{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T08:00:47Z","timestamp":1781164847043,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":346,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T16:30:16Z","timestamp":1684341016000},"page":"228-233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The foot in diabetes \u2013 a reminder of an ever-present risk"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Craus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Mula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David V","family":"Coppini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2016.1231932","article-title":"Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib2","series-title":"Seminars in vascular surgery","first-page":"47","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcers: Epidemiology and the role of multidisciplinary care teams","volume":"Vol. 34, No. 1","author":"Sorber","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-003-0010-4","article-title":"The international consensus and practical guidelines on the management and prevention of the diabetic foot","volume":"3","author":"Schaper","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib4","first-page":"100285","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetic foot ulcer and associated factors among diabetic patient in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Yimam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Africa Nurs Sci"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13054","article-title":"Association of diabetic foot ulcer and death in a population-based cohort from the United Kingdom","volume":"33","author":"Walsh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Med"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0310","article-title":"Diabetic foot prevention: a neglected opportunity in high-risk patients","volume":"33","author":"Lavery","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2002.00698.x","article-title":"The North-West Diabetes Foot Care Study: incidence of, and risk factors for new diabetic foot ulceration in a community-based patient cohort","volume":"19","author":"Abbott","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Med"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2014.05.009","article-title":"Trends and determinants of costs associated with the inpatient care of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"60","author":"Hicks","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1771","article-title":"HucMSC-exosome mediated-Wnt4 signalling is required for cutaneous wound healing","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2010.19.8.77711","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetic foot syndrome and its risk factors in the UK","volume":"19","author":"Lauterbach","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Wound Care"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001328","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001328","article-title":"Association between race\/ethnicity and the risk of amputation of lower extremities among medicare beneficiaries with diabetic foot ulcers and diabetic foot infections","volume":"8","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000129087.81352.7A","article-title":"Race-specific differences in endothelial function: predisposition of African Americans to vascular diseases","volume":"109","author":"Kalinowski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(97)80014-2","article-title":"The impact of gender on amputation","volume":"36","author":"Armstrong","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j5064","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j5064","article-title":"Diabetic foot","volume":"359","author":"Mishra","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3266","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3266","article-title":"Practical guidelines on the prevention and management of diabetic foot disease (IWGDF 2019 update)","volume":"36","author":"Schaper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-2508","article-title":"The charcot foot reflects a response to injury that is critically distorted by preexisting nerve damage: an imperfect storm","volume":"45","author":"Jeffcoate","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13679","article-title":"Prevalence of active Charcot disease in the East Midlands of England","volume":"35","author":"Metcalf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Med"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib18","first-page":"1325","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcers: prevention, diagnosis and classification","volume":"57","author":"Armstrong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.3390\/life12071054","article-title":"An overview of diabetic foot ulcers and associated problems with special emphasis on treatments with antimicrobials","volume":"12","author":"Baig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-0940-0","article-title":"Prediction of outcome in individuals with diabetic foot ulcers: focus on the differences between individuals with and without peripheral arterial disease. The EURODIALE Study","volume":"51","author":"Prompers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.02.028","article-title":"Peripheral neuropathy in patients with diabetic foot ulcers: clinical and nerve conduction study","volume":"258","author":"Kiziltan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1735-4","article-title":"Gender differences in diabetes-related lower extremity amputations","volume":"469","author":"Peek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13200","article-title":"Risk factors for the recurrence of diabetic foot ulcers among diabetic patients: a meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2761","DOI":"10.1590\/1518-8345.1203.2761","article-title":"Differences in foot self-care and lifestyle between men and women with diabetes mellitus","volume":"24","author":"Rossaneis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Lat Am Enfermagem"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-019-0327-0","article-title":"Gender differences in attitudes and attributes of people using therapeutic shoes for diabetic foot complications","volume":"12","author":"Jarl","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Res"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00400697","article-title":"A multicentre study of the prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in the United Kingdom hospital clinic population","volume":"36","author":"Young","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051063","article-title":"The prevalence of clinical diabetic polyneuropathy in Spain: a study in primary care and hospital clinic groups. Neuropathy Spanish Study Group of the Spanish Diabetes Society (SDS)","volume":"41","author":"Cabezas-Cerrato","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1998.tb01746.x","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathy in elderly type 2 diabetic patients: effects of insulin