{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T14:11:12Z","timestamp":1790345472844,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.98814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T17:30:08Z","timestamp":1765301408000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis (TPP): A Comprehensive Review with Regional Insights from the Middle East"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Fahad  S","family":"Alrashidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(11)62965-0","article-title":"Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis","volume":"80","author":"Lin SH","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lin SH. Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005, 80:99-105. 10.1016\/S0025-6196(11)62965-0","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0356","article-title":"Clinical review: thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: a diagnostic challenge","volume":"91","author":"Kung AW","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kung AW. Clinical review: thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: a diagnostic challenge. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006, 91:2490-5. 10.1210\/jc.2006-0356","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.12.024","article-title":"Mutations in potassium channel Kir2.6 cause susceptibility to thyrotoxic hypokalemic periodic paralysis","volume":"140","author":"Ryan DP","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ryan DP, da Silva MR, Soong TW, et al.. Mutations in potassium channel Kir2.6 cause susceptibility to thyrotoxic hypokalemic periodic paralysis. Cell. 2010, 140:88-98. 10.1016\/j.cell.2009.12.024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis admitted to the medical department in Qatar","volume":"66","author":"Abbas MT","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abbas MT, Khan FY, Errayes M, Baidaa AD, Haleem AH. Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis admitted to the medical department in Qatar. Neth J Med. 2008, 66:384-8.","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis in a Saudi patient complicated by life-threatening arrhythmia","volume":"30","author":"Aldasouqi S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aldasouqi S, Bokhari SA, Khan PM, Al-Zahrani AS. Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis in a Saudi patient complicated by life-threatening arrhythmia. Saudi Med J. 2009, 30:564-8.","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4137\/CCRep.S34560","article-title":"A case of nonfatal ventricular arrhythmia due to thyrotoxic periodic paralysis in a Saudi patient as an initial presentation of Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"9","author":"Hakami O","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hakami O, Ahmad MM, Al Johani N. A case of nonfatal ventricular arrhythmia due to thyrotoxic periodic paralysis in a Saudi patient as an initial presentation of Graves\u2019 disease. Clin Med Insights Case Rep. 2016, 9:5-9. 10.4137\/CCRep.S34560","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Case Rep"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Thyrotoxic hypokalaemic periodic paralysis","volume":"23","author":"Varughese S","year":"2008","unstructured":"Varughese S. Thyrotoxic hypokalaemic periodic paralysis. Oman Med J. 2008, 23:55-6.","journal-title":"Oman Med J"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Thyrotoxicosis presenting as hypokalemic periodic paralysis","volume":"20","author":"Siddiqui D","year":"1998","unstructured":"Siddiqui D. Thyrotoxicosis presenting as hypokalemic periodic paralysis. Bahrain Med Bull. 1998, 20:58-60.","journal-title":"Bahrain Med Bull"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/mej.0b013e32832d6436","article-title":"Hypokalemic periodic paralysis: a case series, review of the literature and update of management","volume":"17","author":"Alkaabi JM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alkaabi JM, Mushtaq A, Al-Maskari FN, Moussa NA, Gariballa S. Hypokalemic periodic paralysis: a case series, review of the literature and update of management. Eur J Emerg Med. 2010, 17:45-7. 10.1097\/mej.0b013e32832d6436","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0229","article-title":"2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis","volume":"26","author":"Ross DS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, et al.. 2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid. 2016, 26:1343-421. 10.1089\/thy.2016.0229","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000490384","article-title":"2018 European Thyroid Association guideline for the management of Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism","volume":"7","author":"Kahaly GJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kahaly GJ, Bartalena L, Heged\u00fcs L, Leenhardt L, Poppe K, Pearce SH. 2018 European Thyroid Association guideline for the management of Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism. Eur Thyroid J. 2018, 7:167-86. 10.1159\/000490384","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2021.12.004","article-title":"2022 update on clinical management of Graves disease and thyroid eye disease","volume":"51","author":"Hoang TD","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hoang TD, Stocker DJ, Chou EL, Burch HB. 2022 update on clinical management of Graves disease and thyroid eye disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2022, 51:287-304. 10.1016\/j.ecl.2021.12.004","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-17-12-1454","article-title":"The association of periodic paralysis and hyperthyroidism in Japan","volume":"17","author":"OK S","year":"1957","unstructured":"OK S, SH K, II S, et al.. The association of periodic paralysis and hyperthyroidism in Japan. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1957, 17:1454-9. 10.1210\/jcem-17-12-1454","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5538.451","article-title":"Periodic paralysis complicating thyrotoxicosis in Chinese","volume":"1","author":"McFadzean AJ","year":"1967","unstructured":"McFadzean AJ, Yeung R. Periodic paralysis complicating thyrotoxicosis in Chinese. Br Med J. 1967, 1:451-5. 10.1136\/bmj.1.5538.451","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(61)90104-8","article-title":"Thyroid function and periodic paralysis","volume":"31","author":"Engel AG","year":"1961","unstructured":"Engel AG. Thyroid function and periodic paralysis. Am J Med. 1961, 31:327-33. 10.1016\/0002-9343(61)90104-8","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.149.11.2597","article-title":"Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. Report of 10 cases and review of electromyographic findings","volume":"149","author":"Kelley DE","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kelley DE, Gharib H, Kennedy FP, Duda RJ Jr, McManis PG. Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. Report of 10 cases and review of electromyographic findings. Arch Intern Med. 1989, 149:2597-600. 10.1001\/archinte.149.11.2597","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.6.601","article-title":"Clinical and metabolic features of thyrotoxic periodic paralysis in 24 episodes","volume":"159","author":"Manoukian MA","year":"1999","unstructured":"Manoukian MA, Foote JA, Crapo LM. Clinical and metabolic features of thyrotoxic periodic paralysis in 24 episodes. Arch Intern Med. 1999, 159:601-6. 10.1001\/archinte.159.6.601","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(86)90067-7","article-title":"Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: a study of 18 cases","volume":"80","author":"Ferreiro JE","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ferreiro JE, Arguelles DJ, Rams Jr H. Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: a study of 18 cases. Am J Med. 1986, 80:761-4. 