{"status":"ok","message-type":"work-list","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"facets":{},"total-results":473454,"items":[{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T16:32:27Z","timestamp":1786897947860,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>We study the cost of execution non-determinism in electronic financial markets. The continuous limit order book (CLOB), used by virtually all major exchanges (Cont, Stoikov, and Talreja 2010), matches orders using price-time priority, creating a regime where participants who invest in speed infrastructure systematically capture favorable fills at the expense of slower participants. We propose a randomized queue priority mechanism that replaces time priority with random priority at each price level, eliminating the latency advantage. Using a controlled simulation exchange with 8 instruments across 5 asset classes, we run identical order flow through both mechanisms simultaneously. We find that the randomized-priority mechanism produces a targeted reduction in queue-priority advantage concentrated among speed-sensitive participants: the HFT queue win rate declines by 0.16 percentage points (42.38% \u2192 42.22%; z = 2.00, p = 0.045, two-tailed), while average slippage is near-identical across mechanisms (Cohen's d = 0.005). A participant-level decomposition reveals that HFT fast-fill rates decline by 0.39 percentage points under randomized queue priority while institutional and retail rates remain stableconsistent with the elimination of deterministic queue priority as a source of speed-based rents. More broadly, our results suggest that standard execution quality metrics under CLOB embed a distributional bias: the apparent slippage advantage of time priority reflects a transfer from slow to fast participants rather than a genuine efficiency gain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6554981","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T16:10:27Z","timestamp":1776701427000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Random Queue Priority in Continuous Limit Order Books: Evidence from a Large-Scale Controlled Simulation"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T15:56:03Z","timestamp":1786895763000},"score":29.757132,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6554981"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6554981","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T16:25:13Z","timestamp":1786897513758,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":12,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>New York City's minimum pay rule for app-based restaurant delivery workers, effective December 4, 2023, raised industry-aggregate hourly pay from $5.05 in the last full pre-rule quarter to $21.49 by the end of 2025, with two scheduled cost-of-living adjustments along the way. Using the Department of Consumer and Worker Protection's public quarterly tables covering all six covered platforms across sixteen quarters, this paper documents that the floor itself worked, but platforms substituted along whichever margin the regulator left open at each stage. During the phase-in window when on-call time could be diluted, realised hourly pay sat below the statutory floor; once the rule tightened in April 2024, on-call hours collapsed by 82 percent within twelve months while trip hours stayed flat or grew. Tips per delivery fell 71 percent over the same period, driven by user-interface changes at Uber Eats and DoorDash that the regulator subsequently documented as a $554 million transfer from workers. The active workforce contracted by 32 percent while productivity rose 80 percent and total deliveries grew 31 percent. The paper proposes a framework of regulatory substitution across compensation channels as a way to read these patterns: when a wage rule targets a single channel of platform compensation, predictable substitution along the unregulated channels follows in a sequence determined by the regulatory architecture. The pay floor binds, but the pattern of platform response shows that a single-channel wage rule is incomplete without parallel attention to the other compensation channels platforms control: on-call exposure, tip facilitation, and access to the platform itself.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6644599","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T03:11:57Z","timestamp":1777086717000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Floor Works, But Platforms Substitute: Industry-Aggregate Evidence on the NYC Food Delivery Minimum Pay Rule, 2022-2025 Working Paper"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"ref1","first-page":"772","article-title":"Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania","volume":"84","author":"D Card","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjz014","article-title":"The Effect of Minimum Wages on Low-Wage Jobs","volume":"134","author":"D Cengiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"2210","article-title":"Restaurant Delivery App Data: October-December 2024. Department of Consumer and Worker Protection, City of New York","volume":"88","author":"C Cook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Restaurant Delivery App Data: Quarterly Aggregated Tables"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00039","article-title":"Minimum Wage Effects Across State Borders: Estimates Using Contiguous Counties","volume":"92","author":"A Dube","year":"2010","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Optimal Defaults with Normative Ambiguity","author":"J Goldin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1177\/0019793917717222","article-title":"An Analysis of the Labor Market for Uber's Driver-Partners in the United States","volume":"71","author":"J V Hall","year":"2018","journal-title":"ILR Review"},{"key":"ref7","author":"B C Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bunching at the Floor: Minimum Pay Compliance in NYC Ride-Hail"},{"key":"ref8","author":"B C Lim","year":"2025","journal-title":"After the Floor Moved: NYC Ride-Hail Driver Pay Behaviour Following the Minimum Pay Rule Change of"},{"key":"ref9","author":"A Manning","year":"2003","journal-title":"Monopsony in Motion: Imperfect Competition in Labor Markets"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0019793920922499","article-title":"Monopsony in Labor Markets: A Review","volume":"74","author":"A Manning","year":"2021","journal-title":"ILR Review"},{"key":"ref11","author":"J A Parrott","year":"2018","journal-title":"An Earnings Standard for New York City's App-based Drivers: Economic Analysis and Policy Assessment"},{"key":"ref12","author":"R H Thaler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T15:26:51Z","timestamp":1786894011000},"score":29.72639,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6644599"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":12,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6644599","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T21:00:46Z","timestamp":1784840446484,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>This document is a pre-analysis plan. It commits, before outcomes are fully realised, to a design for studying the July 2026 escalation of the US-Iran conflict (\"Episode 2\") using the sample, exposure classification, outcome measures, and inference suite of my published study of the February 2026 Hormuz shock (Lim, 2026; \"Episode 1\"). Episode 1 produced a single-channel result: Parkinson intraday volatility at highly fuelcost-exposed firms rose by 23 log points at the war's onset, while daily spread proxies did not widen within the importer panel and the Amihud price impact gave mixed evidence. The central question here is whether markets habituate to a repeated shock of the same type. Episode 2 is kinetically more severe than Episode 1: a sustained nightly strike campaign, a reinstated naval blockade, and a collapse in Strait of Hormuz tanker transits. The oil market response has nonetheless been markedly smaller. I pre-register two comparisons: whether the volatility-channel response is attenuated, unchanged, or amplified in Episode 2 relative to Episode 1, and whether the volatility-without-liquidity-withdrawal channel structure replicates. Both directions of the first comparison are declared admissible. The plan fixes the sample, measures, event dates, estimation windows, a sample freeze rule, and the inference procedure. Analysis will begin only after the freeze date.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.7137338","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T20:03:34Z","timestamp":1784837014000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Do Asian Equity Markets Habituate to Geopolitical Shocks? A Pre-Analysis Plan for the Second Hormuz Episode"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T20:03:34Z","timestamp":1784837014000},"score":29.72639,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=7137338"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.7137338","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"institution":[{"name":"Research Square"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T15:09:21Z","timestamp":1778944161521,"version":"3.51.4"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"group-title":"In Review","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778889600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"abstract":"<title>Abstract<\/title>\n                <p>\n                  Singapore Buy-Now-Pay-Later (BNPL) products operate outside the rate-cap architecture that governs every other consumer credit instrument in the jurisdiction. Licensed moneylenders are capped at 4 percent monthly interest under the Moneylenders Act, and credit card issuers face MAS conduct rules and a 12-times-monthly-income aggregate underwriting limit. BNPL faces neither. I compute the effective monthly rate implied by the late fee schedules of the three accredited Singapore BNPL providers (Atome, Grab PayLater, SeaMoney SPayLater) across seventeen ticket-size scenarios and benchmark these against the Moneylenders Act ceiling. On per-incident absolute fees, BNPL charges fall below the moneylender maximum. On effective rates the picture inverts: BNPL produces monthly rates of 1 to 75 percent on the deferred amount. The same S$15 Atome late fee implies a 75 percent rate on a S$20 missed instalment, 15 percent on S$100, and 4.5 percent on S$333. The statutory rate cap binds uniformly on rate; the BNPL flat fee binds uniformly on dollar amount. I calibrate the analysis to MAS data and to the CFPB 2025 BNPL studies, which show high loan stacking and concentration in subprime borrowers. The structural patterns hold across jurisdictions. BNPL escapes the rate-cap regime through legal classification (deferred payment, not loan) rather than through superior consumer protection. I propose extending Moneylenders Act discipline through a two-component fee structure (capped flat administrative fee plus percentage rate cap) and mandating full Credit Bureau Singapore reporting of BNPL exposure, building on rather than replacing the current industry Code of Conduct.\n                  <bold>JEL Codes:<\/bold>\n                  G18, G28, G51, K23, D18.\n                <\/p>","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-9581198\/v1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T14:26:13Z","timestamp":1778941573000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Inverted Regulatory Perimeter in Singapore Buy-Now-Pay-Later"],"prefix":"10.21203","author":[{"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-9581198\/v1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-9581198\/v1.html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T14:26:13Z","timestamp":1778941573000},"score":29.72639,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-9581198\/v1"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-9581198\/v1","published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T11:22:53Z","timestamp":1776165773492,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":13,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>On October 10, 2025, the largest forced deleveraging event in cryptocurrency history triggered over$19 billion in liquidations across centralized and decentralized venues. During the cascade, Ethena\u2019ssynthetic dollar USDe dropped to $0.65 on Binance\u2014a 35% depeg\u2014while simultaneously tradingnear $0.99 on decentralized venues such as Curve and Uniswap. Using 1-minute candle data fromBinance\u2019s public API (4,321 candles across the event window), we document that this was not aglobal stablecoin failure but a venue-isolated depeg driven by a reflexive oracle feedback loop:Binance\u2019s pricing oracle referenced its own illiquid order book rather than deeper external pools,causing forced liquidations that further drained liquidity, which further depressed the oracle price. Weshow that during the same 12-hour window, USDC and FDUSD on the same exchange experiencedmaximum deviations of only 1.5% and 2.0% respectively\u2014stablecoins with direct mint\/redeemaccess on Binance maintained their pegs under identical stress. The depeg lasted 95 minutes below$0.99 and 53 minutes below $0.95. Despite the protocol remaining fully collateralized throughout,USDe\u2019s circulating supply fell from $14.7 billion to $6.4 billion over the following two months. TheBinance depeg served as a coordination focal point for deleveraging, producing economicconsequences of similar magnitude to an actual collateral crisis despite the protocol\u2019s technicalsoundness. We argue that stablecoin \u201dstability\u201d is not solely a property of collateral design butdepends critically on the microstructure of the venues where the asset trades, and that oraclearchitecture is a first-order determinant of peg resilience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6574205","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T09:42:58Z","timestamp":1776159778000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["When the Peg Breaks on One Exchange:Venue-Isolated Stablecoin Depegs and the Oracle Feedback Loop"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Post-mortem: October 10, 2025 market event","author":"Binance","year":"2026","journal-title":"Binance Blog"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhn098","article-title":"Market liquidity and funding liquidity","volume":"22","author":"M K Brunnermeier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Review of Financial Studies"},{"key":"ref3","author":"Coindesk","year":"2025","journal-title":"No, Ethena's USDe didn't de-peg during Friday's crash"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Stablecoins in 2025: developments and financial stability implications","year":"2026","journal-title":"Federal Reserve Board"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-405X(85)90044-3","article-title":"Bid, ask and transaction prices in a specialist market with heterogeneously informed traders","volume":"14","author":"L R Glosten","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"key":"ref6","author":"R Joshi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Essays on stablecoins' stability"},{"key":"ref7","author":"B C Lim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Same shock, same assets, different microstructure: a comparative analysis of CeFi and DeFi venue performance during the October 10, 2025 cryptocurrency cascade"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3386\/w33882","author":"Y Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stablecoin runs and the centralization of arbitrage"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2019.07.001","article-title":"Trading and arbitrage in cryptocurrency markets","volume":"135","author":"I Makarov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"key":"ref10","author":"R Auer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Public information and stablecoin runs"},{"key":"ref11","author":"R Ahmed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stablecoins: a revolutionary payment technology with financial risks"},{"key":"ref12","author":"Coingecko","year":"2026","journal-title":"What is October 10th? Crypto's 10\/10 mass market liquidation event"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Ethena and the mechanics of USDe","volume":"335","author":"Coin Metrics","year":"2025","journal-title":"State of the Network"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T09:59:04Z","timestamp":1776160744000},"score":29.722023,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6574205"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":13,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6574205","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:56:37Z","timestamp":1786737397138,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper develops a theoretical model of price impact in fragmented cryptocurrency markets, where ETF-driven order flow must be routed across heterogeneous exchanges with varying liquidity depth. Extending Kyle (1985) to a multi-venue setting, I derive an aggregate price impact function that is linear for moderate flows but becomes convex when flows exceed any single venue's capacity. The model generates four testable predictions: (1) linear price impact for moderate flows, (2) volatility amplification, (3) permanent price impact with no reversal, and (4) flow-driven return momentum. Using 563 trading days of net flow data from all U.S. spot Bitcoin ETFs (January 2024-April 2026), sourced from Farside Investors, I confirm all four predictions. An instrumental variables approach using lagged flows (first-stage F = 89.5) yields a causal price impact of 0.20% per $100 million net inflow (t = 2.65), roughly half the OLS estimate (0.41%, t = 10.38), indicating substantial same-day simultaneity between flows and returns. Volatility amplifies the price impact (t = 2.51), current flows predict next-day returns (t = 2.26), and there is no evidence of price reversal at any horizon up to 12 months (250 trading days)-in stark contrast to the quarterly reversal documented in equity markets by Lou (2012). The flow-return relationship is stable across subperiods and robust to the exclusion of extreme flows. These findings have implications for the design of ETF products linked to fragmented underlying assets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6567058","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T16:15:58Z","timestamp":1776701758000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Liquidity Fragmentation and the Price Impact of ETF Flows: A Model of Cross-Venue Arbitrage in Cryptocurrency Markets"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T18:53:52Z","timestamp":1786733632000},"score":29.722023,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6567058"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6567058","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:44:54Z","timestamp":1786740294958,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>On August 1, 2025, new minimum per-trip pay rates took effect for New York City ride-hail drivers, the implementing component of a broader rule package adopted by the Taxi and Limousine Commission in June 2025 to address platform manipulation of driver availability. Using the Commission's public trip-record dataset for 482 million non-shared in-city trips spanning January 2024 through February 2026, I document a sharp and persistent change in platform pay behaviour at the August 2025 effective date. Holding the 2024 minimum-pay formula fixed as a counterfactual yardstick, the share of trips paid within two percent of the modal pay multiplier dropped by 22 percentage points for Lyft (from 76 to 55 percent) and 14 percentage points for Uber (from 59 to 45 percent) in the first month after the rule. The drop appeared in both Manhattan and outer-borough trips, ruling out a spatial confound from contemporaneous congestion-pricing changes. Through February 2026, bunching continued to decline gradually rather than re-anchoring at the new floor. Realised driver pay rose by 2.7 percent (Uber) to 3.8 percent (Lyft), broadly consistent with the Commission's stated 5 percent increase target. The findings indicate that the August 2025 rule did not merely shift platforms to a new floor; it changed the structure of platform pricing from one anchored at the regulatory minimum to one in which payments dispersed across a continuous range above the floor. The aggregate data cannot identify the mechanism behind this dispersion, which may reflect strategic responses to the new rule's elimination of automatic utilisation-rate adjustments, driver supply responses, or platform implementation choices that may continue to evolve.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6638758","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:45:06Z","timestamp":1777038306000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["After the Floor Moved: NYC Ride-Hail Driver Pay Behaviour Following the Minimum Pay Rule Change of August 2025"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:01:29Z","timestamp":1786737689000},"score":29.722023,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6638758"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6638758","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:11:17Z","timestamp":1785334277907,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Declarations. The author reports no conflicts of interest and received no funding for this research. The study uses only publicly available aggregate statistics; no human-subjects data were used. Data availability. All data underlying this study are publicly available aggregate statistics published by the Central Provident Fund Board (Annual Reports; CPF Trends \"Retirement top-ups\" workbook) and the Ministry of Manpower (press release, January 2026; parliamentary written answer, February 2026), with full sources and access dates listed in the References and Appendix. No proprietary or individual-level data were used. The compiled dataset and the scripts used to construct the tables and figures are available from the author on request.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6850718","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:41:55Z","timestamp":1785332515000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["When Singapore Tripled Its Retirement Match Cap: Evidence of Suppressed Saving Demand from the Matched Retirement Savings Scheme"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:41:55Z","timestamp":1785332515000},"score":29.722023,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6850718"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6850718","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:09:49Z","timestamp":1785334189525,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>High-frequency trading on centralized exchanges rewards colocation, microwave links, and queue priority. Hyperliquid is a decentralized perpetual exchange whose order book runs on the HyperCore engine with HyperBFT consensus. Fills, liquidations, top-of-book state, and funding rates are visible on public feeds, with each fill carrying the buyer and seller address. Order submissions and cancellations for arbitrary addresses are not publicly observable.&amp;nbsp;<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6820700","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:36:39Z","timestamp":1785332199000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["What Wins on Hyperliquid? Speed, Timing, or Carry? A Regime-Dependent Decomposition of Trading Edge in an On-Chain Perpetual Order Book"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:36:40Z","timestamp":1785332200000},"score":29.716782,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6820700"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6820700","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:12:49Z","timestamp":1785334369938,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: This paper examines whether China's partial capital-account convertibility shapes the foreign-expansion financing structures of Chinese food-and-beverage firms. The central question is not whether capital frictions mechanically cause franchising, but whether they affect where expansion capital is located and how foreign operating scale is financed. Design\/methodology\/approach: The paper uses a comparative case design covering Mixue, Luckin Coffee, Super Hi International\/Haidilao International and the privately held Cotti Coffee, with Jollibee Foods Corporation of the Philippines as a matched non-China benchmark. It combines listed-company filings, prospectuses, regulatory sources, trade-flow logic, and corporate-structure evidence. The design is theory-building rather than causal-estimation oriented. Findings: Chinese F&amp;amp;B multinationals do not converge on a single entry mode: Mixue and Cotti are franchise-heavy, Luckin is mixed but majority company-owned, and Super Hi is company-owned. The common pattern is instead a financing-locus adjustment. Firms reduce repeated remittance of mainland capital through franchisee local-currency investment, offshore-listed capital pools, or international corporate vehicles. Entry mode appears to track unit economics, brand-control needs and supply-chain centralisation, while financing locus adjusts to the capital-account friction. Originality: The paper distinguishes capital scarcity from cross-border capital-deployment friction. It extends the capital-market-imperfections strand of Chinese outward-FDI research to contemporary consumer-services internationalisation and reintroduces a bounded capital-side rationale for organisational form in a cross-border setting where domestic franchising critiques do not fully apply.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6893098","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:47:38Z","timestamp":1785332858000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Capital-Account Frictions and the Financing Architecture of Chinese F&amp;amp;B Multinationals"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:47:38Z","timestamp":1785332858000},"score":29.698265,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6893098"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6893098","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T16:32:06Z","timestamp":1786897926096,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>I test whether information latency in decentralized lending protocols generates regime-dependent liquidation outcomes, using transaction-level data on 16,639 Aave V3 Ethereum mainnet liquidations of WETH, WBTC, LINK, and AAVE collateral between January 2023 and April 2026. The pre-registered binary specification produces a null result; the continuous-volatility refinement yields a small positive interaction opposite to the cascade-burnout prediction. Asset-by-asset estimates reveal cross-asset heterogeneity that the pooled regressions obscure: a joint Wald test rejects cross-asset homogeneity at the 5 percent level in the full sample (chi-squared with 3 df = 8.05, p = 0.045), with WBTC and LINK contributing the largest negative coefficients in the direction predicted by attenuation. Regime-conditional refinements that would identify the underlying mechanism are statistically fragile: the heterogeneity does not survive a no-stress restriction, and the apparent strengthening in stress-only sub-samples is mechanically driven by within-block simultaneity in a single cascade window. The paper's two contributions are methodological: documenting that pooled cross-asset DeFi tests can systematically mask economically meaningful idiosyncratic risk (the masking effect), and documenting that regime-conditional inference on liquidation cascades is fragile to plausible variation in stress-window definitions and to within-block clustering in the cascade observations themselves. Both observations have direct implications for how empirical claims about DeFi cascade dynamics should be evaluated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6687018","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:09:36Z","timestamp":1777619376000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Asset Heterogeneity in DeFi Oracle Vulnerabilities"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T15:54:10Z","timestamp":1786895650000},"score":29.698265,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6687018"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6687018","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:33:10Z","timestamp":1786721590707,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>I document a previously unrecognized form of market microstructure activity following the StablR stablecoin exploit of 24 May 2026. As of the snapshot date (26 May 2026), the depegged USDR and EURR tokens had 196 and 84 Uniswap V4 pools, respectively, against fewer than 13 legitimate pools each in the months preceding the exploit. Of the 280 V4 pools observed at snapshot, 260 (188 USDR and 72 EURR) were created within the focal event window of 22 to 27 May 2026. Pool creation occurred in two distinct waves: a USDR-dominated burst beginning during the early hours of 24 May UTC and peaking at 52 pools per hour, and a smaller mixed wave approximately 30 hours later on 25 May. Pool creators are diverse: 51 distinct addresses created the USDR pools and 21 distinct addresses created the EURR pools, with a union of 62 unique addresses across both tokens. The top two creators alone account for 75 of 280 pools (27 percent). The five most active wallets all predate the exploit by 3 to 22 months and exhibit prior onchain activity consistent with automated MEV-style operations rather than attack-aligned behavior. I argue that this proliferation pattern is structurally distinctive to Uniswap V4. The singleton PoolManager architecture eliminates per-pool contract deployment. Uniswap Labs reports that this reduces pool-creation gas cost by approximately 99 percent relative to V3 (Adams et al., 2024). Under V4, pool creation becomes a tactical response to short-lived dislocations rather than a strategic capital allocation. The finding has two implications. First, pool counts as a measure of DEX depth are corruptible by post-event proliferation. Second, V4 architecture has produced an emergent on-chain behaviour with no V2 or V3 analog. I provide on-chain evidence and full data definitions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6832678","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:04:31Z","timestamp":1780358671000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["MEV Pool Proliferation in Uniswap V4: Forensic Evidence from the May 2026 StablR Stablecoin Exploit"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T14:52:39Z","timestamp":1786719159000},"score":29.698265,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6832678"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6832678","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:08:06Z","timestamp":1785334086364,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>The VIX futures term structure inverts on 7.75 percent of trading days from January 2011 to May 2026. I show that the depth of this inversion contains incremental forecasting information for forward realised volatility above the VIX level, raising the in-sample R-squared by 2.4 to 6.9 percentage points relative to a regression that controls only for the VIX. The signal is concentrated at the front end of the term structure: measures incorporating the 9-day volatility index dominate the conventional spot-versus-three-month measure across all horizons tested. The signal is associated with the gap between forward realised volatility and the contemporaneous VIX at horizons of 5 and 10 trading days, consistent with variation in the volatility risk premium. The result survives augmentation with Corsi-style heterogeneous autoregressive realisedvolatility controls and is validated out of sample in a recursive 2019 to 2026 test using the Clark and West (2007) nested-model statistic. The findings refine the standard view that the VIX term structure contains information about future volatility by locating the incremental content at the short end of the curve.