{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T04:33:18Z","timestamp":1776832398845,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"International College of Surgeons","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n        <jats:p>Hydatid disease has a worldwide distribution as a result of more global travel. Liver and lungs are the most common sites for the primary hydatid cysts in the human body. We managed a 68-year-old man who presented with abdominal distension and umbilical fistula, discharging daughter cysts. Ultrasound imaging of the abdomen showed hepatic hydatid cyst forming a fistula at the umbilicus. The patient underwent a laparotomy with partial cystectomy and excision of the fistula tract. The umbilicus healed after the procedure. The patient did not have any recurrences in 5\u00a0years of follow-up. Spontaneous cutaneous fistulization of liver hydatid cyst is a rare presentation. A detailed literature search revealed 15 cases published in all languages. Hydatid disease presenting as an umbilical fistula has not been reported yet. We summarize all these cases including the presentation, findings, management, and outcome. Combined surgical and medical treatment is successful in healing of hepatic hydatid cutaneous fistula.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.9738\/1364.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,13]],"date-time":"2012-12-13T18:34:45Z","timestamp":1355423685000},"page":"69-73","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Hydatid Disease Presenting as Cutaneous Fistula: Review of a Rare Clinical Presentation"],"prefix":"10.9738","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Vijay.","family":"Korwar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Victoria Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gokulakkrishna.","family":"Subhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Victoria Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prabhuraj.","family":"Gaddikeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Victoria Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B. S.","family":"Shivaswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Victoria Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4721","reference":[{"key":"i0020-8868-96-1-69-Milicevic1","series-title":"The Liver and Biliary Tract, 3rd ed, Vol.\u00a02","first-page":"1167","article-title":"Hydatid disease.","author":"Milicevic, MN","year":"2000","unstructured":"Milicevic, MN\n          . Hydatid disease.In:Blumghart, LH and FongY. eds.The Liver and Biliary Tract, 3rd ed, Vol.\u00a02. London, UKWB Saunders. 2000. 1167\u20131204."},{"issue":"6","key":"i0020-8868-96-1-69-Florea1","series-title":"Chirurgia (Bucur)","first-page":"695","article-title":"Spontaneous external fistula of a hydatid liver cyst in a diabetic patient.","volume":"103","author":"Florea, M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Florea, M, BarbuST, CrisanM, SilaghiH, ButnaruA, and LupsorM. Spontaneous external fistula of a hydatid liver cyst in a diabetic patient.Chirurgia (Bucur)2008. 103 (6):695\u2013698."},{"issue":"2","key":"i0020-8868-96-1-69-Sakorafas1","series-title":"Am J Surg","first-page":"205","article-title":"Spontaneous cyst-cutaneous fistula: an extremely rare presentation of hydatid liver cyst.","volume":"192","author":"Sakorafas, GH","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sakorafas, GH, StafylaV, and KassarasG. Spontaneous cyst-cutaneous fistula: an extremely rare presentation of hydatid liver cyst.Am J Surg2006. 192 (2):205\u2013206."},{"issue":"16","key":"i0020-8868-96-1-69-Kismet1","series-title":"World J Gastroenterol","first-page":"2633","article-title":"A rare case: spontaneous cutaneous fistula of infected splenic hydatid cyst.","volume":"12","author":"Kismet, K","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kismet, K, OzcanAH, SabuncuogluMZ, GencayC, KilicogluB, TuranC, et al. A rare case: spontaneous cutaneous fistula of infected splenic hydatid cyst.World J Gastroenterol2006. 12 (16):2633\u20132635."