{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T15:35:58Z","timestamp":1791041758005,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Canadian Periodical for Community Studies","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Two-hundred and twenty participants recruited through multiple sampling strategies completed a self-report questionnaire examining: (a) whether internalized homophobia predicts depressive and anxious symptoms, suicide, and substance abuse; and (b) the periods of gay-identity development which were particularly risky for suicide. Results indicate that internalized homophobia, particularly negative feelings towards one's own homosexuality (as measured by the Self subscale of the Nungesser Homosexual Attitudes Inventory), accounts for 18% of the variance in depressive scores and 13% of anxiety scores (using the Beck inventories). Internalized homophobia did not predict suicide independently from depression. The period of greatest risk for both suicidal ideation and suicide attempts was the period of disclosure of one's homosexuality to one's immediate family. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7870\/cjcmh-2003-0011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]],"date-time":"2014-10-29T18:59:48Z","timestamp":1414609188000},"page":"15-30","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":148,"title":["Internalized Homophobia: A Factor in Depression, Anxiety, and Suicide in the Gay and Lesbian Population"],"prefix":"10.7870","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Karine J.","family":"Igartua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Montoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4612","reference":[{"key":"p_1\/p_1_1","unstructured":"Alexander, R.A. (1987). The relationship between internalised homophobia and depression and low self-esteem in gay men. Dissertation Abstracts International, 47(11-A), 3977."},{"key":"p_2\/p_2_1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (1997). Fact sheet: Homosexual and bisexual issues. Washington DC: Author."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_3\/p_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1027\/0227-5910.18.1.24","volume":"18","author":"Bagley C.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Crisis"},{"issue":"6","key":"p_4\/p_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.56.6.893","volume":"56","author":"Beck A.T.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"p_5\/p_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(88)90050-5","volume":"8","author":"Beck A.T.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"p_6\/p_6_1","unstructured":"Burns, B.L. (1996). Internalised homophobia, self-esteem and the mothering choice in lesbians. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: the Sciences & Engineering, 56(12-B), 7078."},{"key":"p_7\/p_7_1","unstructured":"Burris, L. (1997). Internalised homophobia, self-esteem, and chemical dependency among lesbians. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: the Sciences & Engineering, 58(5-B), 2666."},{"key":"p_8\/p_8_1","unstructured":"Cabaj, P. (1996). Substance abuse in gay men, lesbians and bisexuals. In R.P. Cabaj and T.S. Stein (Eds.), Textbook of homosexuality and mental health (pp.783-800). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"p_9\/p_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/00224498409551214","volume":"20","author":"Cass V.C.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Sex Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_10\/p_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1300\/J082v14n03_05","volume":"14","author":"Chapman B.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Homosexuality"},{"key":"p_11\/p_11_1","unstructured":"Cherry, R. (1997). The relationship between internalised homophobia and substance use in gay and bisexual men. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: the Sciences & Engineering, Vol. 58(5-B), 2659."},{"key":"p_12\/p_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1971.11023666","volume":"34","author":"Dank B.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"p_13\/p_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1994.75.1.23","volume":"75","author":"Dupras A.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"key":"p_14\/p_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1988.tb08549.x","volume":"77","author":"Dyck R.J.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"p_15\/p_15_1","unstructured":"Earle, H.A. (2000). The relationship of internalised homophobia, level of outness, perceived social support and self esteem to depression in lesbians. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: the Sciences & Engineering, 60(9-B), 4885."},{"issue":"2","key":"p_16\/p_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1300\/J082v32n02_04","volume":"32","author":"Fassinger R.E.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Homosexuality"},{"key":"p_17\/p_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.10.876","volume":"56","author":"Fergusson D.M.