{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T13:00:00Z","timestamp":1755694800545},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]],"date-time":"2015-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Change Gung Memorial Hospital","award":["CMRPG3B0041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG3B0041"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Ultrasound Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Low\u2010intensity pulsed ultrasound (US) can enhance spinal fusion and fracture healing; however, its effect on spinal pseudarthrosis has not been reported in the literature. We hypothesized that low\u2010intensity pulsed US could overcome spinal pseudarthrosis created by nicotine administration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010two rabbits underwent posterolateral fusion with an iliac bone graft and nicotine administration. At 5 weeks, the spines were examined by computed tomography (CT) to determine the presence of pseudarthrosis. All rabbits with pseudarthrosis were randomly divided into groups A, B, C, and D according to treatment: no second graft, iliac autograft only, low\u2010intensity pulsed US only, and iliac autograft and low\u2010intensity pulsed US, respectively. At 10 weeks, the rabbits were euthanized, and the specimens were assessed with radiography, CT, manual palpation, and histologic analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>One rabbit was lost because of severe infection. Twenty\u2010seven (87%) had pseudarthrosis on CT at 5 weeks. On manual palpation at 10 weeks, the fusion rates were 0%, 29%, 0%, and 57% in groups A, B, C, and D, respectively. Group D had highest radiographic scores (mean \u00b1 SD, 2.87 \u00b1 0.92), and the difference was statistically significant compared to the other groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001). Computed tomography confirmed that group D had the most fused segments at 10 weeks. Histologic specimens from group D also showed the most mature bone formation inside the fusion mass.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Low\u2010intensity pulsed US can enhance spinal fusion but cannot overcome spinal pseudarthrosis created by nicotine administration. Stopping nicotine consumption or administering a more powerful bone substitute might be an alternative method for overcoming spinal pseudarthrosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.34.6.1043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,26]],"date-time":"2015-05-26T15:21:55Z","timestamp":1432653715000},"page":"1043-1050","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of Low\u2010Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound on Spinal Pseudarthrosis Created by Nicotine 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