},{"issue":"5","key":"i0020-8868-96-1-69-Bedioui1","series-title":"Med Trop (Mars)","first-page":"488","article-title":"Subcutaneous rupture of hydatid cyst of liver: dealing with a rare observation.","volume":"66","author":"Bedioui, H","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bedioui, H, AyadiS, NouiraK, BakhtriM, JouiniM, Ft\u00e9richeE, et al. Subcutaneous rupture of hydatid cyst of liver: dealing with a rare observation.Med Trop (Mars)2006. 66 (5):488\u2013490."},{"issue":"8","key":"i0020-8868-96-1-69-Salerno1","series-title":"Dig Liver Dis","first-page":"619","article-title":"Subcutaneous rupture of hepatic hydatid cyst: CT findings.","volume":"38","author":"Salerno, S","year":"2006","unstructured":"Salerno, S, CracoliciE, and Lo CastoA. Subcutaneous rupture of hepatic hydatid cyst: CT findings.Dig Liver Dis2006. 38 (8):619\u2013620."},{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"i0020-8868-96-1-69-GrigyGuillaumot1","series-title":"Gastroenterol Clin Biol","first-page":"819","article-title":"Cutaneous fistulization of a liver hydatid cyst.","volume":"28","author":"Grigy-Guillaumot, C","year":"2004","unstructured":"Grigy-Guillaumot, C, YzetT, FlamantM, BartoliE, LagardeV, BrazierF, et al. Cutaneous fistulization of a liver hydatid cyst.Gastroenterol Clin Biol2004. 28 (8\u20139):819\u2013820."},{"issue":"6","key":"i0020-8868-96-1-69-Selmi1","series-title":"Ann Chir","first-page":"595","article-title":"Communication of an hydatid cyst of the liver with the skin and the biliary tract and bronchi.","volume":"126","author":"Selmi, M","year":"2001","unstructured":"Selmi, M, KharratMM, LarbiN, MosbahM, and Ben SalahK. Communication of an hydatid cyst of the liver with the skin and the biliary tract and bronchi.Ann Chir2001. 126 (6):595\u2013597."},{"issue":"11","key":"i0020-8868-96-1-69-Parmar1","series-title":"Scand J Infect Dis","first-page":"870","article-title":"Subcutaneous rupture of hepatic hydatid cyst.","volume":"33","author":"Parmar, H","year":"2001","unstructured":"Parmar, H, NagarajanG, and SupeA. Subcutaneous rupture of hepatic hydatid cyst.Scand J Infect Dis2001. 33 (11):870\u2013872."},{"issue":"6","key":"i0020-8868-96-1-69-Ambo1","series-title":"J Dermatol","first-page":"343","article-title":"Postoperative alveolar hydatid disease with cutaneous-subcutaneous involvement.","volume":"26","author":"Ambo, M","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ambo, M, AdachiK, and OhkawaraA. Postoperative alveolar hydatid disease with cutaneous-subcutaneous involvement.J Dermatol1999. 26 (6):343\u2013347."},{"issue":"5 Pt 2","key":"i0020-8868-96-1-69-BressonHadni1","series-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol","first-page":"873","article-title":"Skin localization of alveolar echinococcosis of the liver.","volume":"34","author":"Bresson-Hadni, S","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bresson-Hadni, S, HumbertP, PaintaudG, AuerH, LenysD, LaurentR, et al. Skin localization of alveolar echinococcosis of the liver.J Am Acad Dermatol1996. 34 (5 Pt 2):873\u2013877."},{"issue":"20","key":"i0020-8868-96-1-69-Berthet1","series-title":"Presse Med","first-page":"952","article-title":"Hydatid cyst of the liver disclosed by metastatic subcutaneous localization.","volume":"21","author":"Berthet, B","year":"1992","unstructured":"Berthet, B and AssadourianR. Hydatid cyst of the liver disclosed by metastatic subcutaneous localization.Presse Med1992. 21 (20):952."},{"issue":"10","key":"i0020-8868-96-1-69-Golematis1","series-title":"J Chir","first-page":"439","article-title":"Cutaneous fistula of hydatid cyst of the liver.","volume":"128","author":"Golematis, BC","year":"1991","unstructured":"Golematis, BC, KarkaniasGG, SakorafasGH, and PanoussopoulosD. Cutaneous fistula of hydatid cyst of the liver.J Chir1991. 128 (10):439\u2013440."},{"issue":"26","key":"i0020-8868-96-1-69-Tschudi1","series-title":"Schweiz Med Wochenschr","first-page":"1011","article-title":"Recurrent chest wall abscess. Result of a probable percutaneous infection with Echinococcus multilocularis following a dormouse bite.","volume":"118","author":"Tschudi, K","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tschudi, K and AmmannR. Recurrent chest wall abscess. Result of a probable percutaneous infection with Echinococcus multilocularis following a dormouse bite.Schweiz Med Wochenschr1988. 