treatment","volume":"98","author":"Tovi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0092-1","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathy","volume":"5","author":"Feldman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.02.005","article-title":"New horizons in diabetic neuropathy: mechanisms, bioenergetics, and pain","volume":"93","author":"Feldman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5822","article-title":"Mitochondrial dynamics in peripheral neuropathies","volume":"21","author":"Sajic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0101","article-title":"Altered C-fiber function as an indicator of early peripheral neuropathy in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance","volume":"33","author":"Green","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-019-1212-8","article-title":"Epidemiology of peripheral neuropathy and lower extremity disease in diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Hicks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1941","article-title":"Effect of prior intensive insulin treatment during the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) on peripheral neuropathy in type 1 diabetes during the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) Study","volume":"33","author":"Albers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2114","article-title":"Neuropathy and related findings in the diabetes control and complications trial\/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study","volume":"37","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0808431","article-title":"Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes","volume":"360","author":"Duckworth","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60576-4","article-title":"Effect of intensive treatment of hyperglycaemia on microvascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an analysis of the ACCORD randomised trial","volume":"376","author":"Ismail-Beigi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.01.029","article-title":"Triglyceride, nonesterified fatty acids, and prediabetic neuropathy: role for oxidative-nitrosative stress","volume":"52","author":"Lupachyk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2157","article-title":"Painful diabetic neuropathy: many similarly effective therapies with widely dissimilar costs","volume":"161","author":"Callaghan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67700-8","article-title":"Wound healing and its impairment in the diabetic foot","volume":"366","author":"Falanga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1998.00381.x","article-title":"Differences in cellular infiltrate and extracellular matrix of chronic diabetic and venous ulcers versus acute wounds","volume":"111","author":"Loots","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1078\/0171-9335-00228","article-title":"Fibroblasts derived from chronic diabetic ulcers differ in their response to stimulation with EGF, IGF-I, bFGF and PDGF-AB compared to controls","volume":"81","author":"Loots","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24649","DOI":"10.3402\/dfa.v5.24649","article-title":"Complication rates in diabetics with first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis","volume":"5","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabet Foot Ankle"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.817528","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus activates signal transduction pathways resulting in vascular endothelial growth factor resistance of human monocytes","volume":"120","author":"Tchaikovski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib45","first-page":"275","article-title":"Treatment of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"50","author":"Vuorisalo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2012.01022.x","article-title":"Risk factors for recurrence of diabetic foot ulcers: prospective follow-up analysis in the Eurodiale subgroup","volume":"10","author":"Dubsk\u00fd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3269","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3269","article-title":"Guidelines on the prevention of foot ulcers in persons with diabetes (IWGDF 2019 update)","volume":"36","author":"Bus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.5114\/amsad.2021.107817","article-title":"Update on prevention of diabetic foot ulcer","volume":"6","author":"Miranda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci Atheroscler Dis"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2470","article-title":"Risk factors for plantar foot ulcer recurrence in neuropathic diabetic patients","volume":"37","author":"Waaijman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199611)13:11<979::AID-DIA267>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"The association between callus formation, high pressures and neuropathy in diabetic foot ulceration","volume":"13","author":"Murray","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.42","article-title":"Urea uptake enhances barrier function and antimicrobial defense in humans by regulating epidermal gene expression","volume":"132","author":"Grether-Beck","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib52","first-page":"63","article-title":"Emollients in the care of the diabetic foot","volume":"16","author":"Bristow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabet Foot"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2006.01934.x","article-title":"Established diabetic neuropathy seems irreversible despite improvements in metabolic and vascular risk markers\u2014a retrospective case\u2013control study in a hospital patient cohort","volume":"23","author":"Coppini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0272151","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272151","article-title":"Evaluation of altered patterns of tactile sensation in the diagnosis and monitoring of leprosy using the Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments","volume":"17","author":"Frade","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14092","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114092","article-title":"Validity and Reliability of Criteria for Plantar Sensation Assessment Using Semmes\u2013Weinstein Monofilament as a Clinically Usable Index","volume":"19","author":"Nakamoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.657","article-title":"Vibration perception threshold\u2014a valuable assessment of neural dysfunction in people with diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Garrow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296820965583","article-title":"Predicting Diabetic Neuropathy Risk Level Using Artificial Neural Network and Clinical Parameters of Subjects With Diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Dubey","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2016.08.005","article-title":"Outcomes of critical limb ischemia in an urban, safety net hospital population with high WIfI amputation