{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T13:34:03Z","timestamp":1766151243983,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.99615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T13:32:07Z","timestamp":1766151127000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Relation of Corneal Arcus With Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Haidar","family":"Bonajmah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faisal","family":"Aljassar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Bulbanat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rashed","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Arcus senilis","author":"Munjal A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Munjal A, Kaufman EJ. Arcus senilis. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL; 2025."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(91)90205-t","article-title":"The cornea and disorders of lipid metabolism","volume":"36","author":"Barchiesi BJ","year":"1991","unstructured":"Barchiesi BJ, Eckel RH, Ellis PP. The cornea and disorders of lipid metabolism. Surv Ophthalmol. 1991, 36:1-22. 10.1016\/0039-6257(91)90205-t","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-022-02578-6","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of corneal arcus in the geriatric population; Tehran geriatric eye study","volume":"22","author":"Hashemi H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hashemi H, Malekifar P, Aghamirsalim M, Yekta A, Mahboubipour H, Khabazkhoob M. Prevalence and associated factors of corneal arcus in the geriatric population; Tehran geriatric eye study. BMC Ophthalmol. 2022, 22:354. 10.1186\/s12886-022-02578-6","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255893","article-title":"Prevalence of corneal arcus and associated factors in a German population\u2014results from the Gutenberg Health Study","volume":"16","author":"Wasielica-Poslednik J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wasielica-Poslednik J, Hampel U, Ries L, et al.. Prevalence of corneal arcus and associated factors in a German population\u2014results from the Gutenberg Health Study. PLoS One. 2021, 16:e0255893. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0255893","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-7-7","article-title":"Correlating corneal arcus with atherosclerosis in familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"7","author":"Zech LA Jr","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zech LA Jr, Hoeg JM. Correlating corneal arcus with atherosclerosis in familial hypercholesterolemia. Lipids Health Dis. 2008, 7:7. 10.1186\/1476-511X-7-7","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.80.10.1200","article-title":"The association of corneal arcus with coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease mortality in the Lipid Research Clinics Mortality Follow-up Study","volume":"80","author":"Chambless LE","year":"1990","unstructured":"Chambless LE, Fuchs FD, Linn S, Kritchevsky SB, Larosa JC, Segal P, Rifkind BM. The association of corneal arcus with coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease mortality in the Lipid Research Clinics Mortality Follow-up Study. Am J Public Health. 1990, 80:1200-4. 10.2105\/ajph.80.10.1200","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8404","article-title":"Corneal arcus and its associations with ocular and general parameters: the Central India Eye and Medical Study","volume":"52","author":"Vurgese S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vurgese S, Panda-Jonas S, Saini N, Sinha A, Nangia V, Jonas JB. Corneal arcus and its associations with ocular and general parameters: the Central India Eye and Medical Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011, 52:9636-43. 10.1167\/iovs.11-8404","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al.. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021, 372:n71. 10.1136\/bmj.n71","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9491-z","article-title":"Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses","volume":"25","author":"Stang A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stang A. Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Eur J Epidemiol. 2010, 25:603-5. 10.1007\/s10654-010-9491-z","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-22-00125","article-title":"Revising the JBI quantitative critical appraisal tools to improve their applicability: an overview of methods and the development process","volume":"21","author":"Barker TH","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barker TH, Stone JC, Sears K, et al.. Revising the JBI quantitative critical appraisal tools to improve their applicability: an overview of methods and the development process. JBI Evid Synth. 2023, 21:478-93. 10.11124\/JBIES-22-00125","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.04.014","article-title":"Corneal arcus is a sign of cardiovascular disease, even in low-risk persons","volume":"152","author":"Ang M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ang M, Wong W, Park J, et al.. Corneal arcus is a sign of cardiovascular disease, even in low-risk persons. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011, 152:864-71.e1. 10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.04.014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"A case-control study of the association between corneal arcus and death by cardiovascular disease among cornea donors","author":"Chapa EJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chapa EJ. A case-control study of the association between corneal arcus and death by cardiovascular disease among cornea donors. ProQuest. 