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6752518","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:29:36Z","timestamp":1785331776000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Front End of the VIX Term Structure and Forward Realised Volatility"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:29:36Z","timestamp":1785331776000},"score":29.693014,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6752518"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6752518","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:12:05Z","timestamp":1785334325775,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>I test the four most accessible sources of putative edge in spot FX, using only data a retail participant can obtain freely or cheaply, with a uniform evaluation protocol: walk-forward where models are fit, transaction costs on all turnover, deflated Sharpe ratios for multiple testing, and stationary block-bootstrap significance. None is tradeable. Intraday (five-minute) return prediction shows no edge over a naive baseline after costs and deflation. Short-horizon volatility is forecastable, but a Heterogeneous AutoRegressive (HAR) model captures essentially all of it and microstructure-feature machine learning adds nothing incremental, in forecasting or in position sizing. At daily frequency over 2005-2026 on seven majors, time-series momentum and cross-sectional carry both produce statistically insignificant returns net of costs. The two premia weakened in opposite temporal patterns: trend was positive pre-2015 and negative after, while carry lost in the first half (crisis drawdowns) and recovered weakly in the second. The contribution is a single, honestly-bounded statement of absence across the retail-accessible opportunity set, and a delineation of where remaining edge plausibly lies: high-resolution orderbook microstructure, which retail bar data cannot reach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6871118","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:44:19Z","timestamp":1785332659000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Testing Common Forex Trading Strategies: A Null Result An empirical note Boon Chuan Lim"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:44:19Z","timestamp":1785332659000},"score":29.681805,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6871118"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6871118","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:34:49Z","timestamp":1786739689917,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>We document the inside-market response of Hyperliquid-the largest decentralized perpetual futures venue-to the October 10, 2025 system-wide liquidation cascade. Using the venue's public L2 order-book archive, we construct a minute-level panel spanning BTC, ETH, SOL, XRP, and DOGE perpetual contracts across a 92-day window centered on the event. Three findings emerge. First, the cascade was a tightly compressed intraday event: median quoted spread pooled across assets reached 9.4 basis points at hour 21 UTC and the 95th percentile reached 87.5 basis points, with intraday recovery well under way by end of day. Second, across the 23-day post-event window prior to a separate market-wide selloff beginning November 3, 2025, quoted spreads on all five contracts returned to within 1.2 times pre-event levels and three of five contracts returned to within 1.1 times. Third, inside-quote depth contracted persistently over the same window, with four of five contracts showing further depth contraction from days 1-7 to days 17-23 post-event, ending between 66 percent and 79 percent of pre-event levels. We interpret these results as evidence that market-maker response to a perpetual futures tail event is two-regime: pricing recovers within weeks while inventory commitment persistently contracts. The pattern has implications for how execution quality and venue resilience should be measured: spread-only metrics systematically understate the post-event impairment of inside-market liquidity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6636998","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:44:15Z","timestamp":1777038255000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Two-Regime Liquidity Recovery After a Perpetual Futures Liquidation Cascade: Evidence from Hyperliquid and the October 10, 2025 Event"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:31:25Z","timestamp":1786735885000},"score":29.681805,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6636998"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6636998","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:52:22Z","timestamp":1786737142459,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>On October 10, 2025, the largest forced deleveraging event in cryptocurrency history triggered over $19 billion in liquidations across centralized and decentralized venues. During the cascade, Ethena's synthetic dollar USDe dropped to $0.65 on Binance-a 35% depeg-while simultaneously trading near $0.99 on decentralized venues such as Curve and Uniswap. Using 1-minute candle data from Binance's public API (4,321 candles across the event window), we document that this was not a global stablecoin failure but a venue-isolated depeg driven by a reflexive oracle feedback loop: Binance's pricing oracle referenced its own illiquid order book rather than deeper external pools, causing forced liquidations that further drained liquidity, which further depressed the oracle price. We show that during the same 12-hour window, USDC and FDUSD on the same exchange experienced maximum deviations of only 1.5% and 2.0% respectively-stablecoins with direct mint\/redeem access on Binance maintained their pegs under identical stress. The depeg lasted 95 minutes below $0.99 and 53 minutes below $0.95. Despite the protocol remaining fully collateralized throughout (confirmed by independent attestors), USDe's circulating supply fell from $14.7 billion to $6.4 billion over the following two months. The Binance depeg served as a coordination focal point for deleveraging, producing economic consequences of similar magnitude to an actual collateral crisis despite the protocol's technical soundness. We argue that stablecoin \"stability\" is not solely a property of collateral design but depends critically on the microstructure of the venues where the asset trades, and that oracle architecture is a first-order determinant of peg resilience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6571858","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T16:18:29Z","timestamp":1776701909000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["When the Peg Breaks on One Exchange: Venue-Isolated Stablecoin Depegs and the Oracle Feedback Loop"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T18:50:42Z","timestamp":1786733442000},"score":29.665943,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6571858"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6571858","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T18:29:28Z","timestamp":1786732168518,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Using 18 months of hourly data on Hyperliquid and Binance perpetual contracts for BTC, ETH, SOL, DOGE, and AVAX, I show that the perpetual-spot basis predicts Binance perpetual realized volatility. In the pooled cross-coin specification with structural break controls, the absolute basis significantly predicts forward volatility at all three horizons (h = 1, 8, 24; t = 2.04, 4.44, 4.72). Percoin estimates show BTC's coefficient is essentially zero, consistent with limits-to-arbitrage frictions absent at the most-liquid coin; the four other coins all show positive coefficients, with individual significance for SOL and DOGE. Out-of-sample testing produces statistically significant forecast improvements against a simple lagged-volatility benchmark but not against the more demanding HAR-RV benchmark.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6697060","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T22:16:33Z","timestamp":1777760193000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Information Content of Perpetual Basis"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:39:36Z","timestamp":1786729176000},"score":29.665943,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6697060"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6697060","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T22:33:03Z","timestamp":1786746783275,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>I introduce a methodology for measuring consumer learning under supply uncertainty using highfrequency observations of secondary-market listings in the Pok\u00e9mon trading card game (TCG) grading market. Conventional studies of certified-collectible markets rely on grader-published population reports, which are released monthly and reflect the grading firm's internal database rather than the supply consumers actually observe. I propose an alternative supply signal: the count of active eBay listings at a given grade and condition, captured every six hours via the eBay Browse API. I detect supply shocks as weekly listing-count changes exceeding the card's own historical 95th percentile of \u0394 log(listings), and study price responses around these shocks via a card-andweek fixed-effects event study. The contribution is methodological. The empirical pipeline runs end to end on a single virtual private server, persists observations into a Postgres warehouse, handles regime changes (e.g., API rate-limit changes) via an explicit exclusion register, and produces reproducible monthly snapshots for paper-version pinning. I report a pilot dataset spanning 3 April through 9 May 2026 (37 calendar days), 19 active cards, 2,772 observations, and two confirmed supply-shock events. The pilot is not powered for inference; results are presented to validate the pipeline rather than to support generalisable claims about the response of prices to supply. Companion work in preparation will apply the same methodology to a 98-card universe over a 12-month horizon, at which scale event counts should support publication-grade event-study estimation. I provide the full data-collection and detection code as a public replication package.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6738162","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T08:00:11Z","timestamp":1778313611000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Consumer Learning Under Supply Uncertainty: A Pilot Study of eBay Listing-Volume Shocks in the Pok\u00e9mon Card Grading Market"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T21:55:39Z","timestamp":1786744539000},"score":29.665943,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6738162"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6738162","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"institution":[{"name":"Research Square"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T02:22:23Z","timestamp":1783131743605,"version":"3.54.6"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"group-title":"In Review","reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"abstract":"<title>Abstract<\/title>\n                <p>\n                  New York City\u2019s minimum pay rule for app-based restaurant delivery workers, effective December 2023, raised industry-aggregate hourly pay from $5.05 in the last full pre-rule quarter to $21.49 by the end of 2025. Using the Department of Consumer and Worker Protection\u2019s public quarterly tables across sixteen quarters, this paper tests a framework of regulatory substitution across compensation channels. Chow tests, supremum-Wald structural break tests, and segmented-regression interrupted time series with Newey-West standard errors and permutation-based inference all detect highly significant breaks at the rule\u2019s implementation dates. The realised pay series shows a level shift of $11.6 per hour at Q1 2024 (Chow F\u2009=\u200993.8, permutation p\u2009=\u20090.0002). On-call hours show a level shift of \u2212\u2009673 thousand per week at Q2 2024 (Chow F\u2009=\u200916.1, permutation p\u2009=\u20090.0006); the sup-Wald test selects Q1 2024 (F\u2009=\u200933.1), indicating platforms began draining on-call capacity at enforcement onset. Tips per delivery show a level shift of \u2212$1.71 at Q4 2023 (Chow F\u2009=\u20097.1) intensifying to sup-Wald F\u2009=\u2009171.9 at Q1 2024 once user-interface redesigns at Uber Eats and DoorDash took full effect. Active workers contracted by 32 percent (Chow F\u2009=\u200973.3, level shift\u2009\u2212\u20096.1 thousand). Each substitution arrived in a sequence keyed to which channel the regulator left open. The paper contributes a regulatory-substitution framework: when a wage rule targets one channel of platform compensation, predictable substitution along the unregulated channels follows in a sequence determined by the regulatory architecture.\n                  <bold>JEL classification:<\/bold>\n                  L51 (Economics of Regulation); J38 (Public Policy: Wages); J42 (Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets); K23 (Regulated Industries and Administrative Law)\n                <\/p>","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-9578165\/v1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T14:28:49Z","timestamp":1778596129000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Platform Substitution Under New York City\u2019s Food Delivery Pay Rule"],"prefix":"10.21203","author":[{"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.2307\/2951764","article-title":"Tests for parameter instability and structural change with unknown change point","volume":"61","author":"Andrews DWK","year":"1993","unstructured":"Andrews, D. W. K. (1993). Tests for parameter instability and structural change with unknown change point. Econometrica, 61(4), 821\u2013856. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2951764","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2307\/2998540","article-title":"Estimating and testing linear models with multiple structural changes","volume":"66","author":"Bai J","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bai, J., & Perron, P. (1998). Estimating and testing linear models with multiple structural changes. Econometrica, 66(1), 47\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2998540","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw098","article-title":"Interrupted time series regression for the evaluation of public health interventions: A tutorial","volume":"46","author":"Bernal JL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bernal, J. L., Cummins, S., & Gasparrini, A. (2017). Interrupted time series regression for the evaluation of public health interventions: A tutorial. International Journal of Epidemiology, 46(1), 348\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyw098","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref4","first-page":"772","article-title":"Minimum wages and employment: A case study of the fast-food industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania","volume":"84","author":"Card D","year":"1994","unstructured":"Card, D., & Krueger, A. B. (1994). Minimum wages and employment: A case study of the fast-food industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. American Economic Review, 84(4), 772\u2013793.","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjz014","article-title":"The effect of minimum wages on low-wage jobs","volume":"134","author":"Cengiz D","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cengiz, D., Dube, A., Lindner, A., & Zipperer, B. (2019). The effect of minimum wages on low-wage jobs. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 134(3), 1405\u20131454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/qje\/qjz014","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.2307\/1910133","article-title":"Tests of equality between sets of coefficients in two linear regressions","volume":"28","author":"Chow GC","year":"1960","unstructured":"Chow, G. C. (1960). Tests of equality between sets of coefficients in two linear regressions. Econometrica, 28(3), 591\u2013605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1910133","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdaa081","article-title":"The gender earnings gap in the gig economy: Evidence from over a million rideshare drivers","volume":"88","author":"Cook C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cook, C., Diamond, R., Hall, J. V., List, J. A., & Oyer, P. (2021). The gender earnings gap in the gig economy: Evidence from over a million rideshare drivers. Review of Economic Studies, 88(5), 2210\u20132238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/restud\/rdaa081","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"key":"ref8","author":"November","year":"2022","unstructured":"A minimum pay rate for app-based restaurant delivery workers in NYC. Department of Consumer and Worker Protection, City of New York, & November (2022). 2022. https:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/site\/dca\/workers\/Delivery-Worker-Public-Hearing-Minimum-Pay-Rate.page"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Department of Consumer and Worker Protection, City of New York (2024a). Restaurant delivery app data: January\u2013March 2024. July 2024."},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Department of Consumer and Worker Protection, City of New York (2024b). Restaurant delivery app data: April\u2013June 2024."},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Department of Consumer and Worker Protection, City of New York (2024c). Restaurant delivery app data: July\u2013September 2024."},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Department of Consumer and Worker Protection, City of New York (2024d). Restaurant delivery app data: October\u2013December 2024."},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Department of Consumer and Worker Protection, City of New York (2025). Restaurant delivery app data: Quarterly aggregated tables. https:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/site\/dca\/workers\/Delivery-Worker-Public-Hearing-Minimum-Pay-Rate.page"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Department of Consumer and Worker Protection, City of New York (2026). Uber Eats and DoorDash engineered a $554 million pay cut: NYC is fighting back. January 2026."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00039","article-title":"Minimum wage effects across state borders: Estimates using contiguous counties","volume":"92","author":"Dube A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dube, A., Lester, T. W., & Reich, M. (2010). Minimum wage effects across state borders: Estimates using contiguous counties. Review of Economics and Statistics, 92(4), 945\u2013964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/REST_a_00039","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_00946","article-title":"Optimal defaults with normative ambiguity","volume":"104","author":"Goldin J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goldin, J., & Reck, D. (2020). Optimal defaults with normative ambiguity. Review of Economics and Statistics, 104(1), 17\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/rest_a_00946","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1177\/0019793917717222","article-title":"An analysis of the labor market for Uber\u2019s driver-partners in the United States","volume":"71","author":"Hall JV","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hall, J. V., & Krueger, A. B. (2018). An analysis of the labor market for Uber\u2019s driver-partners in the United States. ILR Review, 71(3), 705\u2013732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0019793917717222","journal-title":"ILR Review"},{"key":"ref18","volume-title":"Monopsony in motion: Imperfect competition in labor markets","author":"Manning A","year":"2003","unstructured":"Manning, A. (2003). Monopsony in motion: Imperfect competition in labor markets. Princeton University Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0019793920922499","article-title":"Monopsony in labor markets: A review","volume":"74","author":"Manning A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Manning, A. (2021). Monopsony in labor markets: A review. ILR Review, 74(1), 3\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0019793920922499","journal-title":"ILR Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.2307\/2297912","article-title":"Automatic lag selection in covariance matrix estimation","volume":"61","author":"Newey WK","year":"1994","unstructured":"Newey, W. K., & West, K. D. (1994). Automatic lag selection in covariance matrix estimation. Review of Economic Studies, 61(4), 631\u2013653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2297912","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"key":"ref21","author":"Parrott JA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parrott, J. A., & Reich, M. (2018). An earnings standard for New York City\u2019s app-based drivers: Economic analysis and policy assessment. Center for New York City Affairs, New School. July 2018."},{"key":"ref22","volume-title":"Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness","author":"Thaler RH","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2008). Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. Yale University Press."}],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-9578165\/v1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-9578165\/v1.html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T01:55:59Z","timestamp":1783130159000},"score":29.665943,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-9578165\/v1"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"references-count":22,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-9578165\/v1","published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:26:51Z","timestamp":1786721211454,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":13,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Perpetual futures contracts dominate cryptocurrency trading, yet the widespread use of hidden order types (iceberg orders, reserve liquidity, and non-displayed depth) has outpaced formal market design. This paper develops a complete, implementable framework for designing perpetual futures markets with both visible and hidden liquidity. We extend the Kyle (1985) batch-auction model to two layers of depth and derive in closed form how equilibrium price impact, realised spreads, and post-trade reversion depend on the hiddento-visible ratio \u03ba. From the same primitives we derive informativeness I(\u03ba) and execution quality E(\u03ba) rather than assuming their shapes, and prove existence of an interior optimal \u03ba * maximising a weighted welfare function. Our central new result is that \u03ba * is state-dependent: under liquidation cascades, when the order-flow distribution becomes fat-tailed and price discovery is mechanically distorted, the welfaremaximising hidden ratio rises sharply. We supply a level-by-level implementation rule, a six-step calibration procedure using only public exchange data, and a conservative default \u03ba * = 0.5 for exchanges that cannot perform calibration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6660119","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T15:28:16Z","timestamp":1777303696000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transparency vs. Liquidity Provision in Perpetual Futures Markets: A Market Design Framework with Hidden Liquidity"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhs123","article-title":"Hidden and displayed liquidity in securities markets with informed liquidity providers","volume":"26","author":"A Boulatov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Review of Financial Studies"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhu032","article-title":"High-frequency trading and price discovery","volume":"27","author":"J Brogaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Review of Financial Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2016.02.002","article-title":"Dark pool trading strategies, market quality and welfare","volume":"124","author":"S Buti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3040","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhaf046","article-title":"Liquidity provision on blockchain-based decentralized exchanges","volume":"38","author":"A Capponi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Review of Financial Studies"},{"key":"ref5","author":"Trading Dydx","year":"2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.1992.tb04402.x","article-title":"Time and the process of security price adjustment","volume":"47","author":"D Easley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199936243.001.0001","author":"T Foucault","year":"2013","journal-title":"Market liquidity: theory, evidence, and policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.1994.tb02450.x","article-title":"Is the electronic open limit order book inevitable","volume":"49","author":"L R Glosten","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-405X(85)90044-3","article-title":"Bid, ask, and transaction prices in a specialist market with heterogeneously informed traders","volume":"14","author":"L R Glosten","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022109013000471","article-title":"Algorithmic trading and the market for liquidity","volume":"48","author":"T Hendershott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis"},{"key":"ref11","author":"Hyperliquid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hyperliquid documentation: vaults and Hyperliquidity Provider (HLP)"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.2307\/1913210","article-title":"Continuous auctions and insider trading","volume":"53","author":"A S Kyle","year":"1985","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/jofi.13405","article-title":"Decentralized exchange: the Uniswap automated market maker","volume":"80","author":"A Lehar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T14:27:34Z","timestamp":1786717654000},"score":29.66558,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6660119"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":13,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6660119","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:34:45Z","timestamp":1786725285897,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Working-paper status. This document describes the methodology and pipeline. The empirical results presented below are generated on synthetic multi-regime price series produced by a documented data-generating process; they are intended to demonstrate the pipeline's behaviour, not as findings about real markets. The companion paper, in preparation, will report results on real futures and crypto data using the same machinery, with the calibration step refit per asset class per period from realised bid-ask data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6645378","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T06:33:16Z","timestamp":1777098796000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Are the Turtles Still Beating the Market?"