{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T09:11:46Z","timestamp":1765617106704,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.99092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T09:07:02Z","timestamp":1765616822000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vitreous Humor Versus Peripheral Blood for Accurate Estimation of Antemortem Alcohol Levels: A Systematic Review of Postmortem Human Studies"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Abdulkreem","family":"Al-Juhani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodan","family":"Desoky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naif","family":"Aljohani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omar  O","family":"Aljohani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renad  A","family":"Abdulkareem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reyof N","family":"AlQumaizy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hatoon","family":"Hakeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulelah","family":"Alasmari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhannad A","family":"Badghaish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2020.1822856","article-title":"Variability in antemortem and postmortem blood alcohol concentration levels among fatally injured adults","volume":"47","author":"Greene N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Greene N, Esser MB, Vesselinov R, Auman KM, Kerns TJ, Lauerman MH. Variability in antemortem and postmortem blood alcohol concentration levels among fatally injured adults. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2021, 47:84-91. 10.1080\/00952990.2020.1822856","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkae052","article-title":"Difficulties associated with the interpretation of postmortem toxicology","volume":"48","author":"Stephenson L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stephenson L, Van Den Heuvel C, Scott T, Byard RW. Difficulties associated with the interpretation of postmortem toxicology. J Anal Toxicol. 2024, 48:405-12. 10.1093\/jat\/bkae052","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.05.004","article-title":"Interpreting results of ethanol analysis in postmortem specimens: a review of the literature","volume":"165","author":"Kugelberg FC","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kugelberg FC, Jones AW. Interpreting results of ethanol analysis in postmortem specimens: a review of the literature. Forensic Sci Int. 2007, 165:10-29. 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.05.004","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.01.036","article-title":"Ethyl sulphate and ethyl glucuronide in vitreous humor as postmortem evidence marker for ethanol consumption prior to death","volume":"210","author":"Thierauf A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thierauf A, Kempf J, Perdekamp MG, Auw\u00e4rter V, Gnann H, Wohlfarth A, Weinmann W. Ethyl sulphate and ethyl glucuronide in vitreous humor as postmortem evidence marker for ethanol consumption prior to death. Forensic Sci Int. 2011, 210:63-8. 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.01.036","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4323\/rjlm.2015.211","article-title":"Study on the relationship between the concentration of ethanol in the blood, urine and the vitreous humour","volume":"23","author":"Ioan BG","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ioan BG, Jitaru V, Damian R, Damian SI. Study on the relationship between the concentration of ethanol in the blood, urine and the vitreous humour. Rom J Leg Med. 2015, 23:211-16. 10.4323\/rjlm.2015.211","journal-title":"Rom J Leg Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4415\/ANN_15_01_05","article-title":"Ethyl glucuronide in vitreous humor and blood postmortem specimens: analysis by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry and interpreting results of neo-formation of ethanol","volume":"51","author":"Vezzoli S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vezzoli S, Bernini M, De Ferrari F. Ethyl glucuronide in vitreous humor and blood postmortem specimens: analysis by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry and interpreting results of neo-formation of ethanol. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2015, 51:19-27. 10.4415\/ANN_15_01_05","journal-title":"Ann Ist Super Sanita"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/amsik.2018.77923","article-title":"Vitreous humour as an alternative material for the determination of alcohol concentration in human corpses","volume":"68","author":"Szeremeta M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Szeremeta M, Mironiuk E, Janica M, Drobuliakova P, Lomperta K, Szczypek M, Niemcunowicz-Janica A. Vitreous humour as an alternative material for the determination of alcohol concentration in human corpses. Arch Med Sadowej Kryminol. 2018, 68:108-18. 10.5114\/amsik.2018.77923","journal-title":"Arch Med Sadowej Kryminol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa018","article-title":"High correlation between ethanol concentrations in postmortem femoral blood and in alternative biological specimens, but large uncertainty when the linear regression model was used for prediction in individual cases","volume":"44","author":"Thelander G","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thelander G, Kugelberg FC, Jones AW. High correlation between ethanol concentrations in postmortem femoral blood and in alternative biological specimens, but large uncertainty when the linear regression model was used for prediction in individual cases. J Anal Toxicol. 2020, 44:415-21. 10.1093\/jat\/bkaa018","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25122724","article-title":"Ethanol determination in post-mortem samples: correlation between blood and vitreous humor concentration","volume":"25","author":"Savini F","year":"2020","unstructured":"Savini F, Tartaglia A, Coccia L, et al.. Ethanol determination in post-mortem samples: correlation between blood and vitreous humor concentration. Molecules. 2020, 25:2724. 10.3390\/molecules25122724","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110567","article-title":"Ethyl glucuronide and ethanol concentrations in femoral blood, urine and vitreous humor from 117 autopsy cases","volume":"318","author":"Neumann J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Neumann J, Keller T, Monticelli F, Beck O, B\u00f6ttcher M. Ethyl glucuronide and ethanol concentrations in femoral blood, urine and vitreous humor from 117 autopsy cases. Forensic Sci Int. 2021, 318:110567. 