118 (26):1011\u20131015."},{"issue":"4","key":"i0020-8868-96-1-69-Kehila1","series-title":"Tunisie Med","first-page":"267","article-title":"Fistule cutaneo-kysto-hepatique spontanee d' origine hydatique.","volume":"65","author":"Kehila, M","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kehila, M, AllegueM, AbdesslemM, LetaiefR, SaidR, Ben Hadj HamidaR, et al. Fistule cutaneo-kysto-hepatique spontanee d' origine hydatique.Tunisie Med1987. 65 (4):267\u2013270."},{"issue":"10","key":"i0020-8868-96-1-69-Bazarov1","series-title":"Vestn Khir Im I I Grek","first-page":"80","article-title":"Echinococcosis of subcutaneous fatty tissue.","volume":"133","author":"Bazarov, A. Kh","year":"1984","unstructured":"Bazarov, A. Kh and KhadzhimatovG. Echinococcosis of subcutaneous fatty tissue.Vestn Khir Im I I Grek1984. 133 (10):80\u201381."},{"issue":"12","key":"i0020-8868-96-1-69-Sayek1","series-title":"Surg Today","first-page":"987","article-title":"Cystic hydatid disease: current trends in diagnosis and management.","volume":"34","author":"Sayek, I","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sayek, I, TirnaksizMB, and DoganR. Cystic hydatid disease: current trends in diagnosis and management.Surg Today2004. 34 (12):987\u2013996."},{"issue":"2","key":"i0020-8868-96-1-69-Frider1","series-title":"J Hepatol","first-page":"228","article-title":"Long term outcome of asymptomatic liver hydatidosis.","volume":"30","author":"Frider, B","year":"1999","unstructured":"Frider, B, LarrieuE, and OdriozolaM. Long term outcome of asymptomatic liver hydatidosis.J Hepatol1999. 30 (2):228\u2013231."},{"issue":"4","key":"i0020-8868-96-1-69-Davidson1","series-title":"Br J Surg","first-page":"398","article-title":"Pre-operative albendazole therapy and hydatid cysts.","volume":"75","author":"Davidson, RN","year":"1988","unstructured":"Davidson, RN, BrycesonAD, CowieAG, and McManusDP. Pre-operative albendazole therapy and hydatid cysts.Br J Surg1988. 75 (4):398."},{"key":"i0020-8868-96-1-69-Pedrosa1","series-title":"Radiographics","first-page":"795","article-title":"Hydatid disease: radiological and pathological features and complications.","volume":"20","author":"Pedrosa, I","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pedrosa, I, Sa\u00eczA, ArrazolaJ, Ferreir\u00f2sJ, and PedrosaCS. Hydatid disease: radiological and pathological features and complications.Radiographics2000. 20:795\u2013817."},{"issue":"8","key":"i0020-8868-96-1-69-Spinelli1","series-title":"Ital J Gastroenterol","first-page":"446","article-title":"Extrahepatic abdominal hydatidosis: surgical features of 11 cases.","volume":"24","author":"Spinelli, C","year":"1992","unstructured":"Spinelli, C, BertiP, GoriL, PieralliniS, and MiccoliP. Extrahepatic abdominal hydatidosis: surgical features of 11 cases.Ital J Gastroenterol1992. 24 (8):446\u2013448."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"i0020-8868-96-1-69-Eren1","series-title":"Emerg Radiol","first-page":"50","article-title":"An asymptomatic ruptured hepatic hydatid cyst case presenting with subdiaphragmatic gas in a traumatic patient.","volume":"12","author":"Eren, S","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eren, S, YildirganI, and KantarciAM. An asymptomatic ruptured hepatic hydatid cyst case presenting with subdiaphragmatic gas in a traumatic patient.Emerg Radiol2005. 12 (1\u20132):50\u201352."},{"issue":"2","key":"i0020-8868-96-1-69-Lewall1","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"391","article-title":"Rupture of echinococcal cysts: diagnosis, classification, and clinical implications.","volume":"146","author":"Lewall, DB","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lewall, DB and McCorkellSJ. Rupture of echinococcal cysts: diagnosis, classification, and clinical implications.AJR Am J Roentgenol1986. 146 (2):391\u2013394."},{"issue":"6","key":"i0020-8868-96-1-69-Ambo2","series-title":"J Dermatol","first-page":"343","article-title":"Postoperative alveolar hydatid disease with cutaneous-subcutaneous involvement.","volume":"26","author":"Ambo, M","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ambo, M, AdachiK, and OhkawaraA. 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