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:57:18Z","timestamp":1786723038000},"score":29.661331,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6645378"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6645378","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"institution":[{"name":"Research Square"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T04:10:23Z","timestamp":1778040623168,"version":"3.51.4"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"group-title":"In Review","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"abstract":"<title>Abstract<\/title>\n                <p>\n                  On October 10, 2025, a geopolitical shock triggered one of the largest forced deleveraging events in cryptocurrency history, with total liquidations plausibly exceeding $19 billion across CeFi and DeFi venues within 24 hours. This paper exploits the event as a natural experiment to study how identical assets respond to identical shocks across fundamentally different market architectures. Using sub-second L2 order book data from Hyperliquid and millions of Binance tick-level trades, we document extreme cross-venue dislocations: BTC prices diverged by 7.24% ($7,387) within a single second, ETH spreads widened 602-fold, and bid depth collapsed by up to 99.8%.\nWe show that these divergences are not solely driven by liquidity stress, but by structural differences in market design. Using the Hansen\u2013Seo (2002) threshold cointegration framework, we reject linear price linkage and identify regime-dependent adjustment dynamics: under normal conditions, prices converge symmetrically, while during stress, adjustment becomes asymmetric and amplification emerges on centralized venues.\nA central contribution of the paper is to demonstrate that market observability is itself an architectural property. Due to exchange-level reporting constraints, publicly observed liquidation volumes on centralized exchanges constitute a structural lower bound on true activity, implying systematic undermeasurement during peak stress.\nThe findings highlight a new form of market fragmentation\u2014architectural fragmentation\u2014where arbitrage fails not due to information frictions but due to constraints embedded in trading infrastructure. These results have implications for market design, risk measurement, and regulatory reporting standards in increasingly hybrid CeFi\u2013DeFi financial systems.\n                  <bold>JEL Classification<\/bold>\n                  G01; G10; G14; G23; C32\n                <\/p>","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-9459584\/v1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:00:28Z","timestamp":1777377628000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Same Shock, Same Assets, Different Microstructure: A Comparative Analysis of CeFi and DeFi Venue Performance During the October 10, 2025 Cryptocurrency Cascade"],"prefix":"10.21203","author":[{"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-9459584\/v1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-9459584\/v1.html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T03:11:04Z","timestamp":1778037064000},"score":29.661331,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-9459584\/v1"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-9459584\/v1","published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:06:55Z","timestamp":1786122415117,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Section 13(f) requires large institutional managers to disclose their US equity holdings quarterly. The rule is fifty years old, applies identically to filers differing by more than two orders of magnitude in portfolio breadth, and is defended on the ground that disclosure is costly. I test whether these disclosures move prices, using a negative control the regime supplies: Norges Bank Investment Management files quarterly reports containing no positions, under confidential treatment, the information table following a year later. Across 29,421 securityevents from 894 filings by 26 managers between 2013 and 2026, newly disclosed and materially increased positions earn a two-day abnormal return of-7.0 basis points relative to that control when security-events are weighted equally, and between-2 and-6 basis points when filings are weighted equally. The control returns 0.7 basis points, close to the zero an empty filing would ideally produce. None of the alternative weighting estimates is significant at five per cent, although some six-factor fixed-effect specifications reach that threshold; all carry the same sign. The estimates differ because control filings hold about 1,100 securities each and treatment filings about 33. There is no gradient in position size relative to trading volume, where execution costs should bind hardest. Under the preferred six-factor specifications the confidence intervals generally exclude effects more negative than about fifteen to sixteen basis points, while the market model is considerably less precise. Security-event and filing weighting answer different questions, and the two estimates are reported side by side rather than reconciled.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.7204639","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T10:00:37Z","timestamp":1786096837000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["What Does Mandatory Portfolio Disclosure Reveal? A Placebo Test of the 13F Regime"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T10:00:37Z","timestamp":1786096837000},"score":29.661331,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=7204639"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.7204639","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:37:21Z","timestamp":1786721841242,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper documents how a trade-policy shock is associated with a large, uniform increase in the adverse-selection component of the bid-ask spread across fragmented equity venues. Using NASDAQ TotalView-ITCH Level 3 Marketby-Order data for four NASDAQ-linked venues-XNAS, NYSE Arca, NASDAQ PSX, and NASDAQ BX-I assemble a stock-venue-day panel of 240 observations covering 20 liquid stocks around the April 2025 Liberation Day tariff announcement. Applying the Huang and Stoll (1997) spread decomposition to reconstructed top-of-book data, I find that the price-impact component of the effective spread rises by 501% on the primary NASDAQ venue, by 295% on NYSE Arca, by 398% on NASDAQ PSX, and by 1038% on NASDAQ BX between the preannouncement day and the two-day crisis window. Realised spreads turn sharply negative on the two primary venues, a pattern consistent with either elevated adverse selection or liquidity withdrawal by market makers. In a panel fixedeffects specification with stock-clustered standard errors and venue \u00d7 post interactions, every venue exhibits a statistically significant widening of the effective spread and a statistically significant compression of median order lifetime; the NASDAQ BX effective-spread response is 138.8 basis points larger than the primary-venue response (p &amp;lt; 0.01). The results point to adverse selection as the most plausible dominant microstructural channel through which the shock propagated, subject to the interpretive caveats discussed in Section 5, and they document that the magnitude of the response varies systematically with venue characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6616319","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:33:41Z","timestamp":1777037621000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adverse Selection and Cross-Venue Spread Widening Under a Trade-Policy Shock: Evidence from Nanosecond-Resolution Order Book Data Around the April 2025 Liberation Day Tariff Announcement"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:09:57Z","timestamp":1786720197000},"score":29.648476,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6616319"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6616319","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:44:35Z","timestamp":1786729475143,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Yield curve inversions are commonly treated as a homogeneous signal of credit stress. Using monthly U.S. data from 1986 to 2024 and six identifiable inversion episodes defined by the 10-year minus 2-year Treasury spread, I show that the relationship between yield curve inversion and investment-grade credit spreads is strongly heterogeneous across episodes. An episode-interacted regression decisively rejects the null of coefficient homogeneity (Wald \u03c7\u00b2(5) = 436.7, p &amp;lt; 0.001); episode-specific inversion coefficients range from-0.37 to +0.13 percentage points with differing signs. Pooled regressions yield no significant effect, but this null reflects cancellation rather than a stable zero relationship. In per-episode predictive regressions at a six-month horizon, only the 2022-2024 episode shows a statistically significant relationship between inversion depth and subsequent spread changes (\u03b2 = +0.22, t = 3.11, p = 0.002, R\u00b2 = 0.74). Results are robust to an alternative inversion measure (T10Y3M), an alternative credit spread (BAA minus 10-year Treasury), a continuous inversion-depth measure, and both full-sample and rolling standardization of the spread. The apparent pooled relationship between inversion and spreads in recent data is driven almost entirely by the 2022-2024 episode, suggesting the post-COVID inversion is structurally distinct from prior episodes rather than a repetition of a common pattern.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6607358","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:31:43Z","timestamp":1777037503000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Episode Heterogeneity in the Yield Curve Inversion\u2013Credit Spread Relationship: Evidence from Six U.S. Inversion Episodes, 1986\u20132024"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:24:32Z","timestamp":1786728272000},"score":29.648476,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6607358"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6607358","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:43:00Z","timestamp":1786729380096,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>We test whether the Bitcoin halving-a protocol-mandated 50% reduction in block subsidy occurring approximately every four years-retains its historical role as a price-formation event. Using daily BTC-USD prices from 17 September 2014 through 15 April 2026, we conduct a market-model event study around halvings two through four, benchmarking against the SPDR S&amp;amp;P 500 ETF (SPY) as a market proxy. We document a structural break: the cycle-four [-30, +90] cumulative abnormal return is-41.5% (t =-1.86), and the [-30, +365] CAR is-19.6% (t =-0.49), in sharp contrast to cycle three's +172.2% over the same long window (t = 2.34). We then estimate a daily regression of BTC log returns on US-listed spot Bitcoin ETF dollar volume (an activityintensity proxy), equity, dollar, and gold returns over the post-ETF-launch period (January 2024 through April 2026). Equity-market returns dominate the explained variation, with a SPY coefficient of approximately 1.04 (t \u2248 4.9, R\u00b2 = 0.17). Neither the ETF dollar-volume term nor a halving-window dummy contributes statistically significant explanatory power. We interpret these results as evidence of a two-part regime change: (i) the halving has lost its predictive content for Bitcoin returns, and (ii) Bitcoin has become, in the post-ETF era, a risk asset with near-unit equitymarket beta. We flag the need for signed net-flow data (rather than a volume-based proxy) to formally test flow-dominance hypotheses in future work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6589402","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T16:28:51Z","timestamp":1776702531000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Issuance Shocks in Mature Crypto Markets An Event-Study Analysis of the Bitcoin Halving and the Financialisation of BTC in Cycle Four"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:18:22Z","timestamp":1786727902000},"score":29.647997,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6589402"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6589402","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T15:11:06Z","timestamp":1776179466279,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Using NASDAQ TotalView Level 3 data for 20 stocks, I document how order book microstructurechanged during the April 2025 Liberation Day tariff shock. Trading volume doubled (+101%), butorder composition shifted dramatically: median order lifetime collapsed from 120ms to 32ms (-73%),sub-millisecond orders rose 18%, and cancel-to-trade ratios fell 27%. These patterns indicate a regimeshift from patient liquidity provision to aggressive, short-lived order placement. The effect isheterogeneous: smaller-cap stocks (CMCSA +478%, CSCO +357%) experienced larger surges thanmega-caps (TSLA +21%). Cross-sectionally, the volume surge explains the lifetime collapse (r =-0.91). This provides nanosecond-resolution evidence on how a trade policy shock transforms limitorder book dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6574207","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T14:36:04Z","timestamp":1776177364000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Order Book Dynamics During the Liberation Day Tariff Shock:Evidence from 20 NASDAQ Stocks"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T14:36:04Z","timestamp":1776177364000},"score":29.647997,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6574207"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6574207","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:29:58Z","timestamp":1786721398277,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>We compare twelve queue allocation mechanisms, two Frequent Batch Auction (FBA) variants, and a new mechanism-Micro-Batch Clearing-against the continuous limit order book (CLOB) baseline using a dual-engine exchange simulation with over 60,000 fills per mechanism across 10 independent seeds. Three main results emerge. First, queue-level interventions (randomization, throttling, rotation) do not rank under CLOB in 96% of stock-days (mean |t| = 10.80) but has zero predictive power under randomized priority (mean |t| = 0.05).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6594798","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T16:31:35Z","timestamp":1776702695000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Micro-Batch Clearing in Continuous Limit Order Books: Uniform Pricing Without Batch Auctions"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T14:39:15Z","timestamp":1786718355000},"score":29.646404,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6594798"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6594798","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T16:14:46Z","timestamp":1783527286731,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>When a dominant class of investors withdraws from an equity market, does the market's capacity to absorb order flow change, and who becomes the marginal price-setter? We study the Korean stock market in 2026, when the KOSPI index doubled as foreign investors sold at a record pace and domestic households absorbed the supply. Because official investor-type trading data were access-restricted, we assemble a new daily dataset of foreign, institutional, and household flows for 400 listed firms over 2024 to 2026 from public sources. Because daily turnover nearly quadrupled over the sample, we scale flows by trading volume to remove the mechanical shrinkage this induces in raw price-impact coefficients. So normalized, price impact per unit of trading rose sharply in 2026, roughly doubling for both foreign and institutional flow: the market became markedly less elastic as it climbed. Within this, the ratio of foreign to institutional price impact fell from near parity in 2024 to about two-thirds across three normalizations, so among the directly observed investor groups domestic institutions overtook foreigners as the higher-impact marginal flow. Two further claims fail: foreign flow's return predictability shows only a marginal, unstable break, and firms that lost the most foreign ownership are not more volatile once size is controlled.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.7077780","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:23:26Z","timestamp":1783524206000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Who Sets the Price When Foreigners Leave? Falling Market Elasticity and the Rise of Domestic Institutions in the 2026 KOSPI Rally"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:23:26Z","timestamp":1783524206000},"score":29.643902,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=7077780"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.7077780","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T13:48:05Z","timestamp":1785937685519,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Retail proprietary-trading firms sell evaluation contracts: a trader pays a fee, must reach a profit target inside drawdown limits on a simulated account, and on passing receives a share of subsequent simulated profits as real payouts. A companion paper develops the valuation framework for a single stylised contract; this paper takes the framework to the market. I hand-collect the complete rule set and fee for 31 contracts across 21 firms from firm-controlled sources with dated screenshot evidence, as displayed between 25 and 26 July 2026, and value every contract on a common benchmark population of trader skill and volatility over a 300-trading-day evaluation cap and a one-year funded horizon. At displayed list prices, 29 of 31 contracts have negative benchmark expected value before several restrictive terms-consistency rules, payout caps and monthly rebilling-are incorporated; estimates for affected contracts are upper bounds, and near-zero estimates are not statistically distinguishable from zero without the Monte Carlo intervals reported in the replication package. Benchmark values span roughly +44 to-748 US dollars on nominally similar products. The fee explains almost none of the variation: identically priced contracts at one firm differ in value by 235 dollars, and cheaper contracts are frequently better. Across one-step contracts, pass probability is negatively associated with value, concentrated among contracts with trailing drawdowns and tighter funded-stage terms-a pattern consistent with competition on salient evaluation terms and low-salience funded-stage restrictions. External validation is mixed: the benchmark pass rate is close to Topstep's disclosed attempt-level rate and exceeds Earn2Trade's differently defined subscription-based rate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.7184138","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T13:18:22Z","timestamp":1785935902000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phantom Generosity: Contract Design and Value in the Market for Proprietary-trading Evaluations"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T13:18:23Z","timestamp":1785935903000},"score":29.643902,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=7184138"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.7184138","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:11:31Z","timestamp":1786738291428,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Using NASDAQ TotalView Level 3 data for 20 stocks, I document how order book microstructure changed during the April 2025 Liberation Day tariff shock. Trading volume doubled (+101%), but the composition of order flow shifted dramatically: median order lifetime collapsed from 120ms to 32ms (-73%), the share of sub-millisecond orders rose 18%, and cancel-to-trade ratios fell 27%. These patterns are consistent with a regime shift from patient liquidity provision to aggressive, short-lived order placement. The effect is heterogeneous: smaller-cap stocks (CMCSA: +478%, CSCO: +357%) experienced proportionally larger order flow surges than mega-caps (TSLA: +21%, NFLX: +56%). These findings provide the first nanosecond-resolution evidence on how a major trade policy shock transforms limit order book dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6562258","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T16:14:10Z","timestamp":1776701650000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Order Book Dynamics During the Liberation Day Tariff Shock: Evidence from 20 NASDAQ Stocks"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:18:47Z","timestamp":1786735127000},"score":29.643902,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6562258"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6562258","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T15:27:08Z","timestamp":1786894028028,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":24,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Corporate insider sales are widely believed to convey private information, with their timing and magnitude treated as bearish signals for outside investors. I separate two channels by which insider sales might relate to subsequent returns. The timing channel holds that insiders preferentially execute sales during favorable news environments. The informativeness channel holds that the trades themselves predict negative future returns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6723638","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T06:17:51Z","timestamp":1778048271000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How Insiders Time Their Stock Sales to Positive News"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2021.12.006","article-title":"Price revelation from insider trading: Evidence from hacked earnings news","volume":"143","author":"P Akey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1198\/jbes.2010.07136","article-title":"Robust inference with multiway clustering","volume":"29","author":"A C Cameron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Business and Economic Statistics"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2012.01740.x","article-title":"Decoding inside information","volume":"67","author":"L Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/rof\/rfab010","article-title":"The dollar profits to insider trading","volume":"25","author":"P Cziraki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Review of Finance"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2011.01679.x","article-title":"In search of attention","volume":"66","author":"Z Da","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2012.03.001","article-title":"How are shorts informed? Short sellers, news, and information processing","volume":"105","author":"J E Engelberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref7","first-page":"1275","article-title":"Offensive disclosure: How voluntary disclosure can increase returns from insider trading","volume":"103","author":"M T Henderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Georgetown Law Journal"},{"key":"ref8","author":"J D Kepler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Governance of corporate insider equity trades. Stanford Closer Look Series, CGRP-81"},{"key":"ref9","author":"D F Larcker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gaming the system: Three \"red flags\" of potential 10b5-1 abuse"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcorpfin.2014.12.003","article-title":"The impact of personal attributes on corporate insider activity","volume":"30","author":"D Hillier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Corporate Finance"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacceco.2003.10.002","article-title":"Limited attention, information disclosure, and financial reporting","volume":"36","author":"D Hirshleifer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Accounting and Economics"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"23","article-title":"Institutional shareholders and insider trading profitability","volume":"76","author":"A Hovakimian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Banking"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"224","volume":"55","author":"A D Jagolinzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"SEC Rule 10b5-1 and insiders' strategic trade"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1162\/003465303765299936","article-title":"Estimating the returns to insider trading: A performanceevaluation perspective","volume":"85","author":"L A Jeng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.2307\/1913210","article-title":"Continuous auctions and insider trading","volume":"53","author":"A S Kyle","year":"1985","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/14.1.79","article-title":"Are insider trades informative?","volume":"14","author":"J Lakonishok","year":"2001","journal-title":"Review of Financial Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref17","first-page":"1","article-title":"GDELT: Global data on events, location and tone","volume":"2","author":"K Leetaru","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISA Annual Convention"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.1990.tb02436.x","article-title":"Insider trading in the OTC market","volume":"45","author":"J C Lin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2010.01625.x","article-title":"When is a liability not a liability? Textual analysis, dictionaries, and 10-Ks","volume":"66","author":"T Loughran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-1082.275500","article-title":"Overreaction and insider trading: Evidence from growth and value portfolios","volume":"53","author":"M S Rozeff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"33","year":"2022","journal-title":"Insider trading arrangements and related disclosures"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-405X(86)90060-7","article-title":"Insiders' profits, costs of trading, and market efficiency","volume":"16","author":"H N Seyhun","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2007.01232.x","article-title":"Giving content to investor sentiment: The role of media in the stock market","volume":"62","author":"P C Tetlock","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2008.01362.x","article-title":"More than words: Quantifying language to measure firms' fundamentals","volume":"63","author":"P C Tetlock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T15:16:03Z","timestamp":1786893363000},"score":29.643902,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6723638"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":24,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6723638","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:39:42Z","timestamp":1786725582516,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>I use the public High-Volume For-Hire Services (HVFHS) trip record dataset to document how Uber and Lyft responded to New York City's minimum per-trip driver pay rule during 2024. Across 218 million non-shared in-city trips, 54.8% of Uber trips and 67.5% of Lyft trips paid drivers within 2% of the contemporaneous minimum implied by the Taxi and Limousine Commission (TLC) pay formula. Under the retrospective utilisation rate that the TLC adopted in June 2025 to address platform lockout behaviour, these bunching shares fall to 31.6% and 39.1% respectively, implying that a substantial share of 2024 trips would have fallen below a non-manipulated minimum. Bunching is heavily concentrated in outer-borough (Boro Zone) pickups: Uber's Yellow Zone bunching is 44.2% but its Boro Zone bunching is 59.8%; Lyft's gradient is flatter at 64.4% and 69.0%. The two platforms also bunch with different distributional shapes: Lyft's above-floor mass is sharply concentrated, while Uber's is dispersed across a wider range of above-floor payments. An unpaid-time decomposition using Uber's onscene timestamps shows that 22.9% of per-trip minutes are unpaid approach or boarding on average per trip (19.0% as an aggregate ratio across all Uber-sample minutes). The findings establish a baseline for subsequent work on surplus allocation, the effect of the June 2025 rule changes, and the introduction of congestion