2011, AAI1497530.","journal-title":"ProQuest"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181b2b25e","article-title":"Corneal arcus and cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged subjects in Taiwan","volume":"338","author":"Chen HT","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chen HT, Chen HC, Hsiao CH, Ma DH, Chen YT, Lin KK. Corneal arcus and cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged subjects in Taiwan. Am J Med Sci. 2009, 338:268-72. 10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181b2b25e","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5497","article-title":"Xanthelasmata, arcus corneae, and ischaemic vascular disease and death in general population: prospective cohort study","volume":"343","author":"Christoffersen M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Christoffersen M, Frikke-Schmidt R, Schnohr P, Jensen GB, Nordestgaard BG, Tybj\u00e6rg-Hansen A. Xanthelasmata, arcus corneae, and ischaemic vascular disease and death in general population: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2011, 343:d5497. 10.1136\/bmj.d5497","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.08.030","article-title":"Relation of corneal arcus to cardiovascular disease (from the Framingham Heart Study data set)","volume":"103","author":"Fernandez AB","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fernandez AB, Keyes MJ, Pencina M, D'Agostino R, O'Donnell CJ, Thompson PD. Relation of corneal arcus to cardiovascular disease (from the Framingham Heart Study data set). Am J Cardiol. 2009, 103:64-6. 10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.08.030","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/21.3.473","article-title":"Corneal arcus and cardiovascular risk factors in Asians in Singapore","volume":"21","author":"Hughes K","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hughes K, Lun KC, Sothy SP, Thai AC, Leong WP, Yeo PB. Corneal arcus and cardiovascular risk factors in Asians in Singapore. Int J Epidemiol. 1992, 21:473-7. 10.1093\/ije\/21.3.473","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1975.00330040021002","article-title":"Corneal arcus and cardiovascular disease in Evans County, Georgia","volume":"135","author":"Klein B","year":"1975","unstructured":"Klein B, Klein R, Haseman J, Maready J, Hames C. Corneal arcus and cardiovascular disease in Evans County, Georgia. Arch Intern Med. 1975, 135:509-11. 10.1001\/archinte.1975.00330040021002","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"A case-control study of corneal arcus and coronary heart disease in Yerevan","author":"Navoyan GE","year":"2003","unstructured":"Navoyan GE. A case-control study of corneal arcus and coronary heart disease in Yerevan. Master of Public Health Thesis Project Utilizing Professional Publication Framework. American University of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia; 2003."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(76)90117-x","article-title":"Multivariate prediction of coronary heart disease during 8.5 year follow-up in the Western Collaborative Group Study","volume":"37","author":"Rosenman RH","year":"1976","unstructured":"Rosenman RH, Brand RJ, Sholtz RI, Friedman M. Multivariate prediction of coronary heart disease during 8.5 year follow-up in the Western Collaborative Group Study. Am J Cardiol. 1976, 37:903-10. 10.1016\/0002-9149(76)90117-x","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.09.002","article-title":"Is corneal arcus independently associated with incident cardiovascular disease in Asians?","volume":"183","author":"Wong MY","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wong MY, Man RE, Gupta P, et al.. Is corneal arcus independently associated with incident cardiovascular disease in Asians?. Am J Ophthalmol. 2017, 183:99-106. 10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.09.002","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.04.028","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors, inflammation, and corneal arcus: the Singapore Malay Eye Study","volume":"150","author":"Wu R","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wu R, Wang JJ, Tai ES, Wong TY. Cardiovascular risk factors, inflammation, and corneal arcus: the Singapore Malay Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010, 150:581-7.e1. 10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.04.028","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2020.07.005","article-title":"The value of physical signs in identifying patients with familial hypercholesterolemia in the era of genetic testing","volume":"76","author":"Rallidis LS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rallidis LS, Iordanidis D, Iliodromitis E. The value of physical signs in identifying patients with familial hypercholesterolemia in the era of genetic testing. J Cardiol. 2020, 76:568-72. 10.1016\/j.jjcc.2020.07.005","journal-title":"J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00902-4","article-title":"Corneal arcus and hyperlipidemia: findings from an older population","volume":"137","author":"Chua BE","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chua BE, Mitchell P, Wang JJ, Rochtchina E. Corneal arcus and hyperlipidemia: findings from an older population. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004, 137:363-5. 10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00902-4","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-020-00309-y","article-title":"Lipid keratopathy: a review of pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, and management","volume":"9","author":"Hall MN","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hall MN, Moshirfar M, Amin-Javaheri A, Ouano DP, Ronquillo Y, Hoopes PC. Lipid keratopathy: a review of pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, and management. Ophthalmol Ther. 2020, 9:833-52. 