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110567","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Correlation between ethanol concentrations in postmortem blood and vitreous humor","volume":"46","author":"Boonyoung S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Boonyoung S, Sirijanchune P. Correlation between ethanol concentrations in postmortem blood and vitreous humor. Lampang Med J. 2025, 46:38-43.","journal-title":"Lampang Med J"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.111152","article-title":"Frequency of postmortem ethanol formation in blood, urine and vitreous humor - improving diagnostic accuracy with the use of ethylsulphate and putrefactive alcohols","volume":"331","author":"Oshaug K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oshaug K, Kronstrand R, Kugelberg FC, Kristoffersen L, M\u00f8rland J, H\u00f8iseth G. Frequency of postmortem ethanol formation in blood, urine and vitreous humor - improving diagnostic accuracy with the use of ethylsulphate and putrefactive alcohols. Forensic Sci Int. 2022, 331:111152. 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.111152","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-015-0294-5","article-title":"Vitreous humor analysis for the detection of xenobiotics in forensic toxicology: a review","volume":"34","author":"B\u00e9valot F","year":"2016","unstructured":"B\u00e9valot F, Cartiser N, Bottinelli C, Fanton L, Guitton J. Vitreous humor analysis for the detection of xenobiotics in forensic toxicology: a review. Forensic Toxicol. 2016, 34:12-40. 10.1007\/s11419-015-0294-5","journal-title":"Forensic Toxicol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009","article-title":"QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies","volume":"155","author":"Whiting PF","year":"2011","unstructured":"Whiting PF, Rutjes AW, Westwood ME, et al.. QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. Ann Intern Med. 2011, 155:529-36. 10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/29.5.365","article-title":"Comparative alcohol concentrations in blood and vitreous fluid with illustrative case studies","volume":"29","author":"Honey D","year":"2005","unstructured":"Honey D, Caylor C, Luthi R, Kerrigan S. Comparative alcohol concentrations in blood and vitreous fluid with illustrative case studies. J Anal Toxicol. 2005, 29:365-9. 10.1093\/jat\/29.5.365","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15479","article-title":"Post-mortem formation of ethanol: is 1-propanol a reliable marker? A proof-of-concept study using an in vitro putrefactive environment setup","volume":"69","author":"Pigaiani N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pigaiani N, Musile G, Scott KS, Dye DW, Ausania F, Davis GG, Bortolotti F. Post-mortem formation of ethanol: is 1-propanol a reliable marker? A proof-of-concept study using an in vitro putrefactive environment setup. J Forensic Sci. 2024, 69:974-85. 10.1111\/1556-4029.15479","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102876","article-title":"Assessing the importance of post-mortem interval and other variables on the analysis of ethanol in the vitreous humour with a focus on ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate: a critical review","volume":"113","author":"Benedetti B","year":"2025","unstructured":"Benedetti B, Marti M, Tagliaro F, De-Giorgio F. Assessing the importance of post-mortem interval and other variables on the analysis of ethanol in the vitreous humour with a focus on ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate: a critical review. J Forensic Leg Med. 2025, 113:102876. 10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102876","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12030462","article-title":"Ethanol and higher alcohols\u2019 production in fungal and bacterial laboratory cultures and significance for forensic samples","volume":"12","author":"Boumba VA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boumba VA, Velivasi G, Kourkoumelis N. Ethanol and higher alcohols\u2019 production in fungal and bacterial laboratory cultures and significance for forensic samples. Microorganisms. 2024, 12:462. 10.3390\/microorganisms12030462","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-021-00588-5","article-title":"Ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate: a review of their roles in forensic toxicology analysis of alcohol postmortem","volume":"40","author":"Alsayed SN","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alsayed SN, Alharbi AG, Alhejaili AS, et al.. Ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate: a review of their roles in forensic toxicology analysis of alcohol postmortem. Forensic Toxicol. 2022, 40:19-48. 10.1007\/s11419-021-00588-5","journal-title":"Forensic Toxicol"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"Postmortem vitreous analyses. (2025). https.\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/1966150-overview?form=fpf."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.48165\/jfmt.2025.42.1.2","article-title":"Biochemical markers in vitreous humor: an effective method for postmortem interval estimation","volume":"42","author":"Kumari M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kumari M, Kumar R, Dixit P, et al.. Biochemical markers in vitreous humor: an effective method for postmortem interval estimation. J Forensic Med Toxicol. 2025, 42:123-9.","journal-title":"J Forensic Med Toxicol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/fsr\/owae023","article-title":"\"Not everything that can be counted counts\" in ethanol toxicological results: an antemortem and postmortem technical interpretation focusing on driving under the influence","volume":"9","author":"Dinis-Oliveira RJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dinis-Oliveira RJ. \"Not everything that can be counted counts\" in ethanol toxicological results: an antemortem and postmortem technical interpretation focusing on driving under the influence. Forensic Sci Res. 2024, 9:owae023. 10.1093\/fsr\/owae023","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Res"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15376516.2010.497976","article-title":"Collection of biological samples in forensic toxicology","volume":"20","author":"Dinis-Oliveira RJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Carvalho F, Duarte JA, Remi\u00e3o F, Marques A, Santos A, Magalh\u00e3es T. Collection of biological samples in forensic toxicology. Toxicol Mech Methods. 2010, 20:363-414. 10.3109\/15376516.2010.497976","journal-title":"Toxicol Mech Methods"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/444563-vitreous-humor-versus-peripheral-blood-for-accurate-estimation-of-antemortem-alcohol-levels-a-systematic-review-of-postmortem-human-studies","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T09:07:04Z","timestamp":1765616824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/444563-vitreous-humor-versus-peripheral-blood-for-accurate-estimation-of-antemortem-alcohol-levels-a-systematic-review-of-postmortem-human-studies"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"references-count":23,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.99092","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]}}}