pricing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6638099","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:44:47Z","timestamp":1777038287000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bunching at the Floor: Minimum Pay Compliance in NYC Ride-Hail, 2024"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:17:56Z","timestamp":1786724276000},"score":29.634617,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6638099"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6638099","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T16:31:37Z","timestamp":1786897897272,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>The continuous limit order book allocates queue position by arrival time, generating socially wasteful speed investment (Biais, Foucault, and Moinas 2015). We parameterize the allocation rule by a throttle parameter \u03c4 (timestamp bucket width) and show theoretically that the speed advantage is non-monotonic in \u03c4: small buckets amplify speed rents by disrupting intermediate competition, while buckets in a critical zone \u03c4* \u2248 10-50ms eliminate them. We test this prediction with eight queue allocation mechanisms and a continuous \u03c4 sweep across 12 values on a controlled dual-engine exchange (~60,000 fills per mechanism). The non-monotonicity is confirmed: \u03c4 = 100\u00b5s amplifies the speed gap to-2.07 ticks (worse than CLOB's-0.65), while \u03c4 = 50ms reverses it to +1.12 ticks. Per-participant randomization achieves +132.8% reduction. All |Cohen's d| &amp;lt; 0.05, confirming preserved market quality. We estimate upper-bound deadweight loss elimination of 52-68% of equilibrium speed investment. Age-weighted randomization amplifies speed rents by 80.7%, demonstrating that intuitive mechanism properties can produce counterintuitive outcomes under strategic behavior. Throttled time priority at 50ms is the policy sweet spot: a one-parameter change eliminating speed rents without architectural modification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6578978","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T16:22:42Z","timestamp":1776702162000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond Time Priority: A Taxonomy of Queue Allocation Mechanisms in Continuous Limit Order Books"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T15:51:49Z","timestamp":1786895509000},"score":29.634617,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6578978"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6578978","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:09:29Z","timestamp":1785334169223,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>I compute the cumulative-kilometre breakeven point at which a battery electric vehicle (BEV) in ASEAN-6 overtakes an equivalent internal combustion engine vehicle on lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions. The analysis covers Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam, crossed with four battery-source cases: LFP-China, NMC-China, NMC-Korea, and NMC-EU. Combining 2024 grid carbon intensities from Ember and Singapore's Energy Market Authority with peer-reviewed and institutional battery LCA estimates, I find that all 24 country-by-battery scenarios break even within a 200,000 km vehicle lifetime under baseline assumptions. Breakeven distances range from 37,800 km to 81,500 km, equivalent to 2.5 to 5.4 years at 15,000 km per year. Sensitivity tests over battery emissions, vehicle efficiency, charging losses, upstream fuel-cycle emissions, and NDC-implied grid decarbonisation preserve the baseline result. A stringent 1.50\u00d7 marginal-grid stress test leaves 22 of 24 scenarios below lifetime, with only Indonesia paired with Chinese-made batteries failing. An impossibility frontier analysis shows that the dirtiest ASEAN-6 grid (Indonesia at 660 gCO\u2082 per kWh) sits at 66 percent of the threshold above which a BEV would fail to break even within lifetime. The paper contributes a transparent kilometres-to-breakeven framing that complements existing per-km ASEAN BEV lifecycle assessments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6811902","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:35:20Z","timestamp":1785332120000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Breakeven Kilometres for Battery Electric Vehicles in ASEAN-6: Grid Intensity, Battery Origin, and Lifecycle Emissions Payback"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:35:20Z","timestamp":1785332120000},"score":29.634617,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6811902"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6811902","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:05:06Z","timestamp":1785333906049,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>We present the Starfall Effect System (SES), a formal mathematical framework for defining, resolving, and generating card effects in hero-locked trading card games. SES introduces a structured JSON effect algebra where every card effect is expressed as a sequence of atomic operations with typed conditions and modifiers, enabling: (1) deterministic resolution by the game engine with formal guarantees, (2) automated generation of human-readable card text with multi-language support, (3) cross-linguistic publishing from a single data source, and (4) rigorous Monte Carlo balance validation. We further introduce the Legacy Operator, a conditional modifier that monotonically increases the strategic and collector value of cards from earlier expansions when played against heroes from later sets. We provide formal proofs of determinism, define condition evaluation semantics, and include a complete reference implementation in pseudocode. The model is implemented and validated in Starfall Catastrophe (572 cards, 14 heroes, 2 books) and is presented as a general framework applicable to any hero-locked TCG system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6566539","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:20:00Z","timestamp":1785331200000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Starfall Effect System (SES) A Formal Mathematical Model for Deterministic Card Effect Resolution in Hero-Locked Trading Card Games"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:20:00Z","timestamp":1785331200000},"score":29.634617,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6566539"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6566539","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:06:26Z","timestamp":1785333986548,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Singapore\u2019s hawker preservation policy has accomplished a great deal: rent subsidies, ergonomic centre design under Hawker Centre 3.0, the Hawkers\u2019 Development Programme and Incubation Stall Programme, UNESCO recognition, and centralised dishwashing in newer venues. Within that framework, however, a specific category of hawker dishes \u2014 the technique-driven preparations such as char kway teow, hokkien mee, pork trotter jelly, shark meat, and turtle soup \u2014 continues to disappear at a faster rate than the chainable categories that have been successfully absorbed by chains. This note frames hawker preservation in those technique-driven categories as a public goods problem, proposes a specific intervention (centralised supply of foundation ingredients), and suggests an institutional model for production through expanded supported employment workshops building on the existing Project Dignity \/ Dignity Kitchen precedent and Singapore\u2019s SG Enable infrastructure. The proposal addresses present needs in both hawker preservation and supported employment, building on what already works.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6649860","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:25:07Z","timestamp":1785331507000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hawker Preservation as a Public Goods Problem A Constructive Note on Strengthening the Existing Framework"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:25:07Z","timestamp":1785331507000},"score":29.634617,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6649860"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6649860","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:13:01Z","timestamp":1785334381345,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Working paper, June 2026. This version is a working paper under review at a peer-reviewed journal. Comments welcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6898461","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:48:29Z","timestamp":1785332909000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Demographic Decline and Public Housing Prices in Singapore: Scenarios to 2050"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:48:29Z","timestamp":1785332909000},"score":29.633621,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6898461"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6898461","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T04:42:05Z","timestamp":1776400925023,"version":"3.51.2"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":15,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>A $100 million net flow into spot Bitcoin ETFs is associated with a 53 basis point same-day Bitcoin return. Using daily net flow data and ETF trading data from Databento for the five largest U.S. spot Bitcoin ETFs over January 2024 to April 2025 (313 trading days), I estimate Kyle\u2019s lambda at 53 bps\/$100M under OLS and 74 bps under instrumental variable estimation (first-stage F = 21.58). Flows explain 21% of daily return variation (t = 8.99) and predict next-day returns (Newey-West t = 3.12). Granger causality reveals a bidirectional feedback loop: flows cause returns and returns cause subsequent flows (\u03b2 = 0.47, t = 9.75). The paper\u2019s central finding concerns price impact dynamics. Unconditionally, post-flow cumulative returns show no reversal at any horizon from 1 to 20 days, appearing to contradict equity market evidence (Lou 2012; Coval and Stafford 2007). However, after controlling for future flows, individual flow shocks reverse significantly (t = -2.42 to -3.99 at all horizons). The resolution is a flow-persistence illusion: each day\u2019s price impact is temporary, but strong flow autocorrelation generates new shocks before prior reversals complete, producing cumulative drift that mimics permanent impact. The total price impact reaches 96 bps\/$100M at 10 days (t = 4.49) \u2014 nearly double the same-day estimate \u2014 not because individual shocks are permanent, but because persistent flows accumulate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6592830","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T03:44:48Z","timestamp":1776397488000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Price Impact of Spot Bitcoin ETF Flows"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"ref1","first-page":"58","article-title":"Direct estimation of equity market impact","volume":"18","author":"R Almgren","year":"2005","journal-title":"Risk"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-4181(01)00024-6","article-title":"Illiquidity and stock returns: Cross-section and time-series effects","volume":"5","author":"Y Amihud","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Markets"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1111\/jofi.12727","article-title":"Do ETFs increase volatility","volume":"73","author":"I Ben-David","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"},{"key":"ref4","author":"Binance","journal-title":"Historical market data API"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-405X(02)00136-8","article-title":"Order imbalance, liquidity, and market returns","volume":"65","author":"T Chordia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2006.09.007","article-title":"Asset fire sales (and purchases) in equity markets","volume":"86","author":"J Coval","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"key":"ref7","author":"Databento","journal-title":"Market data API documentation"},{"key":"ref8","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bitcoin ETF flow data"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.1991.tb03749.x","article-title":"Measuring the information content of stock trades","volume":"46","author":"J Hasbrouck","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2009.01469.x","article-title":"Trading costs and returns for U.S. equities: Estimating effective costs from daily data","volume":"64","author":"J Hasbrouck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1093\/rof\/rfae004","article-title":"Building trust takes time: Limits to arbitrage for blockchainbased assets","volume":"28","author":"N Hautsch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Review of Finance"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.2307\/1913210","article-title":"Continuous auctions and insider trading","volume":"53","author":"A S Kyle","year":"1985","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3457","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhs103","article-title":"A flow-based explanation for return predictability","volume":"25","author":"D Lou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Review of Financial Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2019.07.001","article-title":"Trading and arbitrage in cryptocurrency markets","volume":"135","author":"I Makarov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.2307\/1913610","article-title":"A simple, positive semi-definite, heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent covariance matrix","volume":"55","author":"W K Newey","year":"1987","journal-title":"Econometrica"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T03:46:15Z","timestamp":1776397575000},"score":29.633621,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6592830"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":15,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6592830","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T17:00:11Z","timestamp":1781715611314,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier 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Today in energy","year":"2026"}],"container-title":["Borsa Istanbul Review"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214845026000621?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214845026000621?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T16:01:26Z","timestamp":1781712086000},"score":29.633621,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2214845026000621"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S2214845026000621"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bir.2026.100842","ISSN":["2214-8450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2214-8450","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Hormuz shock and Asian equity markets: Volatility without liquidity withdrawal in 161 firms across six markets","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Borsa Istanbul Review","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bir.2026.100842","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2026 Borsa \u0130stanbul Anonim \u015eirketi. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100842"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T07:00:37Z","timestamp":1785222037684,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>On 29 May 2026 the CFTC approved Kalshi to list the first regulated perpetual futures contract in the United States. I provide, to my knowledge, the first empirical characterization of this market. Using the complete publicly available funding history through 11 July 2026 (1,226 eight-hour funding observations across 13 contracts, from 3 June 2026) and a purpose-built order book collector, I document three facts. First, the funding rate is exactly zero in 73.0% of funding periods. The mechanism explains how: the disclosed funding rule is a pure premium TWAP against the CF Benchmarks reference index with an explicit 0.01% zero threshold and no interest rate component. Second, the zero prints are not a mechanical artifact of the rounding rule. I apply Kalshi's rule counterfactually to Bybit's premium index over the identical window: the counterfactual zero share is 0.0%, because Bybit's BTC perpetual traded at a persistent discount to its index (mean premium of-4.7 basis points, never positive across five weeks) while Kalshi's perpetual centered on its externally administered reference index within one basis point in nearly two thirds of windows. Third, offshore realized funding appears compressed (mean absolute rate of 0.4bp on BTC) only because the premium and the clamped interest term nearly cancel; I validate this decomposition by reconstructing Bybit's realized funding from its public premium index to within 0.1bp. Two hypotheses can explain the onshore pattern: superior index tracking against a transparent, independently audited reference benchmark, or benchmark-anchored quoting by market makers in a young venue that may contribute little independent price information. These are observationally equivalent at funding frequency. I pre-register an information share analysis, to be executed on eight weeks of joint order book data, that separates them.&amp;nbsp;<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.7098201","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T06:31:37Z","timestamp":1785220297000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Perpetual That Rarely Pays: Funding Deadbands and basis Discipline in the First CFTC-regulated Perpetual Futures Market"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T06:31:37Z","timestamp":1785220297000},"score":29.625416,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=7098201"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.7098201","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:31:24Z","timestamp":1786721484382,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>On February 20, 2026, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Learning Resources, Inc. v. Trump (607 U.S. ___) that the International Emergency Economic Powers Act does not authorize the President to impose tariffs, striking down the April 2025 Liberation Day tariffs. Using NASDAQ TotalView Level 3 data for 8 stocks across three days (pre-ruling, ruling day, post-ruling), I test whether the ruling reversed the microstructure regime shift documented during Liberation Day. It did not. Ten months after the original shock, order lifetimes have been permanently reshuffled relative to pre-Liberation Day levels, submillisecond order share remains 19% higher (31% vs 26%), and cancel-to-trade ratios remain 23% lower (8.8 vs 11.3). The Supreme Court ruling itself produced no significant microstructure reversal. These findings suggest that major policy shocks trigger permanent regime shifts in order book dynamics that persist even after the underlying policy is judicially reversed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6562501","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T16:14:20Z","timestamp":1776701660000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Did the Supreme Court Restore Order Book Normalcy? Microstructure Evidence from Learning Resources v. Trump"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T14:45:30Z","timestamp":1786718730000},"score":29.625416,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6562501"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6562501","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:35:36Z","timestamp":1786721736458,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>I examine whether firm-level AI exposure relates to equity market liquidity before and after the diffusion of generative AI (GenAI). Using a difference-indifferences design across 394 S&amp;amp;P 500 firms, I compare two non-overlapping windows: 2019 (pre-GenAI) and 2024-2025 (post-GenAI). AI exposure is measured via the Felten-Raj-Seamans occupational AI exposure score mapped to firm sectors. I find that high-AI-exposure firms experienced a statistically significant widening of bid-ask spreads (\u03b2 = 0.00090, p = 0.025) and an increase in zero-return days (\u03b2 = 0.00616, p = 0.008) relative to low-exposure firms after GenAI diffusion. These patterns are absent in the pre-period alone, consistent with the spread widening reflecting post-GenAI information asymmetry rather than a pre-existing cross-sectional difference. The results suggest that GenAI diffusion introduces adverse-selection costs into the equity markets of exposed firms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6626280","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:39:03Z","timestamp":1777037943000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["AI Exposure and Equity Market Liquidity: Evidence from a Pre- and Post-GenAI Comparison"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:02:09Z","timestamp":1786719729000},"score":29.625416,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6626280"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6626280","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:32:59Z","timestamp":1786721579350,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>On April 18, 2026, attackers drained 116,500 rsETH (~$292M, 18% of supply) from KelpDAO's LayerZero bridge by forging a cross-chain message under a 1-of-1 verifier configuration. I test whether the resulting depeg in rsETH spread to other liquid restaking and liquid staking tokens that share LayerZero's Omnichain Fungible Token bridge infrastructure. Using a pre-registered difference-indifferences design on daily prices for nine LRT\/LST tokens over February 3 to May 3, 2026, I find a large idiosyncratic depeg in rsETH (+781 bps post-event, t = 212) but no statistically significant differential effect on LayerZero-bridged peers relative to non-LayerZero controls (-9.6 bps, t =-1.41). Four pre-committed robustness specifications, including volatility, asymmetric response to ETH stress, a tight event window, and signed wedge, all return null at a Bonferroniadjusted threshold. The result is consistent with market participants treating the event as a Kelpspecific failure rather than a LayerZero-wide bridge-protocol shock, even as protocol operators (Ethena, ether.fi) treated it as bridge-specific by precautionary pauses of their own LayerZero bridges. The divergence between operator caution and market pricing is itself the finding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6699478","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T09:07:25Z","timestamp":1777799245000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bridge-Confidence Contagion in Liquid Restaking: A Pre-Registered Null Around the April 2026 KelpDAO Exploit"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T14:51:46Z","timestamp":1786719106000},"score":29.625416,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6699478"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6699478","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"institution":[{"name":"Research Square"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T06:16:48Z","timestamp":1783318608319,"version":"3.54.6"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"group-title":"In Review","reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"abstract":"<title>Abstract<\/title>\n                <p>\n                  This paper examines cross-venue price discovery between Binance and Hyperliquid BTC perpetual futures, asking whether informed on-chain order flow follows the dominant centralised venue or anticipates subsequent price movement on it. The study aligns Binance and Hyperliquid order-book data by venue event time over 25 May 2026 to 22 June 2026, combining lead-lag cross-correlations, Hasbrouck information-share estimates, wallet-level signed markouts, and split-sample persistence tests. Hyperliquid wallet addresses allow repeated trader-level behaviour to be observed, while Binance mid-prices provide the centralised-exchange reference series. At the venue level, Binance leads Hyperliquid in every price-discovery window, and the informed Hyperliquid cohort also follows Binance on average: signed Binance price movement before cohort trades exceeds movement after cohort trades at 2, 5 and 10 second horizons. However, the aggregate average conceals substantial wallet heterogeneity. A minority of wallets show an anticipatory signature, and split-sample tests indicate that this leadership is persistent out of sample, with the strongest half-1 lead-score quintile remaining the only quintile with positive half-2 lead across all tested horizons. The paper therefore shifts the empirical object from venue-level price discovery to wallet-level cross-venue informed flow, showing that a venue can be a follower on average while still hosting a persistent minority of wallets whose trades precede movement on the dominant venue.\n                  <bold>JEL classification:<\/bold>\n                  G14; G15; G12; C58\n                <\/p>","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-10147582\/v1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T06:02:51Z","timestamp":1783317771000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Binance Leads, but Some Wallets Anticipate: Wallet-Level Cross-Venue Informed Flow in BTC Perpetual Futures"],"prefix":"10.21203","author":[{"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/fut.22050","article-title":"BitMEX Bitcoin derivatives: price discovery, informational efficiency, and hedging effectiveness","volume":"40","author":"Alexander C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alexander, C., Choi, J., Park, H., Sohn, S.: BitMEX Bitcoin derivatives: price discovery, informational efficiency, and hedging effectiveness. J. Futur. Mark. 40(1), 23\u201343 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fut.22050","journal-title":"J. Futur. Mark."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.finmar.2004.11.001","article-title":"Market microstructure: a survey of microfoundations, empirical results, and policy implications","volume":"8","author":"Biais B","year":"2005","unstructured":"Biais, B., Glosten, L., Spatt, C.: Market microstructure: a survey of microfoundations, empirical results, and policy implications. J. Financial Markets. 8(2), 217\u2013264 (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.finmar.2004.11.001","journal-title":"J. Financial Markets"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Binance Open Platform: USD-M Futures WebSocket Market Streams. Binance Developer Documentation. (2026). https:\/\/developers.binance.com\/docs\/derivatives\/usds-margined-futures\/websocket-market-streams Accessed 25 June 2026"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2018.02.001","article-title":"Price discovery of cryptocurrencies: Bitcoin and beyond","volume":"165","author":"Brauneis A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brauneis, A., Mestel, R.: Price discovery of cryptocurrencies: Bitcoin and beyond. Econ. Lett. 165, 58\u201361 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.econlet.2018.02.001","journal-title":"Econ. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.1996.tb04074.x","article-title":"Liquidity, information, and infrequently traded stocks","volume":"51","author":"Easley D","year":"1996","unstructured":"Easley, D., Kiefer, N.M., O'Hara, M., Paperman, J.B.: Liquidity, information, and infrequently traded stocks. J. Finance. 51(4), 1405\u20131436 (1996). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-6261.1996.tb04074.x","journal-title":"J. Finance"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhs053","article-title":"Flow toxicity and liquidity in a high-frequency world","volume":"25","author":"Easley D","year":"2012","unstructured":"Easley, D., Lopez de Prado, M.M., O'Hara, M.: Flow toxicity and liquidity in a high-frequency world. Rev. Financial Stud. 25(5), 1457\u20131493 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rfs\/hhs053","journal-title":"Rev. Financial Stud."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2017.12.004","article-title":"Price manipulation in the Bitcoin ecosystem","volume":"95","author":"Gandal N","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gandal, N., Hamrick, J.T., Moore, T., Oberman, T.: Price manipulation in the Bitcoin ecosystem. J. Monet. Econ. 95, 86\u201396 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2017.12.004","journal-title":"J. Monet. Econ."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-405X(85)90044-3","article-title":"Bid, ask and transaction prices in a specialist market with heterogeneously informed traders","volume":"14","author":"Glosten LR","year":"1985","unstructured":"Glosten, L.R., Milgrom, P.R.: Bid, ask and transaction prices in a specialist market with heterogeneously informed traders. J. Financ. Econ. 14(1), 71\u2013100 (1985). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0304-405X(85)90044-3","journal-title":"J. Financ. Econ."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/07350015.1995.10524576","article-title":"Estimation of common long-memory components in cointegrated systems","volume":"13","author":"Gonzalo J","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gonzalo, J., Granger, C.: Estimation of common long-memory components in cointegrated systems. J. Bus. Economic Stat. 13(1), 27\u201335 (1995). