{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T11:04:40Z","timestamp":1792148680019,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,8]],"date-time":"2017-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Institutional Funds"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Ultrasound Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the ability to sonographically identify the posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm (PCNF) and its distal epicondylar branches using sonographically guided perineural injections in an unembalmed cadaveric model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A single experienced operator used a 12\u20133\u2010MHz linear array transducer to identify the PCNF and its distal epicondylar region branches in 10 unembalmed cadaveric specimens (6 right and 4 left) obtained from 10 donors. Sonographically guided perineural PCNF injections were then completed with a 22\u2010gauge, 38\u2010mm stainless steel needle to deliver 0.25\u2009mL of 50% diluted colored latex at 3 points along the PCNF. The latex location was then confirmed via dissection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The 10 donors included 4 male and 6 female cadavers aged 48 to 94 years (mean, 73 years) with body mass indices of 19 to 37\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (mean, 26\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). The operator sonographically identified the PCNF and several distal branches traversing over or directly adjacent to the lateral epicondyle in all 10 specimens. Only 7 of 10 specimens showed a distinct PCNF bifurcation into anterior and posterior divisions, and all 7 were accurately identified and localized on sonography. There was no evidence of latex overflow to clinically relevant adjacent structures or injury to regional vessels or nerves.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High\u2010resolution sonography can identify the PCNF and its distal epicondylar branches. Sonographic evaluation of the PCNF should be included in the evaluation of patients presenting with refractory or atypical lateral elbow pain syndromes. Diagnostic and therapeutic sonographically guided procedures targeting the PCNF or its lateral epicondylar branches are feasible and warrant further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.16.08027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,8]],"date-time":"2017-04-08T05:17:57Z","timestamp":1491628677000},"page":"1627-1637","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Sonographic Visualization of the Posterior Cutaneous Nerve of the Forearm: Technique and Validation Using Perineural Injections in a Cadaveric Model"],"prefix":"10.7863","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Eugene","family":"Maida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary 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Medicine and Rehabilitation, Radiology, and Anatomy, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Mayo Clinic Sports Medicine Center Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"2053","article-title":"Lateral epicondylitis in general practice: course and prognostic indicators of outcome","volume":"33","author":"Smidt N","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-011-1343-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.10.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2004.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2009.2558"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"1417","article-title":"Posterior antebrachial cutaneous neuropathy associated with lateral elbow 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