{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T17:48:05Z","timestamp":1765820885957,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.99304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T17:44:04Z","timestamp":1765820644000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State With Reversible Encephalopathy in a Young Female on Chronic Steroids and Opioids: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Athena","family":"Myrou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30381-8","article-title":"Management of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in the hospital","volume":"9","author":"Pasquel FJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pasquel FJ, Lansang MC, Dhatariya K, Umpierrez GE. Management of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in the hospital. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021, 9:174-88. 10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30381-8","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dci24-0032","article-title":"Hyperglycemic crises in adults with diabetes: a consensus report","volume":"47","author":"Umpierrez GE","year":"2024","unstructured":"Umpierrez GE, Davis GM, ElSayed NA, et al.. Hyperglycemic crises in adults with diabetes: a consensus report. Diabetes Care. 2024, 47:1257-75. 10.2337\/dci24-0032","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Steroid diabetes: from mechanism to treatment?","volume":"72","author":"van Raalte DH","year":"2014","unstructured":"van Raalte DH, Diamant M. Steroid diabetes: from mechanism to treatment?. Neth J Med. 2014, 72:62-72.","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70142-1","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of adrenal insufficiency","volume":"3","author":"Bancos I","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bancos I, Hahner S, Tomlinson J, Arlt W. Diagnosis and management of adrenal insufficiency. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015, 3:216-26. 10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70142-1","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae250","article-title":"European Society of Endocrinology and Endocrine Society joint clinical guideline: diagnosis and therapy of glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency","volume":"109","author":"Beuschlein F","year":"2024","unstructured":"Beuschlein F, Else T, Bancos I, et al.. European Society of Endocrinology and Endocrine Society joint clinical guideline: diagnosis and therapy of glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024, 109:1657-83. 10.1210\/clinem\/dgae250","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.38948","article-title":"Long-term usage of oral glucocorticoids leading to adrenal insufficiency: a comprehensive review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Monge Chac\u00f3n AG","year":"2023","unstructured":"Monge Chac\u00f3n AG, Wang C, Waqar D, Syeda SA, Kumar R, Meghana DR. Long-term usage of oral glucocorticoids leading to adrenal insufficiency: a comprehensive review of the literature. Cureus. 2023, 15:e38948. 10.7759\/cureus.38948","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.02.003","article-title":"The global burden of metabolic disease: data from 2000 to 2019","volume":"35","author":"Chew NWS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chew NWS, Ng CH, Tan DJH, et al.. The global burden of metabolic disease: data from 2000 to 2019. Cell Metab. 2023, 35:414-28.e3. 10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.02.003","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01073-0","article-title":"Trends in insulin resistance: insights into mechanisms and therapeutic strategy","volume":"7","author":"Li M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li M, Chi X, Wang Y, Setrerrahmane S, Xie W, Xu H. Trends in insulin resistance: insights into mechanisms and therapeutic strategy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022, 7:216. 10.1038\/s41392-022-01073-0","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-025-01420-y","article-title":"Current understanding of the pathophysiology of idiopathic intracranial hypertension","volume":"25","author":"Lowe M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lowe M, Berman G, Sumithran P, Mollan SP. Current understanding of the pathophysiology of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2025, 25:31. 10.1007\/s11910-025-01420-y","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.15005","article-title":"Management of hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) in adults: an updated guideline from the Joint British Diabetes Societies (JBDS) for inpatient care group","volume":"40","author":"Mustafa OG","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mustafa OG, Haq M, Dashora U, Castro E, Dhatariya KK. Management of hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) in adults: an updated guideline from the Joint British Diabetes Societies (JBDS) for inpatient care group. Diabet Med. 2023, 40:e15005. 10.1111\/dme.15005","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Opioid complications and side effects","volume":"11","author":"Benyamin R","year":"2008","unstructured":"Benyamin R, Trescot AM, Datta S, et al.. Opioid complications and side effects. Pain Physician. 2008, 11:S105-20.","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.1","article-title":"Immune regulation by glucocorticoids","volume":"17","author":"Cain DW","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cain DW, Cidlowski JA. Immune regulation by glucocorticoids. Nat Rev Immunol. 2017, 17:233-47. 10.1038\/nri.2017.1","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-013-0262-6","article-title":"Mechanisms of insulin resistance in obesity","volume":"7","author":"Ye J","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ye J. Mechanisms of insulin resistance in obesity. Front Med. 2013, 7:14-24. 10.1007\/s11684-013-0262-6","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Opioid-induced neurotoxicity","volume":"53","author":"Gallagher R","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gallagher R. Opioid-induced neurotoxicity. Can Fam Physician. 2007, 53:426-7.","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.j.pain.0000460357.01998.f1","article-title":"Rates of opioid misuse, abuse, and addiction in chronic pain: a systematic review and data synthesis","volume":"156","author":"Vowles KE","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vowles KE, McEntee ML, Julnes PS, Frohe T, Ney JP, van der Goes DN. Rates of opioid misuse, abuse, and addiction in chronic pain: a systematic review and data synthesis. Pain. 2015, 156:569-76. 10.1097\/01.j.pain.0000460357.01998.f1","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcdhc.2021.820728","article-title":"Updates in the management of hyperglycemic crisis","volume":"2","author":"Aldhaeefi M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aldhaeefi M, Aldardeer NF, Alkhani N, Alqarni SM, Alhammad AM, Alshaya AI. Updates in the management of hyperglycemic crisis. Front Clin Diabetes Healthc. 2021, 2:820728. 10.3389\/fcdhc.2021.820728","journal-title":"Front Clin Diabetes Healthc"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-024-01419-7","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of systemic corticosteroids in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases: a review of current evidence","volume":"63","author":"M\u00f6hlmann JE","year":"2024","unstructured":"M\u00f6hlmann JE, Ezzafzafi S, Lindemans CA, Jansen MH, Nierkens S, Huitema AD, van Luin M. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of systemic corticosteroids in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases: a review of current evidence. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2024, 63:1251-70. 10.1007\/s40262-024-01419-7","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2049463712438493","article-title":"Basic opioid pharmacology: an update","volume":"6","author":"Pathan H","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pathan H, Williams J. Basic opioid pharmacology: an update. Br J Pain. 2012, 6:11-6. 10.1177\/2049463712438493","journal-title":"Br J Pain"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.03.042","article-title":"Brain volume regulation in response to changes in osmolality","volume":"168","author":"Verbalis JG","year":"2010","unstructured":"Verbalis JG. Brain volume regulation in response to changes in osmolality. Neuroscience. 2010, 168:862-70. 10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.03.042","journal-title":"Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/440458-hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic-state-with-reversible-encephalopathy-in-a-young-female-on-chronic-steroids-and-opioids-a-case-report","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T17:44:05Z","timestamp":1765820645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/440458-hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic-state-with-reversible-encephalopathy-in-a-young-female-on-chronic-steroids-and-opioids-a-case-report"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"references-count":19,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.99304","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]}}}