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07350015.1995.10524576","journal-title":"J. Bus. Economic Stat."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1111\/jofi.12903","article-title":"Is Bitcoin really untethered?","volume":"75","author":"Griffin JM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Griffin, J.M., Shams, A.: Is Bitcoin really untethered? J. Finance. 75(4), 1913\u20131964 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jofi.12903","journal-title":"J. Finance"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.1995.tb04054.x","article-title":"One security, many markets: determining the contributions to price discovery","volume":"50","author":"Hasbrouck J","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hasbrouck, J.: One security, many markets: determining the contributions to price discovery. J. Finance. 50(4), 1175\u20131199 (1995). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-6261.1995.tb04054.x","journal-title":"J. Finance"},{"key":"ref12","author":"Hyperliquid","year":"2026","unstructured":"Hyperliquid: WebSocket Subscriptions. Hyperliquid Developer Documentation. (2026). https:\/\/hyperliquid.gitbook.io\/hyperliquid-docs\/for-developers\/api\/websocket\/subscriptions Accessed 25 June 2026"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.2307\/1913210","article-title":"Continuous auctions and insider trading","volume":"53","author":"Kyle AS","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kyle, A.S.: Continuous auctions and insider trading. Econometrica. 53(6), 1315\u20131335 (1985). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1913210","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-4181(00)00007-0","article-title":"Market microstructure: a survey","volume":"3","author":"Madhavan A","year":"2000","unstructured":"Madhavan, A.: Market microstructure: a survey. J. Financial Markets. 3(3), 205\u2013258 (2000). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1386-4181(00)00007-0","journal-title":"J. Financial Markets"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2019.07.001","article-title":"Trading and arbitrage in cryptocurrency markets","volume":"135","author":"Makarov I","year":"2020","unstructured":"Makarov, I., Schoar, A.: Trading and arbitrage in cryptocurrency markets. J. Financ. Econ. 135(2), 293\u2013319 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfineco.2019.07.001","journal-title":"J. Financ. Econ."},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"Market Microstructure Theory","author":"O'Hara M","year":"1995","unstructured":"O'Hara, M.: Market Microstructure Theory. Blackwell, Oxford (1995)"}],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-10147582\/v1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-10147582\/v1.html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T06:02:56Z","timestamp":1783317776000},"score":29.616875,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-10147582\/v1"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"references-count":16,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-10147582\/v1","published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:11:19Z","timestamp":1785334279095,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: To determine whether a Shariah-compliant oil-backed stablecoin is constructible, and if not, to characterise the compliant instrument that survives the constraints and quantify the peg-stability cost compliance imposes. Design\/methodology: This study executes: (1) a fiqh-constraint analysis grounded in AAOIFI Shari'ah Standards Nos. 10 (Salam and Parallel Salam), 18 (Possession\/Qabd), 20 (Sale of Commodities in Organized Markets), and 57 (Gold); (2) a diagnostic case study of two noncompliant instruments: Venezuela's Petro (a documented failure of possession and redemption) and OIL1 (Gulf Energy Exchange, announced January 2026, pending Central Bank of Bahrain approval), whose dual peg and dollar-stablecoin reserve instantiate the very contamination the framework rules out; and (3) a fully specified empirical strategy for measuring the compliance cost, combining peg-deviation and mean-reversion metrics, wavelet volatility decomposition, and a synthetic compliant counterfactual with self-exciting (Hawkes) arrival dynamics, benchmarked against the four-architecture stablecoin literature. Findings: A dollar-pegged oil stablecoin that relies on interest-bearing reserve assets, dollarstablecoin reserves, or derivative stabilisation is non-compliant on two independent grounds: interest-bearing contamination (riba) in the reserve leg, and debt-for-debt prohibitions if structured as a tradable salam claim. Within the constraints specified here, the surviving compliant form is a fully-reserved, possession-based (qabd hukmi), allocated oil-title token that floats with crude rather than pegging to fiat. Because oil is non-ribawi, this token escapes the sarf same-session constraints that burden gold tokens, making oil structurally easier to tokenise compliantly for continuous trading than gold. We characterise the cost of compliance as the stability forfeited by dropping the fiat peg and barring derivative stabilisation, and set out an empirical strategy to measure it. Because no compliant floating oil-title instrument yet trades, the paper reports one live comparator measurement (PAXG, an allocated gold token) and treats the oil-token compliance-cost measure as an illustrative protocol output from a synthetic counterfactual, not as a real-world estimate. The dual-pegged OIL1 announced by the Gulf Energy Exchange serves as a real-world counterexample of the non-compliant architecture rather than as a compliant exemplar. Originality: To the author's knowledge, this paper is among the first to offer a structured Shariah-compliance analysis of oil-backed tokens; it gives a systematic statement of the goldversus-oil ribawi asymmetry for tokenisation; it defines a compliance-cost measurement framework for a commodity-token design; and it offers a critical regulatory-gap reading of Bahrain's SIO module against an instrument announced in its own jurisdiction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6854299","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:42:12Z","timestamp":1785332532000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shariah Integrity at the Reserve Layer Working Paper: Shariah Integrity at the Reserve Layer"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:42:12Z","timestamp":1785332532000},"score":29.616875,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6854299"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6854299","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:45:14Z","timestamp":1786740314353,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":9,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose. This study examines whether the documented protective behaviour of IEX hidden-liquidity order types-specifically the Discretionary Peg, which restricts midpoint discretion when the IEX Crumbling Quote Indicator (CQI) fires-leaves a measurable footprint in the publicly observable trade tape. The exercise is conducted entirely with free public IEX DEEP data, with no consolidated quote feed or proprietary identifiers required. Originality\/value. This is the first study to recover the trade-tape signature of IEX's Crumbling Quote Indicator from public DEEP data alone. The exercise demonstrates that exchange-level protective machinery has identifiable consequences for publicly observable execution patterns, and that researchers without consolidated-feed budgets can still produce informative empirical work on speed-bump-and-signal architectures. The methodology generalises to any exchange operating documented public-feed protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6645799","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T08:43:32Z","timestamp":1777106612000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intra-spread executions on IEX during proxy crumbling-quote moments: evidence from public DEEP data"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Intentional access delays, market quality, and price discovery: Evidence from IEX becoming an exchange","author":"E Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission DERA"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Introducing DEEP, the IEX Depth of Book and Last Sale Feed","author":"Iex Group","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trading Alert #2017-011"},{"key":"ref3","author":"Iex Group","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEX DEEP Specification version 1.08"},{"key":"ref4","author":"Iex Group","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Newest Update to IEX Exchange's Crumbling Quote Indicator, the Signal"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Breaking Down M-Peg and D-Peg","author":"Iex Group","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEX Square Edge research note"},{"key":"ref6","author":"B Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Speed bump and stock market quality: Evidence from NYSE American"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Leveling the Playing Field for Lit Trading","author":"E Stockland","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEX Boxes + Lines (Medium)"},{"key":"ref8","year":"2016","journal-title":"Findings, opinion, and order approving Investors Exchange LLC Form 1 application"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"34","year":"2020","journal-title":"Order approving IEX Rule 11.190(g) -D-Limit order type and Crumbling Quote Indicator"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:03:34Z","timestamp":1786737814000},"score":29.616875,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6645799"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":9,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6645799","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T18:30:18Z","timestamp":1786732218636,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bitcoin-treasury firms fund a non-income-producing reserve with perpetual preferred stock carrying hard cash coupons. I formalize the resulting zero-carry liability problem and, using Strategy Inc. as the worked example ($10.0B preferred liquidation preference, 762,099 BTC, Q1 2026), order the issuer financing set by reflexive cost. A reduced-form model with one latent state variable, the perceived forced-seller probability, shows premium compression and variable-rate reset compound rather than offset, producing a low critical threshold beyond which accretive funding cannot cover the coupon. The binding constraint is coverage, not solvency. I set out the model's testable cross-asset implications: a single latent stress factor should drive preferred spreads, the equity premium, and perpetual funding with opposing signs and should lead realized issuance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6888620","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T15:18:16Z","timestamp":1781018296000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Strategies for Strategy (MSTR) -working draft"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:43:04Z","timestamp":1786729384000},"score":29.616875,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6888620"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6888620","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T22:27:45Z","timestamp":1786746465460,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>On October 10, 2025, a geopolitical shock triggered the largest forced deleveraging in cryptocurrency history. Over $19 billion in leveraged positions were liquidated within 24 hours across centralized (CeFi) and decentralized (DeFi) venues. This paper exploits the event as a natural experiment: identical assets (BTC, ETH) experienced the same exogenous shock simultaneously across architecturally distinct trading venues. We identify five architectural design axes along which venue outcomes diverged: (1) oracle design, (2) liquidation engine transparency, (3) order book vs. AMM liquidity provision, (4) auto-deleveraging mechanics, and (5) system availability under stress. We document that DeFi lending protocols (Aave) processed $250M+ in liquidations and remained continuously operational with only modest reserve deficits, while the largest CeFi exchange (Binance) experienced transfer-subsystem degradation, venue-specific stablecoin depegs, and used a liquidation reporting architecture that external analysts argued understates true liquidation volumes by up to 100x during bursty conditions. On-chain perpetual exchanges (Hyperliquid) maintained 100% uptime processing $10.3B in liquidations but triggered auto-deleveraging for the first time in two years. We argue that market microstructure observability is an architectural property, not a data collection problem, and propose a framework for evaluating venue resilience under tail risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6559300","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T16:13:02Z","timestamp":1776701582000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Same Shock, Same Assets, Different Microstructure: A Comparative Analysis of CeFi and DeFi Venue Performance During the October 10, 2025 Cryptocurrency Cascade"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T21:31:14Z","timestamp":1786743074000},"score":29.610962,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6559300"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6559300","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T11:49:23Z","timestamp":1785757763181,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Using one-minute USD\/JPY bid and ask quotes, this paper examines price discovery and quoted liquidity around six Japanese yen-buying intervention episodes in 2022-2024. Event time is aligned using an exploratory price-based detector and fixed external sensitivity anchors. Pooled mean returns remain negative for 30-180 minutes, survive exclusion of the US-CPI-contaminated 11 July 2024 episode, and lie in the extreme lower tail of matched placebo distributions. Spread responses are heterogeneous: large price adjustments sometimes occur with modest widening. The evidence is descriptive rather than causal, but indicates rapid price discovery and episode-specific liquidity costs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.7219138","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T11:31:36Z","timestamp":1785756696000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Liquidity and Price Discovery during Japanese Foreign-exchange Intervention"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T11:31:36Z","timestamp":1785756696000},"score":29.610962,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=7219138"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.7219138","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:08:51Z","timestamp":1785334131762,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>I assemble a sixteen-year panel of unit prices charged by commercial CAPTCHA-solving services, reconstructed from Wayback Machine snapshots of six providers between January 2010 and May 2026. The panel covers 514 monthly price observations across twelve puzzle families. Using a within-puzzle-type specification with five provider clusters, I find that providers founded before the mid-2010s charge 138% more than providers founded after that point on identical puzzle types (cluster-robust t-statistic of 5.05; wildcluster bootstrap p-value of 0.030). An exact permutation test over all 10 possible 3-of-5 groupings of active providers shows that the founding-date classification produces the largest log-price gap of any possible cohort assignment. The within-generation pricedecay coefficient is statistically indistinguishable from zero in both eras, and the era \u00d7 time interaction is essentially zero. The two markets are segmented and no convergence is detectable within the observed panel window. Over the panel, the median text-distortion price has fallen 1.8\u00d7 (from $1.75 to $1.00 per thousand puzzles), while the minimum observed price has fallen 10\u00d7 (from $1.00 to $0.10). The findings are consistent with the entry of AI-native firms operating under substantially different cost structures, rather than gradual within-incumbent price erosion. The decline at the market floor is associated with the entry of structurally new providers whose list prices have remained categorically below those of the hybrid incumbents documented by Motoyama et al. (2010); the median has remained anchored by the unchanged pricing of those incumbents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6786540","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:32:30Z","timestamp":1785331950000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Entry, Not Decay: A Sixteen-Year Panel of CAPTCHA-Solving Prices, 2010-2026"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:32:31Z","timestamp":1785331951000},"score":29.610962,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6786540"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6786540","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:58:30Z","timestamp":1785337110498,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>I estimate hidden order-book depth, expressed as a fraction of total visible depth on the relevant side of the book and denoted \u03ba! , from a continuous order-flow and limit-order-book record for the Bitcoin perpetual future (BTCUSDT) on a major derivatives venue. For each large aggregated market order, I compare the price impact implied by walking the visible book against the realised impact from the order's execution price; when the realised impact falls short of the walked-book impact by more than a size-scaled threshold, the order is identified as having been absorbed in part by depth not displayed on the pre-trade ladder, and \u03ba! is recovered as conservatively estimated hidden depth divided by visible depth. Partitioning 16,866 identified observations (the 15 June snapshot) into terciles of a smoothed market-stress index, I find that the \u03ba! distribution shifts upward as stress rises: the visible book understates effective liquidity more severely during stressed episodes. The winsorised mean increases monotonically across stress terciles, and a Kruskal-Wallis test rejects distributional equality (H = 20.8, p &amp;lt; 10 \u2074). The high-minus-low \u207b difference in winsorised mean \u03ba! is 0.029, with a block-bootstrap 95% confidence interval of [0.016, 0.042] that excludes zero and is stable across block lengths from 30 minutes to 4 hours. The shift is concentrated in the upper tail rather than the median. It reflects recovered hidden depth rising faster than visible depth, not the visible book thinning. A battery of robustness checkswinsorisation level, tercile versus quartile partition, order side, price-move direction, and an orthogonal volatility-based stress measure-leaves the result intact, and a placebo applying the identical estimator to small orders shows no positive stress effect-if anything the gap is small and negative-indicating the relationship is specific to large orders genuinely probing book depth rather than a mechanical artefact of stressed-market noise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6980158","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:59:28Z","timestamp":1785333568000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hidden-Liquidity Absorption Increases with Market Stress in Bitcoin Perpetual Futures"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:59:28Z","timestamp":1785333568000},"score":29.598328,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6980158"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6980158","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:11:57Z","timestamp":1786738317109,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":11,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>On October 10, 2025 at 20:50 UTC, triggered by a Truth Social post announcing 100% tariffs on China, Bitcoin fell 12.6% in ten minutes on Binance. Using minute-level data from Binance and Bybit across spot, perpetual futures, and mark price feeds for BTC, ETH, and SOL, we document five stylized facts of cryptocurrency liquidation cascades: (i) futures led the crash, with the basis swinging $1,367 from-$534 to +$833 in eight minutes; (ii) volume surged 22\u00d7 baseline seven minutes before the price trough (t = 6.59, p &amp;lt; 0.001); (iii) SOL exhibited extreme futures-spot divergence (31.2% vs 17.8%, a 13.4pp gap-134\u00d7 larger than any of three comparison events); (iv) the mark price used for liquidation triggers undershot both spot and futures, creating a reflexive feedback loop absent in traditional equity markets; and (v) the intra-minute spread reached 6.79% (t = 5.81 vs comparison events, p &amp;lt; 0.001). Cross-exchange validation using Bybit confirms the crash was market-wide, with BTC lows differing by only 0.3% across venues. Cross-event comparison with three other crypto crashes confirms that October 10 was qualitatively different: a structural breakdown in the derivatives market. We develop a cascade model, compare to the 2010 equity Flash Crash, and propose three exchange design improvements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6579278","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T16:23:01Z","timestamp":1776702181000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anatomy of a Crypto Cascade: Minute-Level Evidence from the October 2025 Crash"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/fut.22050","article-title":"BitMEX bitcoin derivatives: price discovery, informational efficiency, and hedging effectiveness","volume":"40","author":"C Alexander","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Futures Markets"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Banking in the shadow of Bitcoin? The institutional adoption of cryptocurrencies","author":"R Auer","year":"2022","journal-title":"BIS Working Papers"},{"issue":"1066","key":"ref3","article-title":"The market turbulence and carry trade unwind of August 2024","volume":"90","author":"R Auer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bank for International Settlements"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhn098","article-title":"Market liquidity and funding liquidity","volume":"22","author":"M K Brunnermeier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Review of Financial Studies"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Bitcoin tumbles after Trump announces 100% tariff on China', 11 October. Archived snapshot via Wayback Machine","author":"Cnbc","year":"2025","journal-title":"CoinGlass"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhs053","article-title":"Flow toxicity and liquidity in a high-frequency world","volume":"25","author":"D Easley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Review of Financial Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1111\/jofi.12498","article-title":"The flash crash: high-frequency trading in an electronic market","volume":"72","author":"A A Kirilenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2019.07.001","article-title":"Trading and arbitrage in cryptocurrency markets","volume":"135","author":"I Makarov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"key":"ref9","author":"Reuters","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trump announces 100% tariff on Chinese imports in rare earths retaliation"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref10","first-page":"153","article-title":"Decentralized finance: on blockchain-and smart contract-based financial markets","volume":"103","author":"F Sch\ufffdr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"$20 billion crypto crash: what liquidations reveal about market integrity","author":"Solidus Labs","year":"2025","journal-title":"Solidus Blog"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:21:03Z","timestamp":1786735263000},"score":29.598328,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6579278"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":11,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6579278","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:09:25Z","timestamp":1785334165447,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Three news events landed on US markets on 20 May 2026 within a four-hour window. Two inferred Iran-related news windows, consistent with reported Trump remarks on US-Iran negotiations and follow-on wire coverage, occurred at approximately 10:15 ET and 11:15 ET. At 14:00 ET the Federal Open Market Committee released the minutes of its 28-29 April meeting. I use 1-minute bars on WTI crude, the E-mini S&amp;amp;P 500, the 2-year Treasury note future, the ICE dollar index, and the CBOE 5-year Treasury yield index to characterise each window. The two Iran windows show large coherent risk-off-relief signatures across five instruments. The minutes window, in contrast, shows a smaller dovish response concentrated in rate-sensitive instruments. A permutation test on the FOMC window using 10,000 pseudo-event times drawn from three pre-event sessions returns p = 0.017 for the dollar index and p = 0.016 for the 5-year yield at the 60-minute horizon, with the non-rate-sensitive instruments null. A clock-time placebo at 18:00 UTC on the three pre-event sessions confirms that the dollar response on 20 May is approximately 2.4 times larger than the largest placebo move. News-wire and trading-day summaries characterised the minutes as hawkish. The high-frequency market read was dovish. The paper documents this divergence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6808358","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:35:04Z","timestamp":1785332104000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Three Co-Located Shocks and a Dovish Market Read of Hawkish FOMC Minutes: High-Frequency Evidence from 20 May 2026"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:35:04Z","timestamp":1785332104000},"score":29.589735,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6808358"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6808358","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T16:17:05Z","timestamp":1783527425622,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper examines cross-venue price discovery between Binance and Hyperliquid BTC perpetual futures, asking whether informed on-chain order flow follows the dominant centralised venue or anticipates subsequent price movement on it. The study aligns Binance and Hyperliquid order-book data by venue event time over 25 May 2026 to 22 June 2026, combining lead-lag cross-correlations, Hasbrouck information-share estimates, wallet-level signed markouts, and splitsample persistence tests. Hyperliquid wallet addresses allow repeated trader-level behaviour to be observed, while Binance mid-prices provide the centralised-exchange reference series. At the venue level, Binance leads Hyperliquid in every price-discovery window, and the informed Hyperliquid cohort also follows Binance on average: signed Binance price movement before cohort trades exceeds movement after cohort trades at 2, 5 and 10 second horizons. However, the aggregate average conceals substantial wallet heterogeneity. A minority of wallets show an anticipatory signature, and split-sample tests indicate that this leadership is persistent out of sample, with the strongest half-1 lead-score quintile remaining the only quintile with positive half-2 lead across all tested horizons. The paper therefore shifts the empirical object from venue-level price discovery to wallet-level cross-venue informed flow, showing that a venue can be a follower on average while still hosting a persistent minority of wallets whose trades precede movement on the dominant venue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6993378","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:28:53Z","timestamp":1783524533000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Binance Leads, but Some Wallets Anticipate: Wallet-Level Cross-Venue Informed Flow in BTC Perpetual Futures"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:28:54Z","timestamp":1783524534000},"score":29.589735,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6993378"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6993378","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:08:32Z","timestamp":1785334112677,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>I document the price response of four Solana-based tokenized pre-IPO claims to a sequence of three events in May 2026. Anthropic published an investor notice on 11 May 2026 stating that share transfers without board approval are void; OpenAI issued similar language on 12 May 2026. Both notices named secondary platforms whose offerings the issuers do not recognize. Within 24 hours of each notice the directly-named tokens fell sharply-the Anthropic token reached a trough approximately 38 percent below its 72-hour-prior baseline and the OpenAI token approximately 40 percent below-and at 72 hours after the 12 May reference both tokens remained 10 to 25 percent below baseline. On 13 May 2026, Anduril Industries announced a $5 