{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T03:52:22Z","timestamp":1778903542716,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30EY019007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY019007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005374","name":"American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY019055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY019055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Ultrasound Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To noninvasively measure changes in corneal biomechanical properties induced by ultraviolet\u2010activated riboflavin cross\u2010linking therapy using acoustic radiation force (ARF).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross\u2010linking was performed on the right eyes of 6 rabbits, with the left eyes serving as controls. Acoustic radiation force was used to assess corneal stiffness before treatment and weekly for 4 weeks after treatment. Acoustic power levels were within US Food and Drug Administration guidelines for ophthalmic safety. Strain, determined from ARF\u2010induced displacement of the front and back surfaces of the cornea, was fit to the Kelvin\u2010Voigt model to determine the elastic modulus (<jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>) and coefficient of viscosity (\u03b7). The stiffness factor, the ratio of <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic> after treatment to <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic> before treatment, was calculated for treated and control eyes. At the end of 4 weeks, ex vivo thermal shrinkage temperature analysis was performed for comparison with in vivo stiffness measurements. One\u2010way analysis of variance and Student <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> tests were performed to test for differences in <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>, \u03b7, the stiffness factor, and corneal thickness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Biomechanical stiffening was immediately evident in cross\u2010linking\u2013treated corneas. At 4 weeks after treatment, treated corneas were 1.3 times stiffer and showed significant changes in <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= .006) and \u03b7 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= .007), with no significant effect in controls. Corneal thickness increased immediately after treatment but did not differ significantly from the pretreatment value at 4 weeks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings demonstrate a statistically significant increase in stiffness in cross\u2010linking\u2013treated rabbit corneas based on in vivo axial stress\/strain measurements obtained using ARF. The capacity to noninvasively monitor corneal stiffness offers the potential for clinical monitoring of cross\u2010linking therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.33.8.1417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,25]],"date-time":"2014-07-25T17:49:44Z","timestamp":1406310584000},"page":"1417-1426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Acoustic Radiation Force for Noninvasive Evaluation of Corneal Biomechanical Changes Induced by Cross\u2010linking Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Raksha","family":"Urs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harriet O.","family":"Lloyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald 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