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"p_18\/p_18_1","first-page":"487","volume":"153","author":"Garofolo R.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine"},{"key":"p_19\/p_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1177\/088626090005003006","volume":"5","author":"Herek G.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of interpersonal violence"},{"key":"p_20\/p_20_1","unstructured":"Kaplan, H.I. & Sadock, B.J. (1998). Kaplan and Sadock's synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioural sciences, clinical psychiatry. Baltimore MD: William & Wilkins."},{"key":"p_21\/p_21_1","unstructured":"Kinsey, A.C., Pomeroy, W.B. & Martin, C.E. (1948). Sexual behaviour in the human male. Philadelphia PA: WB Saunders."},{"key":"p_22\/p_22_1","unstructured":"Kinsey, A.C., Pomeroy, W.B., Martin, C.E. & Gebhard, P.H. (1953). Sexual behaviour in the human female. Philadelphia PA: WB Saunders."},{"key":"p_23\/p_23_1","unstructured":"Kooden, H.D., Morin, S.F., Riddle, D.I., Rogers, M., Sang, B.E. & Strassburger, F. (1979). Removing the stigma: Final report of the Board of Social and Ethical Responsibility for Psychology's Task Force on the Status of Lesbian and Gay Male Psychologists. Washington DC: American Psychological Association."},{"key":"p_24\/p_24_1","unstructured":"Krajeski, J. (1996). Homosexuality and the mental health professions: A contemporary perspective. In R.P. Cabaj and T.S. Stein (Eds.) Textbook of homosexuality and mental health (pp. 17-32). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press."},{"key":"p_25\/p_25_1","unstructured":"Levinson, P.E. (2000). The Relationship of gay-related developmental stress to problems in living in college-age men. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: the Sciences & Engineering, 61(5-B), 2768."},{"issue":"4","key":"p_26\/p_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1300\/J082v25n04_05","volume":"25","author":"Lima G.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Homosexuality"},{"key":"p_27\/p_27_1","unstructured":"Margolies, L., Becker, M. & Jackson-Brewer, K. (1987). Internalised homophobia: Identifying and treating the oppressor within. In Boston Lesbian Psychologies Collective (Ed.) Lesbian psychologies: Explorations & challenges (pp. 229-241). Chicago IL: University of Illinois Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_28\/p_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1300\/J082v08n01_05","volume":"8","author":"McDonald G.J.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Homosexuality"},{"issue":"6","key":"p_29\/p_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.58.6.873","volume":"58","author":"Nicholson W.D.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"p_30\/p_30_1","unstructured":"Nungesser, L. (1983). Homosexual acts, actors and identities. NewYork NY: Praeger."},{"key":"p_31\/p_31_1","unstructured":"Qu\u00e9bec. (1988). Et la sant\u00e9, \u00e7a va? Rapport de l'Enqu\u00eate Sant\u00e9 Qu\u00e9bec 1987. Qu\u00e9bec QC: Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 et Services Sociaux."},{"issue":"6","key":"p_32\/p_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.87.6.869","volume":"87","author":"Remafedi G.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_33\/p_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.1.57","volume":"88","author":"Remafedi G.","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_34\/p_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4679(199601)52:1<15::AID-JCLP2>3.0.CO;2-V","volume":"52","author":"Ross M.W.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"p_35\/p_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x","volume":"88","author":"Saunders J.B.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_36\/p_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1943-278X.1989.tb00568.x","volume":"19","author":"Schneider S.G.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour"},{"key":"p_37\/p_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(82)90005-3","volume":"7","author":"Skinner H.A.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviours"},{"key":"p_38\/p_38_1","unstructured":"Troiden, R.R. (1988). Gay and lesbian identity: A sociological analysis. New York NY: General Hall."},{"issue":"2","key":"p_39\/p_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1300\/J082v32n02_06","volume":"32","author":"Wagner G.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Homosexuality"}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/cjcmh.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.7870\/cjcmh-2003-0011","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T10:59:10Z","timestamp":1703156350000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/cjcmh.com\/doi\/10.7870\/cjcmh-2003-0011"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.7870\/cjcmh-2003-0011"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7870\/cjcmh-2003-0011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0713-3936"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0713-3936","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,1]]}}}