scores","volume":"38","author":"Ward","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2010.01.073","article-title":"Bypass versus Angioplasty in Severe Ischaemia of the Leg (BASIL) trial: an intention-to-treat analysis of amputation-free and overall survival in patients randomized to a bypass surgery-first or a balloon angioplasty-first revascularization strategy","volume":"51","author":"Bradbury","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2014.06.041","article-title":"Early revascularization after admittance to a diabetic foot center affects the healing probability of ischemic foot ulcer in patients with diabetes","volume":"48","author":"Elgzyri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovascular Surg"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1053\/ejvs.2001.1544","article-title":"Management of intermittent claudication: the importance of secondary prevention","volume":"23","author":"Donnelly","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovascular Surg"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0878","article-title":"Triglycerides and amputation risk in patients with diabetes: ten-year follow-up in the DISTANCE study","volume":"34","author":"Callaghan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2004.01.001","article-title":"Usefulness of a brief assessment battery for early detection of Charcot foot deformity in patients with diabetes","volume":"43","author":"Foltz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2007.10.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of the Charcot foot","volume":"25","author":"Frykberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Podiatr Med Surg"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2008.09.004","article-title":"Charcot arthropathy of the foot and ankle: modern concepts and management review","volume":"23","author":"Wukich","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s40842-015-0018-0","article-title":"Charcot stage 0: A review and considerations for making the correct diagnosis early","volume":"1","author":"Holmes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2022.102493","article-title":"Offloading treatment in people with diabetic foot disease: A systematic scoping review on adherence to foot offloading","volume":"16","author":"Racaru","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2013.03.001","article-title":"The effectiveness of footwear as an intervention to prevent or to reduce biomechanical risk factors associated with diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Healy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-258X.234391","article-title":"Footwear in the causation and prevention of foot ulcers in diabetes mellitus","volume":"30","author":"Premkumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Natl Med J India"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.136.12.1531","article-title":"Risk factors for delayed healing of neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers: a pooled analysis","volume":"136","author":"Margolis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67699-4","article-title":"Treatment for diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"366","author":"Cavanagh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.4167","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial and economic analysis of four-layer compression bandaging for venous ulcers","volume":"90","author":"O'Brien","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2006.00236.x","article-title":"Validation of a diabetic foot surgery classification","volume":"3","author":"Armstrong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.7547\/1000369","article-title":"Surgical off-loading of the diabetic foot","volume":"100","author":"Frykberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Podiatr Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtv.2013.04.001","article-title":"Percutaneous flexor tenotomy for preventing and treating toe ulcers in people with diabetes mellitus","volume":"22","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Tissue Viability"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1146-6-3","article-title":"The effect of flexor tenotomy on healing and prevention of neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers on the distal end of the toe","volume":"6","author":"van Netten","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Res"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz486","article-title":"2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD","volume":"41","author":"Cosentino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32409-1","article-title":"Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in patients with stable peripheral or carotid artery disease: an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"391","author":"Anand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734620952245","article-title":"Intensive glycemic control for diabetic foot ulcer healing: a multicentric, randomized, parallel arm, single-blind, controlled study protocol (INGLOBE study)","volume":"21","author":"Rastogi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Low Extrem Wounds"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-018-0536-8","article-title":"Reasonable Glycemic Control Would Help Wound Healing During the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers","volume":"10","author":"Xiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)90605-W","article-title":"Epidemiology of severe hypoglycemia in the diabetes control and complications trial","volume":"90","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.1999.00092.x","article-title":"The UK prospective diabetes study (UKPDS): clinical and therapeutic implications for type 2 diabetes","volume":"48","author":"King","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05085-9","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathy: what does the future hold?","volume":"63","author":"Callaghan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2005.07.005","article-title":"Exercise training can modify the natural history of diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"20","author":"Balducci","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0224","article-title":"Lifestyle intervention for pre-diabetic neuropathy","volume":"29","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2022.108390","article-title":"Impact of Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists on peripheral arterial disease in people with diabetes mellitus: A narrative review","volume":"37","author":"Liarakos","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2012.05.007","article-title":"The effect of exercise on neuropathic symptoms, nerve function, and cutaneous innervation in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"26","author":"Kluding","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.2337\/dci22-0034","article-title":"Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)","volume":"45","author":"Davies","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28020751","article-title":"GLP-1R