billion Series H funding round at a $61 billion valuation, more than double its Series G valuation. The Anduril tokenized claim, traded on the same platform but not named in either notice, fell to a trough approximately 42 percent below baseline before the announcement and did not recover after. A SpaceX tokenized claim on the same platform fell approximately 9 percent at trough and stabilized within 3 percent of baseline. On-chain circulating supplies of the four tokens, queried directly from the Solana mainnet, are small in absolute terms-between 2,003 and 14,391 tokens per name-generating on-chain market capitalizations several orders of magnitude below the platformreported implied valuations cited in industry coverage. The cross-asset price response and the supplyversus-implied-valuation gap are both consistent with a credibility shock to the wrapping infrastructure that prices tokenized claims in the event window without responding to a doubling of one underlying firm's primary-market valuation. I discuss implications for the pricing of synthetic pre-IPO exposure instruments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6770578","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:31:16Z","timestamp":1785331876000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Disavowal and Decoupling: Tokenized Pre-IPO Claims in May 2026"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:31:16Z","timestamp":1785331876000},"score":29.589735,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6770578"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6770578","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T09:48:57Z","timestamp":1785923337237,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Retail proprietary trading firms sell evaluation contracts (\"challenges\"): a buyer pays a fee to trade a simulated account and share in future simulated profits, without disclosure of the probabilities that determine the contract's value. I price the standard two-step challenge as a contingent claim. Trader equity follows arithmetic Brownian motion; the challenge is a first-passage problem priced by Monte Carlo simulation, including funded-stage profit sweeps and the customary fee refund. Three findings emerge. The apparently symmetric rules embed a large time-limit edge: a zero-edge trader passes the frictionless benchmark with probability 0.50 but the baseline contract with probability 0.30. Contract value concentrates on a narrow risk-sizing ridge near 2 per cent daily volatility, which the product's marketing never discloses. Under an illustrative baseline population with transaction cost drag, the model-implied average value of a USD 500 challenge is USD 221, implying a 56 per cent gross margin for the firm, with 7.5 per cent of simulated buyers reaching funded status. I propose standardised disclosure, comprising a cohort funnel, a payout ratio and a conditional median payout, modelled on CFD loss-rate and gaming-machine return-to-player regimes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.7178078","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T09:41:53Z","timestamp":1785922913000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Price of a Funded Account: An Actuarial Analysis of Proprietary Trading Firm Challenges"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T09:41:53Z","timestamp":1785922913000},"score":29.589735,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=7178078"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.7178078","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T22:32:20Z","timestamp":1786746740264,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":10,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>I compare the adverse-selection component of the effective spread between Blue Ocean ATS (BOATS), the leading venue for 8pm to 4am Eastern overnight trading in U.S. equities, and NASDAQ regular trading hours, using nanosecond-resolution order book data on 30 actively-traded symbols over 24 matched sessions from September 2025 through March 2026. Effective spreads overnight average 7 cents per share higher, and the 10-second price impact component averages 2.4 cents per share higher (both t &amp;gt; 4 with stock fixed effects and clustered standard errors). Only about one-third of the overnight spread premium reflects adverse selection; the balance reflects wider quoted spreads in a single-venue continuous market operating without the competitive liquidity provision of regular hours. Cross-sectional analysis shows that retail-popular stocks exhibit overnight premia roughly 60% smaller than other stocks, and that exchange-traded funds exhibit larger price-impact premia consistent with the loss of underlying-basket arbitrage when the underlying market is closed. The overnight premium is not driven by high-volatility days; if anything, the effective-spread ratio narrows when realised volatility is high. These findings suggest that the overnight execution-cost premium is primarily structural rather than informational, and that retail participation partially substitutes for institutional liquidity provision during overnight hours.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6610883","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T16:39:53Z","timestamp":1776703193000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Overnight Adverse Selection: Evidence from Blue Ocean ATS and NASDAQ Regular Trading Hours"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Trading volume, illiquidity and commonalities in FX markets","author":"Y H Barardehi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Review of Finance"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhg030","article-title":"Price discovery and trading after hours","volume":"16","author":"M J Barclay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Review of Financial Studies"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jempfin.2008.03.001","article-title":"A comparison of trading and non-trading mechanisms for price discovery","volume":"15","author":"M J Barclay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Empirical Finance"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-4181(02)00064-2","article-title":"Issues in assessing trade execution costs","volume":"6","author":"H Bessembinder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Markets"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1111\/jofi.13033","article-title":"Tracking retail investor activity","volume":"76","author":"E Boehmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2022.08.002","article-title":"Retail trader sophistication and stock market quality: Evidence from brokerage outages","volume":"146","author":"G W Eaton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/10.4.995","article-title":"The components of the bid-ask spread: A general approach","volume":"10","author":"R D Huang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Review of Financial Studies"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1017\/S002210901200049X","article-title":"Information content of earnings announcements: Evidence from after-hours trading","volume":"47","author":"C X Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.1991.tb02683.x","article-title":"Inferring trade direction from intraday data","volume":"46","author":"C M C Lee","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/10.4.1035","article-title":"Why do security prices change? A transaction-level analysis of NYSE stocks","volume":"10","author":"A Madhavan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Review of Financial Studies"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T21:53:08Z","timestamp":1786744388000},"score":29.589735,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6610883"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":10,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6610883","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:02:40Z","timestamp":1786737760866,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Two prediction-market venues list nominally identical contracts on the same event, but Kalshi's CFTC-registered terms exclude resolution paths involving the death of a named individual while Polymarket's do not. I exploit the February 28, 2026 strikes against Iran's Supreme Leader to identify the price effect of this settlement asymmetry. During the 21-hour news-arrival window, Polymarket's YES contract converged to 0.997 while Kalshi's identical-deadline contract halted at 0.08, a wedge of 0.89. I derive a closed-form expression for the wedge under the death carveout: it equals the product of the unconditional event probability, the disqualifying-path probability, and the haircut. I identify each regime boundary in the wedge's intraday trajectory against a named, timestamped public news event. The most prominent informed-flow event was a concentrated sell episode on Kalshi's March 01 contract over 17:07-17:11 UTC, in which approximately 340,000 net contracts were sold across four minutes, transitioning the contract into its 0.08 plateau. The single largest minute (17:08) sold 121,263 net contracts, approximately 11 times the next-largest non-episode signed minute in the four-hour window. This episode preceded U.S. Presidential confirmation of Khamenei's death by approximately 4.5 hours, identifying anticipatory pricing of the binding carveout from credible early reports. Kalshi bidask spreads remain at one cent (median) across all four regimes, making liquidity-based explanations for wedges of magnitude 0.40-0.89 quantitatively implausible. Across three matched horizons in the same Khamenei series, the post-news plateau wedge declines monotonically from 0.89 (1-day deadline) to 0.40 (10-month deadline), consistent with the model's prediction that longer horizons admit more non-disqualifying paths in the conditional set. The findings reframe the recent cross-venue price-discovery literature: Hasbrouck-style information shares estimated on prediction-market data are misspecified when contracts differ in their state-contingent payoffs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6704139","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:36:40Z","timestamp":1777855000000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Kalshi's Ceiling: Settlement Asymmetry and the Intraday Limits of Cross-Venue Repricing in Event Contracts"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T18:59:05Z","timestamp":1786733945000},"score":29.585522,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6704139"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6704139","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:29:58Z","timestamp":1786739398075,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper documents the gap between aggregate consumer price inflation and realised cost-of-living changes during the February 2026 energy supply shock. Using weekly retail fuel prices from the US Energy Information Administration and monthly price indices from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, I decompose the shock into three channels distinguished by pass-through speed. The direct channel shows retail gasoline and diesel gains of 35.7% and 45.8% in the seven weeks following the shock, against a headline CPI move of 1.0%. Translated into household cost-of-living terms, a household with a 15% fuel budget share experienced an energy-driven inflation contribution of approximately 5.4 percentage points, against headline CPI of 1.0-a wedge of roughly a factor of five. The slow indirect channel-restaurant food, grocery food, public transit, utilities-shows movements below 3.5% consistent with multi-month passthrough lags documented in existing literature. A third channel-platform-mediated delivery and ridehailing services-plausibly exhibits pass-through speeds intermediate between the other two, but is poorly captured by existing inflation measurement methodology. This paper documents the direct-channel wedge empirically, flags the platform-services channel as a measurement frontier, and argues that aggregate CPI during sectoral supply shocks averages across pass-through speeds in ways that suppress welfare-relevant temporal heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6634363","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:42:44Z","timestamp":1777038164000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Measured vs. Experienced Inflation: A Wedge Decomposition Around the February 2026 Energy Shock"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:28:40Z","timestamp":1786735720000},"score":29.585522,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6634363"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6634363","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T22:32:15Z","timestamp":1786746735836,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bitcoin's proof-of-work security depends on miner revenue, which falls by half approximately every four years through programmed subsidy halvings. Whether transaction fees can replace the declining subsidy is an empirical question for which the post-April-2024 period provides the first post-fourth-halving sample. I develop a stylised structural stress test that embeds a Budishstyle flow-cost attack measure inside a Prat-Walter-style free-entry hash-rate equilibrium with miner cost heterogeneity. The model produces an analytical decomposition: the dollar attack cost equals the dollar security budget multiplied by a cost-translation ratio equal to 0.51 times the ratio of the attacker's electricity cost to the marginal honest miner's. The complementary leakage share-the fraction of honest-miner revenue that does not translate into security against a well-financed attacker-is the security-relevant residual. I calibrate the model to post-2024halving data and simulate four scenarios through December 2032. In the most adverse scenario (sustained price weakness and fee collapse), hash rate falls by 47% and dollar attack cost by 70% relative to the simulation start. Across all four scenarios, the dollar attack cost remains below 36% of the dollar security budget. I treat these findings as a long-run infrastructure-risk concern rather than an imminent-failure forecast. The risk is material for exchanges, custodians, ETF issuers, institutional allocators, and prudential regulators with exposure to Bitcoin settlement finality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6816419","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T16:55:21Z","timestamp":1779900921000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bitcoin's Security Budget at the Subsidy-to-Fee Transition: Miner Exit, Attack-Cost Leakage, and Majority-Attack Stress Testing"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T21:52:54Z","timestamp":1786744374000},"score":29.585522,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6816419"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6816419","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:05:16Z","timestamp":1786122316795,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Perpetual futures combine a contractually specified funding transfer with market-based price adjustment. I study a deadband architecture used by a Commodity Futures Trading Commission-regulated cryptocurrency perpetual-futures venue and compare its realised cash flows with thirteen corresponding Bybit contracts. In a common event-index window (Kalshi: 3 June 2026 20:00 UTC-11 July 2026 04:00 UTC; Bybit: four hours earlier), 73.0 per cent of 1,226 Kalshi settlements are exactly zero, compared with none of 1,469 offshore settlements. A three-day circular block bootstrap gives a 95 per cent interval of 65.7-80.4 per cent for Kalshi's pooled zero share. Conditional on activation, however, the mean absolute Kalshi transfer is 1.88 basis points per eight hours, versus 0.73 basis points offshore. The deadband therefore creates an inaction region in contractual cash flows rather than merely lowering average funding. High-frequency evidence is consistent with premium mean reversion while funding remains inactive, with most observed adjustment borne by the perpetual mark rather than the reference index. The venue's filed impact-price rule, user-facing candle description, and public markindex proxy are not equivalent, although the proxy recovers the corrective sign and aggregate activation frequency. The results show how continuous market-based convergence can coexist with intermittent settlement transfers, and why derivative design should be evaluated through both activation frequency and conditional cash-flow magnitude.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.7205749","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T09:41:46Z","timestamp":1786095706000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inaction Regions in Perpetual Futures: Deadband Funding and Price Convergence"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon 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BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Finance Research 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enduring power of the yield curve","volume":"27","author":"Rudebusch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Business and Economic Statistics"}],"container-title":["Finance Research 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article is maintained by"},{"value":"Episode heterogeneity in the yield curve inversion\u2013credit spread relationship: Evidence from six U.S. inversion episodes, 1986\u20132024","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Finance Research Open","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.finr.2026.100140","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100140"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:10:45Z","timestamp":1785334245732,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Singapore's data-breach enforcement is anchored by two instruments: the Personal Data Protection Act, enforced through published Commission's Decisions and Voluntary Undertakings, and the Cyber Security Agency's Cyber Essentials mark, a baseline certification for resourceconstrained organisations. This note asks how completely the Cyber Essentials baseline maps onto the security failures that the Personal Data Protection Commission actually identifies when it takes enforcement action. I code 34 published enforcement actions from 2019 to 2026-26 Commission's Decisions and 8 Voluntary Undertakings, kept as separate strata-against the five Cyber Essentials categories, using only the failures the Commission expressly stated. Cyber Essentials controls address at least one stated failure in 28 of 34 actions (82%) but address every stated failure in only 13 (38%). A residual failure that no Cyber Essentials clause enumeratesprocess governance, vendor oversight, accountability, or wrongful disclosure-appears in 21 of 34 (62%), and in the formally adjudicated Commission's Decisions specifically, in 17 of 26 (65%). The pattern is consistent with a baseline that covers the technical-hygiene layer of enforced breaches well while leaving a governance residual that the Accountability Obligation, not certification, addresses. Access-control and process-governance failures are the two most frequently cited; backup is never cited, including across eleven ransomware cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6841562","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:40:09Z","timestamp":1785332409000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Technical Baseline, Governance Gap: Singapore Data-Breach Enforcement and the Cyber Essentials Mark"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:40:10Z","timestamp":1785332410000},"score":29.585522,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6841562"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6841562","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:09:44Z","timestamp":1785334184466,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>I document a recent and clearly disclosed application of a large-scale synthetic toehold to launch an unsolicited acquisition. On 19 May 2026 GameStop reported a 6.55% economic stake in eBay assembled for $9.95 million of cash. The position comprises 25,000 directly held shares and a strip of American-style put\/call option pairs referencing 29,078,699 shares, with The Toronto-Dominion Bank as counterparty, with strikes ranging from $84.74 to $114.96, expiring 23 February 2028. I define the synthetic toehold ratio \u03c1 as cash outlay divided by notional exposure and the leverage multiple L as its inverse. At post-rejection spot, \u03c1 = 0.295% and L = 339\u00d7, well above the leverage available from direct-stake toeholds surveyed in the prior literature. I situate the structure between earlier control-related derivative cases (CSX, Porsche-VW, Schaeffler-Continental) and argue it partially dissolves the toehold puzzle of Betton, Eckbo, and Thorburn (2009). The HSR-conditional cash-settlement feature supports the bidder's disclaimer of beneficial ownership under Rule 13d-3(d)(1)(i), the legal hook the GameStop 13D explicitly invokes. Second, I formalize the reflexive deal value channel in reverse-acquirer cash-stock offers. GameStop's share price fell 20.4% between announcement and 22 May 2026, taking the marked-to-market offer from $125.00 to $112.23 per eBay share. Headline-anchored arbitrage spreads materially overstate the deal's economic content. Under the unaffected close of $85.62 as the failure value, the headline offer implies a completion probability of 76.5% on 22 May, while the marked-to-market value implies an impossible 113.2%. The impossibility of a probability below 100% under the marked-to-market value indicates that the market is not valuing the offer at its marked-to-market level, consistent with anchoring on the headline price, an increase in eBay's standalone value, or the possibility of a bid bump.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6821540","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:36:35Z","timestamp":1785332195000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Synthetic Toeholds and Reflexive Deal Value: The GameStop-eBay Bid, May 2026"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:36:35Z","timestamp":1785332195000},"score":29.585522,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6821540"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6821540","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:00:01Z","timestamp":1789682401973,"version":"4.0.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>I study marine war-risk insurance during the 2026 Strait of Hormuz closure. Daily transit counts from the Joint Maritime Information Center fall from a prewar baseline of about 138 vessels per day to single digits within four days of the 28 February strikes. Additional war-risk premiums rise from 0.125 per cent of hull value to 2.25 per cent over the same window. I show that one per cent of hull value marks an empirical regime break in the relationship between premium and transit volume. Above this threshold, the premium remains negatively correlated with transit, but its elasticity weakens and the level dummy absorbs much of the suppression. After the 8 April ceasefire, transits recover only partially while the premium eases. I interpret these patterns as second-order market failure: insurance remains quoted and underwriter appetite remains present, but the premium ceases to be a sufficient clearing price because P&amp;amp;I structure, charter-party refusal rights, crew safety rules, and reinsurance reinstatement lags create simultaneous non-price rationing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6747418","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:29:08Z","timestamp":1785331748000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pricing the Unsailable: Marine War-Risk Insurance and Catastrophic-Risk Market Failure in the 2026 Strait of Hormuz Closure"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:29:09Z","timestamp":1785331749000},"score":29.585522,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6747418"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6747418","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:26:41Z","timestamp":1786724801291,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>The artificial-intelligence infrastructure stack now exhibits a distinctive structural feature. A small number of firms are simultaneously each other's largest customers, suppliers, and equity investors. I review the literatures relevant to the resulting concentration risk. These cover financial-network systemic risk, multilayer network science, production-network shock propagation, customer-concentration cost-ofcapital effects, and disclosure regulation. I also engage transaction-cost theory of the firm to compare multilayer cross-holdings with the alternative organizational form of vertical integration. I discuss the historical analogue of vendor financing in the 1999-2002 telecom collapse. I formalize the multilayer exposure structure and identify three open mechanisms that current theory does not address. I report preliminary empirical evidence from a constructed ten-node multilayer network. Multiplex eigenvector centrality and PageRank robustness checks both rank OpenAI as the most central node despite its private status. I conduct a two-event study on the same firm three months apart. Microsoft's 28 January 2026 OpenAI-concentration disclosure produces a three-day cumulative abnormal return of-9.59% (t =-5.43, FF5 + orthogonalized AI portfolio benchmark). The 27 April 2026 Microsoft-OpenAI amendment, framed as risk-reducing, produces a three-day CAR of +3.09% (t = +1.39, market model; null result). The asymmetric pattern is consistent with the prediction that revelation of previously unpriced concentration produces large repricing while resolution of partially anticipated concentration produces small repricing. Microsoft's post-disclosure factor structure also shifted: the orthogonalized AI factor loading moved from indistinguishable from zero to-0.36 (t =-3.13). I engage explicitly with the strongest skeptical arguments against the systemic-risk framing. I argue that the AI infrastructure case has implications for financial stability that warrant formal empirical study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6743559","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T13:49:55Z","timestamp":1778420995000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Circular Financing and Concentration Risk in the AI Infrastructure Stack A Literature Review with Two-Event Empirical Evidence"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:27:06Z","timestamp":1786721226000},"score":29.583569,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6743559"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6743559","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T22:35:43Z","timestamp":1786746943669,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Using a monthly panel covering June 1976 through April 2026, we document that essentially all of the yield curve inversion's historical predictive content for BAA-AAA credit-spread widening is attributable to the 1978-1982 Volcker disinflation. Of 94 inversion-months in the full sample, 39 fall within this five-year episode; 30 of those 39 were followed by \u226510bp BAA-AAA widening within six months. Of the remaining 55 inversion-months-seven before Volcker or between Volcker and September 1997, and 48 after September 1997-only three were followed by such widening. A standard probit interaction between the inversion indicator and an ex-ante credit-stress tercile is statistically significant at the 5 percent level under non-robust maximum-likelihood standard errors but fails to reach significance under Newey-West (p = 0.17) or year-clustered (p = 0.23) standard errors. A Quandt-Andrews test identifies a structural break in September 1997, but this break is better understood as the point at which the sample begins to contain the cumulatively weaker post-Volcker data rather than as a change in an otherwise-stable relationship. We interpret these findings as evidence that the yield curve inversion's well-known reputation as a leading indicator of corporate credit conditions rests on a single historical episode, and is not operational information for practitioners in contemporary markets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6639799","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:45:42Z","timestamp":1777038342000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Volcker Signal"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T22:08:13Z","timestamp":1786745293000},"score":29.583569,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6639799"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6639799","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T14:54:53Z","timestamp":1786719293391,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>CAPTCHA systems were designed around the premise that visual challenges are cheap for humans and expensive for machines. The arrival of frontier multimodal AI in 2023-2024 has been argued to invert that asymmetry. I test for the inversion across three publicly observable channels and find that the posted-price evidence is the most informative.