{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T01:13:13Z","timestamp":1783732393065,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Brighthall","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To measure degree of depression, anxiety, and hours of sleep of chiropractic college students through an anonymous paper survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A convenience sample of 164 chiropractic college students completed a Major Depression Inventory (MDI) survey, a 2-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-2) survey, and were asked the number of hours of sleep they had per night and demographic questions. The survey was distributed to trimester 1\u20136 students 4 weeks into their 15-week semester.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chiropractic students had an average MDI score of 18.1 \u00b1 10.6 (mean \u00b1 SD), indicating the average chiropractic college student did not display depression. However, subset analysis revealed 18.9% of students had MDI scores over 30, which is associated with possible severe depression. Of students who demonstrated possible severe depression, 80.6% were female. Body mass index demonstrated no correlation with the number of respondents at risk for severe depression. Average GAD-2 score was 3.0 \u00b1 1.9; male students scored 2.4 \u00b1 1.8 and female 3.6 \u00b1 1.8, indicating female students expressed anxiety more. Last, survey respondents reported they averaged 6.3 \u00b1 1.1 hours of sleep per night with females reporting approximately 30 minutes less sleep per night than males.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chiropractic students, on average, did not display depression. However, a subset of female students near the age of 26 were at an increased risk of severe depression. Chiropractic students displayed a rate of anxiety greater than that of undergraduate college students based on existing data sets and reported approximately 6 hours of sleep per night.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7899\/jce-23-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T07:28:20Z","timestamp":1726471700000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Depression, anxiety, and sleep attributes: A cross-sectional study of chiropractic college students"],"prefix":"10.7899","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Ward","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Coats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4650","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"i2374-250X-39-eJCE-23-18-b01","series-title":"Am J Prev Med","first-page":"726","article-title":"Trends in U.S. depression prevalence from 2015 to 2020: The widening treatment gap","volume":"63","author":"Goodwin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Goodwin\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Dierker\n              L,\n            \n            \n              Wu\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Galea\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Hoven\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Weinberger\n              A.\n            \n          \n          Trends in U.S. depression prevalence from 2015 to 2020: The widening treatment gap. 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Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018;99(10):2045\u20132049. doi:10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.05.029"},{"issue":"5","key":"i2374-250X-39-eJCE-23-18-b41","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e8224","article-title":"Using Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2) and GAD-7 in a primary care setting","volume":"12","author":"Sapra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sapra\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Bhandari\n              P,\n            \n            \n              Sharma\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Chanpura\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Lopp\n              L.\n            \n          \n          Using Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2) and GAD-7 in a primary care setting. 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Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:317\u2013325."},{"key":"i2374-250X-39-eJCE-23-18-b46","article-title":"Behavioral health trends in the United States: Results from the 2014 National Survey On Drug Use And Health (NSDUH)","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration\n          . Behavioral health trends in the United States: Results from the 2014 National Survey On Drug Use And Health (NSDUH). 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J Pak Med Assoc. 2019;69(2):230\u2013234."},{"issue":"6","key":"i2374-250X-39-eJCE-23-18-b48","series-title":"Med Educ","first-page":"594","article-title":"Stress and depression among medical students: a cross-sectional study","volume":"39","author":"Dahlin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dahlin\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Nils\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Bo\n              R.\n            \n          \n          Stress and depression among medical students: a cross-sectional study. Med Educ. 2005;39(6):594\u2013604. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2005.02176.x"},{"key":"i2374-250X-39-eJCE-23-18-b49","article-title":"What college GPA is needed for med school? U.S. News","author":"Kowarski","unstructured":"Kowarski\n              I.\n            \n          \n          What college GPA is needed for med school? U.S. News. 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Accessed February 18, 2023. https:\/\/www.campusreel.org\/how-to-get-into-college\/texas-chiropractic-college-foundation-inc-admissions-requirements-and-gpa#:\u223c:text=What%20GPA%20Do%20You%20Need,Inc's%20average%20GPA%20is%203.15"},{"issue":"4","key":"i2374-250X-39-eJCE-23-18-b51","series-title":"JMIR Form Res","first-page":"e31839","article-title":"The impact of web-based physical activity interventions on depression and anxiety among college students: randomized experimental trial","volume":"6","author":"Murray","year":"2022","unstructured":"Murray\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Marenus\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Cahuas\n              A,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          The impact of web-based physical activity interventions on depression and anxiety among college students: randomized experimental trial. 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Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2011;46(4):299\u2013310. doi:10.1007\/s00127-010-0198-y"},{"issue":"2","key":"i2374-250X-39-eJCE-23-18-b53","series-title":"Acad Med","first-page":"236","article-title":"Depressive symptoms in medical students and residents: a multischool study","volume":"84","author":"Goebert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Goebert\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Thompson\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Takeshita\n              J,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Depressive symptoms in medical students and residents: a multischool study. 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