10.1007\/s40123-020-00309-y","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.05.002","article-title":"The detection, evaluation, and management of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents: a Canadian Cardiovascular Society\/Canadian Pediatric Cardiology Association Clinical practice update","volume":"38","author":"Khoury M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khoury M, Bigras JL, Cummings EA, et al.. The detection, evaluation, and management of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents: a Canadian Cardiovascular Society\/Canadian Pediatric Cardiology Association Clinical practice update. Can J Cardiol. 2022, 38:1168-79. 10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.05.002","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Familial hypercholesterolemia: genes and beyond","author":"Warden BA","year":"2000","unstructured":"Warden BA, Fazio S, Shapiro MD. Familial hypercholesterolemia: genes and beyond. Endotext. Feingold KR, Ahmed SF, Anawalt B, et al. (ed): MDText.com, Inc., South Dartmouth, MA; 2000."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1925362119891708","article-title":"An evaluation of the arcus corneae for age estimation","volume":"9","author":"Hanterdsith B","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hanterdsith B. An evaluation of the arcus corneae for age estimation. Acad Forensic Pathol. 2019, 9:155-62. 10.1177\/1925362119891708","journal-title":"Acad Forensic Pathol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.08.060","article-title":"Corneal arcus as coronary artery disease risk factor","volume":"193","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez A, Sorokin A, Thompson PD. Corneal arcus as coronary artery disease risk factor. Atherosclerosis. 2007, 193:235-40. 10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.08.060","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.182426","article-title":"Xanthelasma palpebrarum with arcus cornea: a clinical and biochemical study","volume":"61","author":"Nair PA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nair PA, Patel CR, Ganjiwale JD, Diwan NG, Jivani NB. Xanthelasma palpebrarum with arcus cornea: a clinical and biochemical study. Indian J Dermatol. 2016, 61:295-300. 10.4103\/0019-5154.182426","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20164607","article-title":"Serum lipid profile and clinical characteristics of patients with xanthelasma palpebrarum","volume":"91","author":"Kavoussi H","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kavoussi H, Ebrahimi A, Rezaei M, Ramezani M, Najafi B, Kavoussi R. Serum lipid profile and clinical characteristics of patients with xanthelasma palpebrarum. An Bras Dermatol. 2016, 91:468-71. 10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20164607","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.155765","article-title":"Significance of corneal arcus","volume":"7","author":"Raj KM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Raj KM, Reddy PA, Kumar VC. Significance of corneal arcus. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2015, 7:S14-5. 10.4103\/0975-7406.155765","journal-title":"J Pharm Bioallied Sci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000678","article-title":"2019 ACC\/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines","volume":"140","author":"Arnett DK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, et al.. 2019 ACC\/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2019, 140:e596-646. 10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000678","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1010-7940(99)00134-7","article-title":"European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation (EuroSCORE)","volume":"16","author":"Nashef SA","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nashef SA, Roques F, Michel P, Gauducheau E, Lemeshow S, Salamon R. European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation (EuroSCORE). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1999, 16:9-13. 10.1016\/s1010-7940(99)00134-7","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-03166-w","article-title":"Relations of physical signs to genotype, lipid and inflammatory markers, coronary stenosis or calcification, and outcomes in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"19","author":"Liu MM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu MM, Peng J, Guo YL, et al.. Relations of physical signs to genotype, lipid and inflammatory markers, coronary stenosis or calcification, and outcomes in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. J Transl Med. 2021, 19:498. 10.1186\/s12967-021-03166-w","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22399\/ijcesen.1565","article-title":"Deep learning based automated detection of arcus senilis and its clinical risks in ocular health","volume":"11","author":"Kumar BM","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kumar BM, KS Chakradhar. Deep learning based automated detection of arcus senilis and its clinical risks in ocular health. IJCESEN. 2025, 11:10.22399\/ijcesen.1565","journal-title":"IJCESEN"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/439754-the-relation-of-corneal-arcus-with-cardiovascular-diseases-a-systematic-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T13:32:07Z","timestamp":1766151127000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/439754-the-relation-of-corneal-arcus-with-cardiovascular-diseases-a-systematic-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"references-count":35,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.99615","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]}}}