10.1016\/0002-9343(86)90067-7","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Propranolol rapidly reverses paralysis, hypokalemia, and hypophosphatemia in thyrotoxic periodic paralysis","volume":"37","author":"Lin SH","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lin SH, Lin YF. Propranolol rapidly reverses paralysis, hypokalemia, and hypophosphatemia in thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001, 37:620-3.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0196-0644(94)70286-1","article-title":"Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis terminated with intravenous propranolol","volume":"24","author":"Shayne P","year":"1994","unstructured":"Shayne P, Hart A. Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis terminated with intravenous propranolol. Ann Emerg Med. 1994, 24:736-40. 10.1016\/s0196-0644(94)70286-1","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2004.418","article-title":"Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: an overview","volume":"24","author":"Hsieh CH","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hsieh CH, Kuo SW, Pei D, et al.. Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: an overview. Ann Saudi Med. 2004, 24:418-22. 10.5144\/0256-4947.2004.418","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.141320","article-title":"Hyponatremia: a practical approach","volume":"18","author":"Sahay M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sahay M, Sahay R. Hyponatremia: a practical approach. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2014, 18:760-71. 10.4103\/2230-8210.141320","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.2009.816","article-title":"Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: a case report and literature review","volume":"7","author":"Barahona MJ","year":"2009","unstructured":"Barahona MJ, Vinagre I, Sojo L, Cubero JM, P\u00e9rez A. Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: a case report and literature review. Clin Med Res. 2009, 7:96-8. 10.3121\/cmr.2009.816","journal-title":"Clin Med Res"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.10108","article-title":"A literature review on thyrotoxic periodic paralysis","volume":"12","author":"Iqbal QZ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iqbal QZ, Niazi M, Zia Z, Sattar SB. A literature review on thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. Cureus. 2020, 12:e10108. 10.7759\/cureus.10108","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: a case report","volume":"11","author":"Al Moteri BLG","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al Moteri BLG, Aslam M. Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: a case report. Int J Health Sci. 2017, 11:","journal-title":"Int J Health Sci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066609358849","article-title":"Analytic review: thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: a review","volume":"25","author":"Pothiwala P","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pothiwala P, Levine SN. Analytic review: thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: a review. J Intensive Care Med. 2010, 25:71-7. 10.1177\/0885066609358849","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/649502","article-title":"Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: clinical challenges","volume":"2014","author":"Vijayakumar A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vijayakumar A, Ashwath G, Thimmappa D. Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: clinical challenges. J Thyroid Res. 2014, 2014:649502. 10.1155\/2014\/649502","journal-title":"J Thyroid Res"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.49524","article-title":"Graves\u2019 disease with initial presentation of thyrotoxic periodic paralysis","volume":"15","author":"Petty L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Petty L, Kaput K. Graves\u2019 disease with initial presentation of thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. Cureus. 2023, 15:e49524. 10.7759\/cureus.49524","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.21619","article-title":"Electrocardiographic manifestation in thyrotoxic periodic paralysis","volume":"14","author":"Iryaningrum MR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Iryaningrum MR, Ivan I, Budiman F, Tamio E. Electrocardiographic manifestation in thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. Cureus. 2022, 14:e21619. 10.7759\/cureus.21619","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2023.01.007","article-title":"Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis associated with lactic metabolic acidosis: case report of an African man and review of literature","volume":"84","author":"Allard M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Allard M, Barrallier M, Pisaroni H, et al.. Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis associated with lactic metabolic acidosis: case report of an African man and review of literature. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2023, 84:440-5. 10.1016\/j.ando.2023.01.007","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol (Paris)"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20009666.2017.1316906","article-title":"Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: a case study and review of the literature","volume":"7","author":"Meseeha M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meseeha M, Parsamehr B, Kissell K, Attia M. Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: a case study and review of the literature. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2017, 7:103-6. 10.1080\/20009666.2017.1316906","journal-title":"J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2003.00243.x","article-title":"Propranolol in the treatment of thyrotoxic periodic paralysis","author":"Lu KC","unstructured":"Lu KC, . Propranolol in the treatment of thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. Nephrology :88-91. 10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2003.00243.x","journal-title":"Nephrology :88-91"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.2021.1610","article-title":"Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: a case report and literature review","volume":"19","author":"Patel M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Patel M, Ladak K. Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: a case report and literature review. Clin Med Res. 2021, 19:148-51.","journal-title":"Clin Med Res"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2004.09.016","article-title":"Effects of potassium supplementation on the recovery of thyrotoxic periodic paralysis","volume":"22","author":"Lu KC","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lu KC, Hsu YJ, Chiu JS, Hsu YD, Lin SH. Effects of potassium supplementation on the recovery of thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2004, 22:544-7. 10.1016\/j.ajem.2004.09.016","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: case report and review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Garla VV","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garla VV, Gunturu M, Kovvuru KR, Salim SA. Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: case report and review of the literature. E Physician. 2018, 10:7174-9.","journal-title":"E Physician"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/440232-thyrotoxic-periodic-paralysis-tpp-a-comprehensive-review-with-regional-insights-from-the-middle-east","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T17:30:09Z","timestamp":1765301409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/440232-thyrotoxic-periodic-paralysis-tpp-a-comprehensive-review-with-regional-insights-from-the-middle-east"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"references-count":35,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.98814","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]}}}