-800. 10.1210\/edrv.18.6.0318","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and hormonal associations of acne in polycysticovary syndrome (PCOS) patients","volume":"17","author":"Hadbe R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hadbe R. Clinical characteristics and hormonal associations of acne in polycysticovary syndrome (PCOS) patients. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research. 2024, 17:84-7.","journal-title":"International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.30351","article-title":"Insulin resistance in polycystic ovarian syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Purwar A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Purwar A, Nagpure S. Insulin resistance in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Cureus. 2022, 14:e30351. 10.7759\/cureus.30351","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-023-01160-z","article-title":"Association of insulin resistance with polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypes and patients' characteristics: a cross-sectional study in Iran","volume":"21","author":"Rahmatnezhad L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rahmatnezhad L, Moghaddam-Banaem L, Behroozi-Lak T, Shiva A, Rasouli J. Association of insulin resistance with polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypes and patients' characteristics: a cross-sectional study in Iran. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2023, 21:113. 10.1186\/s12958-023-01160-z","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.14017","article-title":"The association of glucose metabolism disorders and acne in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)","volume":"39","author":"Damoulaki E","year":"2025","unstructured":"Damoulaki E, Sioutis D, Georgiadi EP, et al.. The association of glucose metabolism disorders and acne in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In Vivo. 2025, 39:2219-27. 10.21873\/invivo.14017","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.81878","article-title":"Comparative analysis of interleukin-6 levels in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients with and without insulin resistance","volume":"17","author":"Zeb S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zeb S, Gul R,  A,  R. Comparative analysis of interleukin-6 levels in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients with and without insulin resistance. Cureus. 2025, 17:e81878. 10.7759\/cureus.81878","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2024.030","article-title":"Pharmacological management of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Ee C","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ee C, Tay CT. Pharmacological management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Aust Prescr. 2024, 47:109-12. 10.18773\/austprescr.2024.030","journal-title":"Aust Prescr"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12775\/JEHS.2025.78.57570","article-title":"Acne vulgaris management: first-line & advanced pharmacotherapy","volume":"78","author":"Dobrzeniecki K","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dobrzeniecki K, Zygmunt A, Karo\u0144 K, Karo\u0144 \u0141, Karnas-Bogacka P. Acne vulgaris management: first-line & advanced pharmacotherapy. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2025, 78:57570. 10.12775\/JEHS.2025.78.57570","journal-title":"Journal of Education, Health and Sport"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2513067","article-title":"The effects of oral isotretinoin in women with acne and polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"2019","author":"Acmaz G","year":"2019","unstructured":"Acmaz G, C\u0131nar L, Acmaz B, et al.. The effects of oral isotretinoin in women with acne and polycystic ovary syndrome. Biomed Res Int. 2019, 2019:2513067. 10.1155\/2019\/2513067","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-017-0267-z","article-title":"Oral antibacterial therapy for acne vulgaris: an evidence-based review","volume":"18","author":"Bienenfeld A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bienenfeld A, Nagler AR, Orlow SJ. Oral antibacterial therapy for acne vulgaris: an evidence-based review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2017, 18:469-90. 10.1007\/s40257-017-0267-z","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34119\/bjhrv4n1-310","article-title":"Topical treatments for acne: review","volume":"4","author":"dos Santos Marubayashi BA","year":"2021","unstructured":"dos Santos Marubayashi BA, Simoni SE, de Fari\u00f1a LO. Topical treatments for acne: review. Brazilian Journal of Health Review. 2021, 4:3910-22. 10.34119\/bjhrv4n1-310","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Health Review"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16010027","article-title":"Insulin resistance and acne: the role of metformin as alternative therapy in men","volume":"16","author":"Andreadi A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Andreadi A, Muscoli S, Tajmir R, et al.. Insulin resistance and acne: the role of metformin as alternative therapy in men. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022, 16:27. 10.3390\/ph16010027","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref63","article-title":"Efficacy of metformin in the treatment of acne in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a newer approach to acne therapy","volume":"12","author":"Sharma S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharma S, Mathur DK, Paliwal V, Bhargava P. Efficacy of metformin in the treatment of acne in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a newer approach to acne therapy. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2019, 12:34-8.","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurox.2019.100060","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and genetic predisposition: A review article","volume":"3","author":"Ajmal N","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ajmal N, Khan SZ, Shaikh R. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and genetic predisposition: A review article. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X. 2019, 3:100060. 10.1016\/j.eurox.2019.100060","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/427210-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-associated-acne-the-interplay-of-hyperandrogenism-insulin-resistance-and-therapeutic-strategies","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T23:01:10Z","timestamp":1764457270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/427210-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-associated-acne-the-interplay-of-hyperandrogenism-insulin-resistance-and-therapeutic-strategies"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"references-count":64,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.98103","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]}}}