signaling and functional molecules in incretin therapy","volume":"28","author":"Wan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.18-0079","article-title":"First-in-human administration of allogeneic amnion cells in premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a safety study","volume":"7","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58010059","article-title":"The effect of structured exercise compared with education on neuropathic signs and symptoms in people at risk of neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"58","author":"Perrin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734620930120","article-title":"Effect of family empowerment on HbA1c levels and healing of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"21","author":"Appil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Low Extrem Wounds"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24310","article-title":"Supervised exercise improves cutaneous reinnervation capacity in metabolic syndrome patients","volume":"77","author":"Singleton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734617740254","article-title":"Nutritional supplementation for diabetic foot ulcers: the big challenge","volume":"16","author":"Vas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Low Extrem Wounds"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.344.15399","article-title":"Protein requirement and its intake in subjects with diabetic foot ulcers at a tertiary care hospital","volume":"34","author":"Sajid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1401329","article-title":"Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy for diabetes\u20143-year outcomes","volume":"370","author":"Schauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3462","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003462","article-title":"Roux-en-Y gastric bypass versus medical treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus in obese patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"95","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20080020","article-title":"Epidemiology of diabetes and diabetes-related complications","volume":"88","author":"Deshpande","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2008.09.018","article-title":"The effects of different nutritional measurements on delayed wound healing after hip fracture in the elderly","volume":"159","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18980","DOI":"10.3402\/dfa.v3i0.18980","article-title":"Associated risk factors and management of chronic diabetic foot ulcers exceeding 6 months' duration","volume":"3","author":"Musa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabet Foot Ankle"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13569","article-title":"Update on management of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"1411","author":"Everett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib102","first-page":"48","article-title":"Selecting a dressing for the diabetic foot: factors to consider","volume":"1","author":"Jones","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetic Foot"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2016.12.336","article-title":"Distinct wound healing and quality-of-life outcomes in subgroups of patients with venous leg ulcers with different symptom cluster experiences","volume":"53","author":"Finlayson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib104","series-title":"The Science, Etiology and Mechanobiology of Diabetes and its Complications","first-page":"389","article-title":"Dressing selection challenges in diabetic foot local treatment","author":"Alves","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1615439","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcers and their recurrence","volume":"376","author":"Armstrong","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.19-0432","article-title":"Human mesenchymal stromal cells and derived extracellular vesicles: Translational strategies to increase their proangiogenic potential for the treatment of cardiovascular disease","volume":"9","author":"Nazari-Shafti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2015.02.059","article-title":"Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell implantation therapy is an effective limb salvage strategy for patients with severe peripheral arterial disease","volume":"62","author":"Franz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-012-1892-6","article-title":"Intra-arterial allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells for critical limb ischemia are safe and efficacious: report of a phase I study","volume":"37","author":"Das","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2013.11.011","article-title":"Phase I trial: the use of autologous cultured adipose-derived stroma\/stem cells to treat patients with non-revascularizable critical limb ischemia","volume":"16","author":"Bura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-0938-6","article-title":"Stem cell therapy for diabetic foot ulcers: a review of preclinical and clinical research","volume":"9","author":"Lopes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2020.08.002","article-title":"Intralesional allogeneic adipose-derived stem cells application in chronic diabetic foot ulcer: Phase I\/2 safety study","volume":"27","author":"Uzun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.20-0497","article-title":"Treatment of chronic diabetic foot ulcers with adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction cell injections: Safety and evidence of efficacy at 1 year","volume":"10","author":"Carstens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2013.54.5.1293","article-title":"Familial occurrence of pulmonary embolism after intravenous, adipose tissue-derived stem cell therapy","volume":"54","author":"Jung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"key":"10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.12.134","article-title":"Tissue factor triggers procoagulation in transplanted mesenchymal stem cells leading to thromboembolism","volume":"431","author":"Tatsumi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"}],"container-title":["Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1470211824046050?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1470211824046050?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]],"date-time":"2025-04-12T08:50:56Z","timestamp":1744447856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1470211824046050"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1470211824046050"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489","relation":{},"ISSN":["1470-2118"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1470-2118","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The foot in diabetes \u2013 a reminder of an ever-present risk","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7861\/clinmed2022-0489","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 Royal College of Physicians 2023. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}