\n&lt;div&gt;\n The central empirical contribution is a longitudinal panel of 1,005 posted-price observations from Wayback Machine snapshots of 2Captcha and Anti-Captcha across 37 monthly samples, January 2023 to December 2025, covering 56 distinct (service \u00d7 captcha-type) panels. After normalising for currency switches in the cached pages, I detect 11 repricing episodes at 2Captcha and zero at Anti-Captcha. Two episodes fall on a single day in September 2023; nine fall in two adjacent snapshots in May and June 2025. All eleven are cuts from $2.99 to $1.45 per thousand solves \u2014 discrete jumps rather than calibrated percentage moves. The posted reCAPTCHA v2 bypass price is constant at $1.00\u2013$2.99 per thousand solves across thirty-six months; a permutation test confirms a single break in the 2Captcha Turnstile series at the September 24, 2023 snapshot. Within-wave dependence (the seven June 2025 cuts most likely reflect a single repricing decision, not seven) means that the eleven price changes should not be treated as eleven independent draws around the seven dated AI events. Descriptively, one repricing decision sits four days before Cloudflare's Turnstile announcement, and a second, much larger decision sits twelve to thirteen months after the last AI event in the panel.\n&lt;\/div&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n Two corroborating channels triangulate the posted-price finding. Cumulative abnormal returns of four publicly listed bot-defence vendors (Cloudflare, Akamai, Fastly, F5) around seven AIcapability events are not statistically distinguishable from those of a matched cybersecurity placebo (Qualys, Zscaler): the mean treated\u2013placebo difference is +1.67 percentage points (bootstrap SE 2.43, 28 firm-event observations), in the opposite direction to the asymmetric-costcollapse prediction. The panel rules out effects of approximately eight percentage points or larger. Every Cloudflare 10-Q and 10-K filing in the window contains rising aggregate AI mentions and generic AI-cyber-risk language, but the specific AI-bot, AI-crawler, and AI-scraper vocabulary that Cloudflare employs extensively in its blog and press communications during the same period does not appear in any of the sixteen filings.&amp;nbsp;\n&lt;\/div&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n The 2023-09-24 cut at 2Captcha precedes Cloudflare's Turnstile general-availability announcement (September 28, 2023) by four days; the temporal evidence on Wave 1 cannot identify a direction of causation. The May\u2013June 2025 wave is genuinely ambiguous: it post-dates the last AI capability event in the panel by twelve to thirteen months, too long to support a fastpass-through reading but potentially consistent with a delayed cost-pass-through on a multiquarter lag. I treat the 2025 wave as the central interpretive challenge of the paper.&amp;nbsp;\n&lt;\/div&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;\n I observe posted rack rates, not transacted prices. If effective prices fell through unobserved volume discounts, off-platform negotiation, or Telegram-channel relationship pricing, the present method would not detect the change. The joint evidence on publicly observable price signals points to delayed and partial pass-through into the specialty-captcha tier during 2025, while posted prices for the major high-volume captchas (reCAPTCHA, hCaptcha, GeeTest, FunCaptcha-high) remained rigid through the 2023\u20132024 window of frontier capability releases.&amp;nbsp;\n&lt;\/div&gt;<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6760919","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T08:41:47Z","timestamp":1779266507000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pricing the Collapse of Proof-of-Human: Posted-Price, Equity, and Disclosure Evidence on AI-Capability Events, 2023-2025"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T13:47:53Z","timestamp":1786715273000},"score":29.579464,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6760919"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6760919","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T06:58:46Z","timestamp":1785481126742,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Regulatory frameworks for stablecoins, including the reserve and liquidity requirements of the EU's Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA), implicitly rely on secondary-market depth to absorb redemption-driven selling during stress. We introduce Peg-Defending Depth (PDD)resting bid depth within six threshold bands below an asset's peg-and show that its displayed values are unreliable exactly when they matter. Using the complete Binance trade record for five major depeg episodes (USDC 2023, USDT 2023, TUSD 2024, FDUSD 2025, USDe 2025), we document that realized absorption density collapses by one to two orders of magnitude between shallow (25 bps) and deep (500 bps) thresholds in every failed defense, that price traversal accelerates with depth, and that the one successfully defended episode exhibits shallow absorption an order of magnitude denser than any failure. Deviations must be measured from an effective peg-assets such as FDUSD trade at persistent double-digit basispoint discounts in calm markets-and deep-threshold results are invariant to this choice while shallow ones are not. Tick-level best-quote data for the defended episode show displayed liquidity that strengthened and became more executable as stress grew, fixing the sign of our central hypothesis: failing defenses should exhibit rising phantom shares in displayed pegdefending depth. A live three-channel measurement design, extending the phantom-liquidity decomposition of Lim (2026), yields the calm-sample results reported here and registers this proposition as a falsifiable prediction for the next stress episode. The findings imply that supervisory reliance on observed order-book depth is mechanically fragile: displayed depth and executable depth diverge most under the conditions such monitoring exists to detect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.7126758","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T06:15:27Z","timestamp":1785478527000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Displayed Depth Is Not Executable Depth: Peg-Defending Liquidity in Stablecoin Markets and the Limits of Depth-Based Supervision"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T06:15:28Z","timestamp":1785478528000},"score":29.570557,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=7126758"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.7126758","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:34:00Z","timestamp":1786739640137,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>A $100 million net flow into spot Bitcoin ETFs is associated with a 53 basis point same-day Bitcoin return. Using daily net flow data and ETF trading data from Databento for the five largest U.S. spot Bitcoin ETFs over January 2024 to April 2025 (313 trading days), I estimate Kyle's lambda at 53 bps\/$100M under OLS and 74 bps under instrumental variable estimation (first-stage F = 21.58). Flows explain 21% of daily return variation (t = 8.99) and predict next-day returns (Newey-West t = 3.12). Granger causality reveals a bidirectional feedback loop: flows cause returns and returns cause subsequent flows (\u03b2 = 0.47, t = 9.75). The paper's central finding concerns price impact dynamics. Unconditionally, post-flow cumulative returns show no reversal at any horizon from 1 to 20 days, appearing to contradict equity market evidence (Lou 2012; Coval and Stafford 2007). However, after controlling for future flows, individual flow shocks reverse significantly (t =-2.42 to-3.99 at all horizons). The resolution is a flow-persistence illusion: each day's price impact is temporary, but strong flow autocorrelation generates new shocks before prior reversals complete, producing cumulative drift that mimics permanent impact. The total price impact reaches 96 bps\/$100M at 10 days (t = 4.49)-nearly double the same-day estimate-not because individual shocks are permanent, but because persistent flows accumulate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6564338","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T16:15:04Z","timestamp":1776701704000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Price Impact of Spot Bitcoin ETF Flows"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:30:49Z","timestamp":1786735849000},"score":29.570557,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6564338"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6564338","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T11:22:55Z","timestamp":1776165775500,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":14,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Standard measures of execution quality in financial markets are not mechanism-neutral. Under thecontinuous limit order book (CLOB), queue position is allocated by arrival time, embedding asystematic transfer from slower to faster participants into commonly used metrics such as slippage.We isolate this bias using a controlled dual-engine exchange in which identical order flow isprocessed simultaneously under price-time priority and randomized queue priority. The gap inexecution quality between fast and slow participants declines by 35.6% under randomized priority(0.441 \u2192 0.284 ticks; clustered t = 2.98, p = 0.020), while aggregate slippage is virtually unchanged(Cohen\u2019s d = 0.004). This indicates that more than one-third of the measured speed advantage reflectsthe allocation rule, not price efficiency. We validate this finding in real NASDAQ Level 3 data:arrival time predicts queue rank under CLOB (t = -13.45, p &lt; 0.001) but not under randomizedpriority (t = -0.33, n.s.), confirming that time priority converts latency into queue ownership. Atheoretical framework shows that randomized priority eliminates the marginal return to speedinvestment, collapsing the equilibrium arms race. Our empirical design identifies the mechanicaltransfer embedded in queue allocation; the welfare implications are modeled theoretically but notmeasured<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6574208","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T09:43:22Z","timestamp":1776159802000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Random Queue Priority in Continuous Limit Order Books:Evidence from a Large-Scale Controlled Simulation"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjab032","article-title":"Quantifying the High-Frequency Trading 'Arms Race","volume":"137","author":"Matteo Aquilina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2015.03.004","article-title":"Equilibrium Fast Trading","volume":"116","author":"Bruno Biais","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjv027","article-title":"The High-Frequency Trading Arms Race: Frequent Batch Auctions as a Market Design Response","volume":"130","author":"Eric Budish","year":"2015","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1086\/727284","article-title":"A Theory of Stock Exchange Competition and Innovation: Will the Market Fix the Market?","volume":"132","author":"Eric Budish","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.1090.0780","article-title":"A Stochastic Model for Order Book Dynamics","volume":"58","author":"Rama Cont","year":"2010","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhi029","article-title":"Limit Order Book as a Market for Liquidity","volume":"18","author":"Thierry Foucault","year":"2005","journal-title":"Review of Financial Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-405X(85)90044-3","article-title":"Bid, Ask and Transaction Prices in a Specialist Market with Heterogeneously Informed Traders","volume":"14","author":"Lawrence R Glosten","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/6.1.191","article-title":"Assessing the Quality of a Security Market: A New Approach to Transaction-Cost Measurement","volume":"6","author":"Joel Hasbrouck","year":"1993","journal-title":"Review of Financial Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2010.01624.x","article-title":"Does Algorithmic Trading Improve Liquidity?","volume":"66","author":"Terrence Hendershott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2006.01004.x","article-title":"Estimating the Gains from Trade in Limit-Order Markets","volume":"61","author":"Hollifield","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"},{"key":"ref11","author":"Ruihong Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"LOBSTER: Limit Order Book Reconstruction System"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.2307\/1913210","article-title":"Continuous Auctions and Insider Trading","volume":"53","author":"Albert S Kyle","year":"1985","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.finmar.2013.06.006","article-title":"High Frequency Trading and the New-Market Makers","volume":"16","author":"Albert J Menkveld","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Markets"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/11.4.789","article-title":"Price Dynamics in Limit Order Markets","volume":"11","author":"Christine A Parlour","year":"1998","journal-title":"Review of Financial Studies"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T09:59:06Z","timestamp":1776160746000},"score":29.570557,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6574208"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":14,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6574208","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:12:39Z","timestamp":1785334359581,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose-This paper documents JD.com's February 2025 entry into China's food-delivery market through JD Waimai-a service restricted to \"quality dine-in\" restaurants and offering a full year of zero commission to early-joining merchants-and examines how large dine-in restaurant franchises responded. It treats the franchise (merchant) layer as the site at which platform entry is resolved. Design\/methodology\/approach-The study is descriptive. It draws on a hand-built brand-year panel of nine major dine-in chains, assembled from IPO prospectuses, audited investor disclosures, industry store-trackers, and company statements, combined with a dated reconstruction of the entry and its regulatory aftermath. Findings-Three findings emerge. Adoption among large chains was rapid and effectively universal, with multi-homing rather than exclusivity as the equilibrium. The platform competition reshaped franchise unit economics, a link one listed operator documents directly in its prospectus. And headline store-count growth masked divergent strategies-expansion, franchise conversion, and contraction occurred simultaneously. Research limitations\/implications-The event resists clean causal estimation, for reasons the paper sets out; the contribution is documentary, and the panel skews toward large, well-reported chains. Originality\/value-The paper offers, to the author's knowledge, one of the first English-language academic treatments of the JD Waimai entry, framing it for the digital-economy literature on platform competition and merchant multi-homing and providing an openly archived panel for future work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6887378","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:46:58Z","timestamp":1785332818000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Platform Entry and the Franchise Response: JD Waimai and China's Dine-in Restaurant Chains, 2025"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:46:58Z","timestamp":1785332818000},"score":29.570557,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6887378"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6887378","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:04:05Z","timestamp":1786719845822,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":16,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Using a descriptive case-study methodology applied to publicly available data from the FTX Hot Wallet on Ethereum, we document the on-chain anatomy of the November 2022 FTX collapse. Three findings emerge. First, a sustained net stablecoin outflow began approximately October 18, 2022, with cumulative net outflows reaching $304 million by November 1-two weeks before the CoinDesk article that triggered public attention. Second, customer activity following public disclosure was visible primarily as a sharp rise in transaction count rather than as a proportional acceleration of average net outflow rate: mean hourly transaction count more than doubled (107 to 249, a 2.33-fold increase) between the pre-news and news windows, while average net outflow rate per hour remained essentially unchanged ($0.70M to $0.71M). Third, the operational halt of withdrawals is precisely visible in the on-chain record: hot wallet transaction activity dropped from 540 transactions in the 18:00 UTC hour of November 8 to 38 transactions in the following hour, with twenty hours of zero on-chain activity in the subsequent four days. Contemporaneous public reporting by CoinDesk and Protos described the halt within hours of the onchain transition, while formal corporate confirmation came only with the November 11 bankruptcy filing. These findings suggest that on-chain transparency provided meaningful operational visibility into both the slow-burn run and the precise moment of failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6656560","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T06:45:58Z","timestamp":1777272358000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["On-Chain Anatomy of the FTX Run: Pre-Disclosure Stablecoin Outflows and the Operational Halt"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"21","article-title":"DeFi risks and the decentralisation illusion","author":"S Aramonte","year":"2021","journal-title":"BIS Quarterly Review"},{"issue":"57","key":"ref2","article-title":"DeFi lending: Intermediation without information?","author":"S Aramonte","year":"2022","journal-title":"BIS Bulletin"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Crypto trading and Bitcoin prices: Evidence from a new database of retail adoption","author":"R Auer","year":"1049"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"The financial stability implications of digital assets","volume":"30","author":"P D Azar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhn098","article-title":"Market liquidity and funding liquidity","volume":"22","author":"M K Brunnermeier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Review of Financial Studies"},{"key":"ref6","author":"Coindesk","year":"2022","journal-title":"FTX exchange halts all crypto withdrawals"},{"key":"ref7","author":"Cointelegraph","year":"2022","journal-title":"Breaking: FTX appears to have resumed withdrawals, blockchain data shows. Original URL no longer accessible"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhaa089","article-title":"Tokenomics: Dynamic adoption and valuation","volume":"34","author":"L W Cong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Review of Financial Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1086\/261155","article-title":"Bank runs, deposit insurance, and liquidity","volume":"91","author":"D W Diamond","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"issue":"479","key":"ref10","article-title":"A retrospective on the crypto runs of 2022","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chicago Fed Letter"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2005.00762.x","article-title":"Demand-deposit contracts and the probability of bank runs","volume":"60","author":"I Goldstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"909","volume":"90","author":"G B Gorton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Taming wildcat stablecoins. University of Chicago Law Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1111\/jofi.12903","article-title":"Is Bitcoin really untethered","volume":"75","author":"J M Griffin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2019.07.001","article-title":"Trading and arbitrage in cryptocurrency markets","volume":"135","author":"I Makarov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"key":"ref15","author":"Protos","year":"2022","journal-title":"FTX halts ERC-20, Solana, and Tron withdrawals"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"FTX's downfall and Binance's consolidation: The fragility of centralized digital finance","volume":"625","author":"D Vidal-Tom\ufffds","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T14:24:36Z","timestamp":1786717476000},"score":29.567244,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6656560"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":16,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6656560","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:39:23Z","timestamp":1786721963391,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>On 20 April 2025 the centralised cryptocurrency exchange Bitget detected what it characterised as abnormal trading activity in its VOXELUSDT perpetual futures market. Within forty-eight hours Bitget had suspended accounts, reversed trades, and announced compensation. One counterparty disputed the exchange's account and announced legal action. This paper documents the incident from primary sources. It records the dated sequence of Bitget's public statements, the contractual provisions Bitget invoked, the counterparty's public response, the comparison case of Hyperliquid's JELLY incident, and the corresponding finality and reversal provisions in the published terms of four peer venues (Binance, Bybit, Hyperliquid, CME). The comparative record shows that the crypto venues examined generally reserve broad discretionary reversal powers while publishing comparatively limited ex ante procedural constraints relative to the CME framework examined. The paper's contribution is a structured factual record, including a comparative table, that practitioners, regulators, and researchers can cite.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6775019","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T08:52:12Z","timestamp":1779267132000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trade Reversal and Disputed Finality on a Centralised Crypto Exchange: A Documentary Case Study of the Bitget VOXEL Incident"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:18:12Z","timestamp":1786720692000},"score":29.567244,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6775019"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6775019","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T04:42:05Z","timestamp":1776400925013,"version":"3.51.2"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":21,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>On October 10, 2025, a geopolitical shock triggered the largest forced deleveraging in cryptocurrency history. Over $19 billion in leveraged positions were liquidated within 24 hours across centralized (CeFi) and decentralized (DeFi) venues. This paper exploits the event as a natural experiment: identical assets (BTC, ETH) experienced the same exogenous shock simultaneously across architecturally distinct trading venues. We identify five architectural design axes along which venue outcomes diverged: (1) oracle design, (2) liquidation engine transparency, (3) order book vs. AMM liquidity provision, (4) auto-deleveraging mechanics, and (5) system availability under stress. We document that DeFi lending protocols (Aave) processed $250M+ in liquidations and remained continuously operational with only modest reserve deficits, while the largest CeFi exchange (Binance) experienced transfer-subsystem degradation, venue-specific stablecoin depegs, and used a liquidation reporting architecture that external analysts argued understates true liquidation volumes by up to 100x during bursty conditions. Using sub-second L2 order book data from Hyperliquid\u2019s public archive merged with Binance tick-level trade data (11.4 million trades), we find that at 21:24:09 UTC, BTC prices diverged by 7.24% ($7,387) between venues in a single second\u2014with 26,558 Binance trades executing at that moment. The direction of divergence reversed completely within seven minutes as venue-specific liquidation dynamics dominated fundamental price discovery. ETH diverged by 5.32% ($185), with bid-ask spreads widening 602x and bid depth collapsing 99.8% to under $9,000. A Hasbrouck (1995) information share analysis reveals that Binance led price discovery with an 82.5% share throughout the cascade\u2014Hyperliquid\u2019s price divergence reflected lagged adjustment, not independent discovery. We argue that market microstructure observability is an architectural property, not a data collection problem, and propose a framework for evaluating venue resilience under tail risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6592831","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T03:44:56Z","timestamp":1776397496000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Same Shock, Same Assets, Different Microstructure:,A Comparative Analysis of CeFi and DeFi Venue Performance,During the October 10, 2025 Cryptocurrency Cascade"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"How Aave liquidations perform under volatile conditions","author":"Aave","year":"2026","journal-title":"Aave Blog"},{"key":"ref2","author":"H Adams","year":"2025","journal-title":"Post on X (@haabordeaux), October 11. Uniswap volume during the October 10 crash"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"2026a. How $3.21B vanished in 60 seconds","author":"M Amberdata (marshall","journal-title":"Amberdata Research Blog"},{"key":"ref4","author":"M Amberdata (marshall","journal-title":"2026b. The liquidity that vanished: Inside October's 40% depth collapse"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"The October 10 crypto market flash crash","author":"Binance","year":"2026","journal-title":"Binance Blog"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Binance Historical Data, 2025. Daily aggregate trades. data.binance.vision","volume":"10","author":"Api Binance","year":"2025","journal-title":"BTCUSDT Oct"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjv027","article-title":"The high-frequency trading arms race","volume":"130","author":"E Budish","year":"2015","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"ref8","volume":"10","year":"2025","journal-title":"Risk report: Insights from recent market events"},{"key":"ref9","author":"Coindesk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Largest ever crypto liquidation event. CoinDesk Markets"},{"key":"ref10","author":"Coinglass","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aggregated liquidation data"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhs053","article-title":"Flow toxicity and liquidity in a high-frequency world","volume":"25","author":"D Easley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Review of Financial Studies"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199936243.001.0001","author":"T Foucault","year":"2013","journal-title":"Market Liquidity: Theory, Evidence, and Policy"},{"key":"ref13","author":"Fti Consulting","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crypto crash Oct 2025: Leverage meets liquidity. FTI Consulting Insights"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.1995.tb04054.x","article-title":"One security, many markets: Determining the contributions to price discovery","volume":"50","author":"J Hasbrouck","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195301649.001.0001","author":"J Hasbrouck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Empirical Market Microstructure"},{"key":"ref16","author":"Hyperliquid","journal-title":"2025a. Oracle documentation"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Investing.com, 2025. The crypto crash and the mystery of the $1 billion whale","author":"Hyperliquid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Historical L2 order book data. S3 archive"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1111\/jofi.12498","article-title":"The Flash Crash","volume":"72","author":"A Kirilenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"},{"key":"ref19","author":"J-H Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"The October 11, 2025 crypto Black Swan crash: An academic analysis. Medium, October 11. Reuters, 2025. US will impose additional 100% tariff on Chinese imports"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"$20 billion crypto crash: What liquidations reveal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Solidus Blog"},{"key":"ref21","author":"J Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Post on X (@chameleon_jeff)"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T03:46:17Z","timestamp":1776397577000},"score":29.563816,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6592831"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":21,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6592831","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:40:52Z","timestamp":1786740052629,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Both major stablecoin regulatory regimes-the EU's Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA) and the United States' Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins (GENIUS) Act-calibrate quantitative reserve and redemption obligations to primary-channel parameters: reserve-asset maturity, full reserve backing, reserve composition, and settlement-time bounds at the issuer. None calibrate to secondary-channel parameters: off-peg outflow volume per day, depth at the peg, or time-to-clear at fifty basis points below par. Using the validated Binance Vision and Bybit public-archive trade tapes for five distinct depeg events between 2022 and 2025, I show that off-peg secondary-market quote volume on a single venue ranged from $260 million to $1.4 billion in a single calendar day, with cross-stablecoin contagion volumes of $3-5 billion on the most severe event. No issuer's disclosed primary-channel redemption capacity in the matched window came close to these magnitudes. Three core findings emerge: (i) the gap between secondary-channel exit volume S\u1d48 and primary-channel redemption capacity R\u1d48 is substantially greater than one across all five events at the daily level; (ii) stress does not stay localised-depeg events trigger flightto-safety into other stablecoins, with safe-stablecoin off-peg volumes exceeding the depegging asset's own off-peg volumes by a factor of four on the UST\/Luna event; and (iii) the headline depeg floor price differs by 28 percentage points across venues on the USDe cascade day, indicating that single-venue measurement understates aggregate stress. I link each finding to specific regulatory parameters, propose two complementary supervisory expectations operating inside existing rulemaking authority-a calibrated secondary-channel depth requirement structured analogously to ETF authorisedparticipant arrangements, and a stress-test reserve add-on-and document a structural concern about the data-availability landscape: post-MiCA and post-USD\/USDC unification, dedicated price-discovery surfaces for stablecoin depeg events are being eliminated faster than measurement methodology can adapt.