{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T15:55:32Z","timestamp":1768146932597,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Koozakar LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["GJESS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study aimed at establishing influence of contract farming on smallholder farmers\u2019 \nlivelihood and food security in Kubau Local Government Area, using descriptive \nsurvey design. The instrument used was questionnaire, validated by three experts and \nyielded reliability coefficient of 0.87, using Cronbach alpha. The instrument was \nrandomly distributed to 194 farmers in a multi-stage sampling technique. Data were \nsubjected to descriptive statistics and mathematical techniques while independent t-test \n(P \u2264 0.05) was used to test hypothesis. Results revealed that male farmers (&gt;72 %) \nwithin the ages of 30-39 (45 %) years, married (74 %) with tertiary education \ncertificates (48 %) dominated farming activities of the contract farmers. Such farmers \ncultivated mostly maize using household number of 1-4 (64 %), in a farm size of 1.5\n2.4 (54 %) ha-1. However, with relatively low farming experience of 3-4 (58 %) years. \nSimilarly, married male (73.4 %) within the ages of 40-49 (39.36 %) with secondary \neducation dominated farming household of 5-9 (54.26 %) and farm size of 0.5-1.4 \namong non-contract farmers. However, with high &gt; 6 (58.5 %) years farming \nexperience compared to contract farmers. T-test value of 9.86 significantly revealed \nhigh grain output using contract farmers (57.17) compared to non-contract farmers \n(37.3). Such implied better livelihood of the participating farmers, with significantly \n(t-test value of 2.03) less problem indexes of 314.53 compare to 365.73 of non-contract. \nHowever, scarcity and high cost of fertilizer, market price fluctuation and inconsistent \nand poor implementation of government policy were major problems of the farmers. \nThe significant output established a positive impact of contract farming on farmers\u2019 \nlivelihoods. Hence the need for policies to encourage female participation, extension \nservices, innovative production techniques and adequate supply of fertilizer with \nsubsidy for sustainable crop production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.69798\/66013551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,13]],"date-time":"2025-04-13T16:15:26Z","timestamp":1744560926000},"page":"116-125","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Contract Farming on Smallholder Farmers' Livelihood and Food Security in Kubau LGA, Kaduna State, Nigeria."],"prefix":"10.69798","volume":"2","author":[{"name":"Federal University of Education, Zaria, Nigeria.","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3653-8819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Onwunali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Oparandudu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Federal University of Education, Zaria, Nigeria.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuaibu","family":"Musa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Federal University of Education, Zaria, Nigeria.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"50185","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"container-title":["Global Journal of Environmental Science and Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T13:04:37Z","timestamp":1768136677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/koozakar.com\/journals\/article\/KJ-73804591"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.69798\/66013551","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]}}}