{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T05:02:14Z","timestamp":1789794134702,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Editorial Committee of Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Infectious Dis","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Jpn J Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.jjid.2025.169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T22:08:07Z","timestamp":1764281287000},"page":"218-221","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hypothesis: Transmission of COVID-19 through the Air from Asymptomatic Individuals by Speaking"],"prefix":"10.7883","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Sakae","family":"Inouye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Honorary Member, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan Institute of Health Security, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4631","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1. Idogawa M, Tange S, Nakase H, et al. Interactive web-based graphs of coronavirus disease 2019 cases and deaths per population by country. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71:902-903.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa500"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Sah P, Fitzpatric MC, Zimmer CF, et al. Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2021;118:e2109229118.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2109229118"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Cohen C, Kleinhaus J, von Gottberg A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 incidence, transmission, and reinfection in a rural and an urban setting: results of the PHIRST-C cohort study, South Africa, 2021\u201321. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22:821-834.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00069-X"},{"key":"4","unstructured":"4. World Health Organization (WHO). Global technical consultation report on proposed terminology for pathogens that transmit through the air. Geneva: WHO; 2024."},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Abkarian M, Stone HA. Stretching and break-up of saliva filaments during speech: a route for pathogen aerosolization and its potential mitigation. Phys Rev Fluids. 2020;5:102301.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevFluids.5.102301"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Mittal R, Ni R, Seo JH. The flow physics of COVID-19. J Fluid Mech. 2020;894 F2-1-14","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2020.330"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"7. Borden GJ, Harris KS, Raphael LJ. Physiology, acoustics, and perception of speech. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003."},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Morawska L, Johnson GR, Ristovski ZD, et al. Size distribution and site of origin of droplets expelled from the human respiratory tract during expiratory activities. J Aerosol Sci. 2009;40:256-269.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2008.11.002"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. Asadi S, Wexler AS, Cappa CD, et al. Aerosol emission and superemission during human speech increase with voice loudness. Sci Rep. 2019;9:2348.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38808-z"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Morawska L, Milton DK. It is time to address airborne transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71:2311-2313.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa939"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Baker RE, Mahmud AS, Miller IF, et al. Infectious disease in an era of global change. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2022;20:193-205.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00639-z"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Haddrell A, Oswin H, Ostero-Fernandez M, et al. Ambient carbon dioxide concentration correlates with SARS-CoV-2 aerostability and infection risk. Nat Commun. 2024;15:3487.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47777-5"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Salvador CE, Berg MK, Yu Q, et al. Relational mobility predicts faster spread of COVID-19: a 39-country study. Psychol Sci. 2020;31:1236-1244.","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797620958118"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Salvador CE, Carlier SI, Ishii K, et al. Emotionally expressive interdependence in Latin America: triangulating through a comparison of three cultural regions. Emotion. 2023;24:820-835.","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0001302"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Inouye S. SARS transmission: language and droplet production. Lancet. 2003;362:170.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13874-3"},{"key":"16","unstructured":"16. Inouye S, Sugihara Y. Measurement of puff strength during speaking: comparison of Japanese with English and Chinese languages. J Phonol Jpn. 2015;19:43-49."},{"key":"17","unstructured":"17. Inouye S. Preparing for the next-generation pandemic. Tokyo: A&F Publishing; 2024. Japanese."},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Ueki H, Furusawa Y, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, et al. Effectiveness of face masks in preventing airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2. mSphere. 2020;5:e00637-20.","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00637-20"}],"container-title":["Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/yoken\/79\/5\/79_JJID.2025.169\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T04:22:54Z","timestamp":1789791774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/yoken\/79\/5\/79_JJID.2025.169\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7883\/yoken.jjid.2025.169","relation":{},"ISSN":["1344-6304","1884-2836"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1344-6304","type":"print"},{"value":"1884-2836","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"article-number":"JJID.2025.169"}}