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6733398","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T08:32:49Z","timestamp":1778229169000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Wrong Risk Surface: Why MiCA and GENIUS-Era Stablecoin Reserve Rules Don't Bind on the Channel Holders Actually Use"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:42:58Z","timestamp":1786736578000},"score":29.558441,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6733398"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6733398","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T21:28:38Z","timestamp":1786742918419,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose-This paper studies how limit order book dynamics respond across multiple trading venues following a major policy shock. It focuses on the April 2, 2025 \"Liberation Day\" tariff announcement and compares microstructure changes across four major US equity exchanges: Nasdaq, Nasdaq BX, Nasdaq PSX, and NYSE Arca. Design\/methodology\/approach-Using nanosecond-level order data from Databento, the analysis covers 20 stocks across all four venues within the same event window and using consistent measurement definitions. To ensure robustness, five additional checks are implemented: a trimmed sample, an alternative event window, bootstrap confidence intervals, a stock fixed-effects regression, and a matching engine saturation diagnostic. Findings-All venues experience a sharp decline in order lifetime and a shift toward short-lived liquidity. Median lifetimes fall by between 58% and 92%, with smaller venues showing stronger effects. However, responses differ across exchange groups. Nasdaq venues show increased cancellation intensity, while NYSE Arca shows the opposite pattern, with relatively more executions. Bootstrap confidence intervals confirm that these differences are statistically meaningful. Research limitations\/implications-The analysis focuses on a single event, which limits generalisability. Per-stock variation is high on thinner venues, although robustness checks confirm the main results. Future work should extend the framework to multiple events and incorporate consolidated market data. Originality\/value-The results show that market fragmentation affects not only baseline liquidity but also how markets respond under stress. Single-venue studies may therefore overlook important dynamics. To my knowledge, this is the first nanosecond-resolution comparison of cross-venue microstructure responses to a clearly identified policy shock.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6603899","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T16:35:40Z","timestamp":1776702940000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cross-Venue Microstructure Response to the April 2025 Liberation Day Tariff Shock Boon Chuan Lim"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:35:20Z","timestamp":1786739720000},"score":29.558441,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6603899"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6603899","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"institution":[{"name":"Research Square"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T08:49:02Z","timestamp":1785919742933,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"group-title":"In Review","reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"abstract":"<title>Abstract<\/title>\n                <p>\n                  Section 13(f) requires large institutional managers to disclose their US equity holdings quarterly. The rule is fifty years old, applies identically to filers differing by more than two orders of magnitude in portfolio breadth, and is defended partly on the ground that disclosure is costly. I test whether these disclosures move prices using a negative control supplied by the regime: Norges Bank Investment Management files quarterly reports containing no positions under confidential treatment, with the information table following about a year later. Across 29,421 security-events from 894 filings by 26 managers during 2013\u20132026, newly disclosed and materially increased positions earn a two-day abnormal return of \u2212\u20097.0 basis points relative to the control when security-events are weighted equally, and between \u2212\u20092 and \u2212\u20096 basis points when filings are weighted equally. The control returns 0.7 basis points, close to the zero an empty filing should produce. None of the alternative weighting estimates is significant at five per cent, although some six-factor fixed-effect specifications reach that threshold; all have the same sign. The estimates differ because control filings hold about 1,100 securities each and treatment filings about 33. There is no gradient in position size relative to trading volume, where execution costs should bind most strongly. Under the preferred six-factor specifications, confidence intervals generally exclude effects more negative than about fifteen to sixteen basis points, while the market model is less precise. Security-event and filing weighting answer different questions and are reported side by side.\n                  <bold>JEL classification:<\/bold>\n                  G14, G18, G23, G28\n                <\/p>","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-10533940\/v1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T08:15:17Z","timestamp":1785917717000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["What Does Mandatory Portfolio Disclosure Reveal? A Placebo Test of the 13F Regime"],"prefix":"10.21203","author":[{"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/13.3.479","article-title":"Forcing firms to talk: financial disclosure regulation and externalities","volume":"13","author":"Admati AR","year":"2000","unstructured":"Admati AR, Pfleiderer P (2000) Forcing firms to talk: financial disclosure regulation and externalities. Rev Financ Stud 13(3):479\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rfs\/13.3.479","journal-title":"Rev Financ Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1111\/jofi.12012","article-title":"Uncovering hedge fund skill from the portfolio holdings they hide","volume":"68","author":"Agarwal V","year":"2013","unstructured":"Agarwal V, Jiang W, Tang Y, Yang B (2013) Uncovering hedge fund skill from the portfolio holdings they hide. J Finance 68(2):739\u2013783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jofi.12012","journal-title":"J Finance"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-4181(01)00024-6","article-title":"Illiquidity and stock returns: cross-section and time-series effects","volume":"5","author":"Amihud Y","year":"2002","unstructured":"Amihud Y (2002) Illiquidity and stock returns: cross-section and time-series effects. J Financ Mark 5(1):31\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1386-4181(01)00024-6","journal-title":"J Financ Mark"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022109013000483","article-title":"Why do hedge funds avoid disclosure? Evidence from confidential 13F filings","volume":"48","author":"Aragon GO","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aragon GO, Hertzel M, Shi Z (2013) Why do hedge funds avoid disclosure? Evidence from confidential 13F filings. 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Rev Financ Stud 23(11):3996\u20134025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rfs\/hhq072","journal-title":"Rev Financ Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2011.03.007","article-title":"Friends or foes? Target selection decisions of sovereign wealth funds and their consequences","volume":"101","author":"Kotter J","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kotter J, Lel U (2011) Friends or foes? Target selection decisions of sovereign wealth funds and their consequences. J Financ Econ 101(2):360\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfineco.2011.03.007","journal-title":"J Financ Econ"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4095482","author":"Kwon D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kwon D (2022) The differential effects of the 13F disclosure rule on institutional investors. SSRN Working Paper 4095482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4095482"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref17","first-page":"13","article-title":"Event studies in economics and finance","volume":"35","author":"MacKinlay AC","year":"1997","unstructured":"MacKinlay AC (1997) Event studies in economics and finance. J Econ Lit 35(1):13\u201339. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2729691","journal-title":"J Econ Lit"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-1082.00132","article-title":"Investment decisions depend on portfolio disclosures","volume":"54","author":"Musto DK","year":"1999","unstructured":"Musto DK (1999) Investment decisions depend on portfolio disclosures. J Finance 54(3):935\u2013952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/0022-1082.00132","journal-title":"J Finance"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Norges Bank Investment Management (2026) Our voting records. Oslo. Voting instructions are published five days before each shareholder meeting; the fund\u2019s holdings are published with its periodic reports. https:\/\/www.nbim.no\/en\/responsible-investment\/voting\/our-voting-records\/. Accessed July 2026"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhn053","article-title":"Estimating standard errors in finance panel data sets: comparing approaches","volume":"22","author":"Petersen MA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Petersen MA (2009) Estimating standard errors in finance panel data sets: comparing approaches. Rev Financ Stud 22(1):435\u2013480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rfs\/hhn053","journal-title":"Rev Financ Stud"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"SEC proposes to update Form 13F reporting threshold for institutional investment managers","author":"Securities and Exchange Commission","year":"2020","unstructured":"Securities and Exchange Commission (2020) SEC proposes to update Form 13F reporting threshold for institutional investment managers. Press Release 2020\u2009\u2013\u2009152. https:\/\/www.sec.gov\/newsroom\/press-releases\/2020-152"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"Securities and Exchange Commission (2026a) Frequently asked questions about Form 13F. Division of Investment Management staff guidance. https:\/\/www.sec.gov\/rules-regulations\/staff-guidance\/division-investment-management-frequently-asked-questions\/frequently-asked-questions-about-form-13f"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Determine the status of my filing. Filer support resources, including EDGAR operating hours and filing cut-offs","author":"Securities and Exchange Commission","year":"2026b","unstructured":"Securities and Exchange Commission (2026b) Determine the status of my filing. Filer support resources, including EDGAR operating hours and filing cut-offs. https:\/\/www.sec.gov\/submit-filings\/filer-support-resources\/how-do-i-guides\/determine-status-my-filing"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2017.06.001","article-title":"The impact of portfolio disclosure on hedge fund performance","volume":"126","author":"Shi Z","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shi Z (2017) The impact of portfolio disclosure on hedge fund performance. J Financ Econ 126(1):36\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfineco.2017.06.001","journal-title":"J Financ Econ"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhg035","article-title":"Institutional herding","volume":"17","author":"Sias RW","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sias RW (2004) Institutional herding. Rev Financ Stud 17(1):165\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rfs\/hhg035","journal-title":"Rev Financ Stud"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbankfin.2013.05.003","article-title":"Better than the original? The relative success of copycat funds","volume":"37","author":"Verbeek M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Verbeek M, Wang Y (2013) Better than the original? The relative success of copycat funds. J Bank Finance 37(9):3454\u20133471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbankfin.2013.05.003","journal-title":"J Bank Finance"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-4101(83)90011-3","article-title":"Discretionary disclosure","volume":"5","author":"Verrecchia RE","year":"1983","unstructured":"Verrecchia RE (1983) Discretionary disclosure. J Acc Econ 5:179\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0165-4101(83)90011-3","journal-title":"J Acc Econ"}],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-10533940\/v1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-10533940\/v1.html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T08:15:20Z","timestamp":1785917720000},"score":29.548254,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-10533940\/v1"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"references-count":27,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-10533940\/v1","published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T04:41:34Z","timestamp":1776400894721,"version":"3.51.2"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":9,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Do policy reversals restore market microstructure? I study the U.S. Supreme Court\u2019s February 20, 2026 ruling in Learning Resources v. Trump, which invalidated the 2025 IEEPA tariff regime. Using NASDAQ TotalView Level 3 data for 20 tariff-sensitive and 8 control stocks, I implement a difference-in-differences design around the ruling. I find no statistically or economically significant change in order book dynamics: median order lifetimes decline by -27.7ms for tariff stocks (t = -0.87), with a DiD estimate of -7.7ms relative to controls. The ruling-day movement is only 0.77 standard deviations of placebo variation, indicating that it lies well within normal daily fluctuations. Because the analysis window precedes the announcement, the null result implies that the ruling was fully anticipated and incorporated into order book behavior prior to its release. These findings are consistent with microstructure hysteresis: policy-induced disruptions persist even after formal reversal. The results suggest that legal interventions may be insufficient to restore pre-shock liquidity conditions once market participants have adapted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6592832","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T03:45:07Z","timestamp":1776397507000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Did the Supreme Court Restore Order Book Normalcy?,Microstructure Evidence from Learning Resources v. Trump"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhu032","article-title":"High-frequency trading and price discovery","volume":"27","author":"J Brogaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Review of Financial Studies"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/jofi.12302","article-title":"News trading and speed","volume":"71","author":"T Foucault","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2307\/1912559","article-title":"A new approach to the economic analysis of nonstationary time series and the business cycle","volume":"57","author":"J D Hamilton","year":"1989","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ribaf.2025.102925","article-title":"Tariff exposure and sectoral vulnerability","volume":"77","author":"T Kaczmarek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Research in International Business and Finance"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1111\/jofi.12498","article-title":"The Flash Crash","volume":"72","author":"A Kirilenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"},{"key":"ref6","year":"2026","journal-title":"Order book dynamics during the Liberation Day tariff shock. Working paper"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"15","article-title":"The Adaptive Markets Hypothesis","volume":"30","author":"A W Lo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Portfolio Management"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.finmar.2013.06.006","article-title":"High frequency trading and the new-market makers","volume":"16","author":"A J Menkveld","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Markets"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2016.06.001","article-title":"Sovereign credit risk, liquidity, and ECB intervention","volume":"122","author":"L Pelizzon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T03:46:48Z","timestamp":1776397608000},"score":29.548254,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6592832"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":9,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6592832","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:30:16Z","timestamp":1786721416926,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":15,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper examines the conditional response of the Nasdaq Composite Index to two categories of narrative-driven shocks during 2020-2026: geopolitical events associated with the Strait of Hormuz and Iran, and corporate and narrative events related to artificialintelligence capital expenditure. The headline result is a documented decoupling: after controlling for the broad market, oil prices, the term structure, and implied volatility, neither category generates statistically detectable mean cumulative abnormal returns at any of seven event-study windows. The Brent crude coefficient absorbs the energy-channel impact of Hormuz disruptions, and the residual response of the Nasdaq is small and insignificant. Subsample analysis suggests the conditional response to Hormuz events shifted in direction across the 2022\/2023 cutoff that marks the onset of the AI capex era, with the (-5, 5) window mean moving from-0.51 percent (n = 6) before the cutoff to +0.75 percent (n = 9) after (Welch t =-1.86, p = 0.10). A secondary, weaker pattern of asymmetric persistence appears at the twenty-day horizon for AI events: positive shocks produce absolute cumulative abnormal returns roughly 2.3 times larger than negative shocks (parametric Welch t =-2.72, p = 0.019). However, a placebo test that draws random non-event dates produces equally extreme ratios in approximately 18 percent of 1,000 Nasdaq Event Study, 2020-2026 2 iterations, indicating the parametric inference is overstated by the small negative subsample (n = 2). The asymmetric persistence pattern is therefore reported as directionally suggestive rather than statistically established. A pre-registered out-of-sample test anchored on the 28 April 2026 OpenAI shortfall reported by the Wall Street Journal three trading days after the data cutoff is described in Section 4.5; the (0, 20) window for that event closes approximately 27 May 2026, and an updated version of this paper will report the realised cumulative abnormal return as a direct test of both the decoupling and the persistence hypotheses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6667180","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:52:07Z","timestamp":1777384327000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Event Study of the Nasdaq Composite During the AI Capex Era"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Magnificent 7\" valuations and tech concentration","year":"2024","journal-title":"BIS Quarterly Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2011.02.019","article-title":"Time-varying rare disaster risk and stock returns","volume":"101","author":"H Berkman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.2307\/2534702","article-title":"Systematic monetary policy and the effects of oil price shocks","author":"B S Bernanke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brookings Papers on Economic Activity"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-405X(91)90032-F","article-title":"Event-study methodology under conditions of event-induced variance","volume":"30","author":"E Boehmer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-405X(85)90042-X","article-title":"Using daily stock returns: The case of event studies","volume":"14","author":"S J Brown","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20191823","article-title":"Measuring geopolitical risk","volume":"112","author":"D Caldara","year":"2022","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"ref7","year":"2024","journal-title":"Global Financial Stability Report -Steadying the Course: Uncertainty, Artificial Intelligence, and Financial Stability"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.99.3.1053","article-title":"Not all oil price shocks are alike: Disentangling demand and supply shocks in the crude oil market","volume":"99","author":"L Kilian","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2354.2009.00568.x","article-title":"The impact of oil price shocks on the U.S. stock market","volume":"50","author":"L Kilian","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Economic Review"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2020.03.004","article-title":"News-driven inflation expectations and information rigidities","volume":"117","author":"V H Larsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Monetary Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","first-page":"13","article-title":"Event studies in economics and finance","volume":"35","author":"A C Mackinlay","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Literature"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.2307\/2490543","article-title":"Corporate forecasts of earnings per share and stock price behavior: Empirical tests","volume":"14","author":"J M Patell","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Accounting Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.107.4.967","article-title":"Narrative economics","volume":"107","author":"R J Shiller","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"ref14","author":"R J Shiller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Narrative Economics: How Stories Go Viral and Drive Major Economic Events"},{"key":"ref15","year":"2026","journal-title":"All references verified against published journal records and publisher metadata as of"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T14:40:44Z","timestamp":1786718444000},"score":29.548254,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6667180"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":15,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6667180","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:12:24Z","timestamp":1785334344792,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: This paper examines when a Bitcoin treasury company can become a contingent forced seller despite remaining solvent on a mark-to-market asset basis. Design\/methodology\/approach: The paper reconstructs Strategy Inc.\/MicroStrategy's financing structure from primary SEC filings and dividend disclosures. It models three linked channels: common-equity issuance gated by the market-to-net-asset-value premium, convertible notes that become cash or refinancing obligations below conversion thresholds, and preferred-stock distributions funded by cash, issuance or Bitcoin sales. Findings: The preferred stack implies a forward break-even Bitcoin appreciation rate of about 2.6 per cent at the disclosed cost basis, close to management's own stated comfort figure of about 2.3 per cent. Management also discloses a break-even market-to-NAV multiple of about 1.22, below which it states that selling Bitcoin is more accretive than issuing equity; this is the gating mechanism the paper models. The US$900 million reserve covers roughly six months of the forward obligation, and the 2029-note repurchase shows that convert, reserve and preferred channels draw on one funding pool. Research limitations\/implications: The study is a single-firm clinical analysis of an intentionally extreme case, and its threshold levels are point-in-time. The joint-collapse framework, however, applies to any firm that funds digital-asset reserves through the same three channels. Practical implications: The framework gives risk managers, creditors and analysts a diagnostic for monitoring capital-structure cliffs by tracking the premium, convertible schedule and dividend coverage as one coupled system. Originality: The paper contributes a joint-collapse framework for Bitcoin treasury firms: financing capacity contracts jointly, not sequentially, because all three channels share the Bitcoin price and the equity premium as state variables.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6882258","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:45:53Z","timestamp":1785332753000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Selling One to Buy Thirty: Forced-Selling Channels in a Bitcoin Treasury Firm"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:45:53Z","timestamp":1785332753000},"score":29.548254,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6882258"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6882258","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:11:06Z","timestamp":1785334266647,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>A market maker on a perpetual futures venue faces forced liquidations: order flow that is exogenous, directional, and self-exciting. I model signed liquidation flow as a bivariate marked Hawkes process and embed its conditional intensity in an Avellaneda-Stoikov problem. A maker left with inventory must unwind it into a book consumed by same-side forced flow; I derive this exit cost rather than assume it, and show it is quadratic in inventory and linear in the matched intensity. That cost breaks the inventory symmetry of the value function and yields a clean prediction: if liquidation flow is toxic, the optimal reservation price leans away from the more active cascade direction, linearly in the intensity gap. I then test the premise on Hyperliquid, using a complete on-chain liquidation series that collapses roughly 42,000 raw forced-liquidation fills into several thousand cascade events per contract. The liquidation process is subcritical and self-exciting, with spectral radius near 0.81 and a decay of tens of seconds. But the toxicity premise fails on the most liquid contract. Passive fills taken during elevated same-side liquidation intensity are not adversely selected; they earn favourable forward mark movement, consistent with cascades that mean-revert over about a minute. Resting depth tilts toward, not away from, the active cascade, and there is no liquidation-specific spread premium. On this contract the maker should lean into liquidations, not away. The within-venue picture across contracts is heterogeneous, and I report it honestly: the result is cleanest on Bitcoin, underpowered on Ether, and mixed on Solana, a pattern that motivates a pre-registered hypothesis linking liquidation toxicity to book depth. The model is internally correct; its empirical premise does not hold where a deep, fast liquidation backstop makes cascades revert. The contribution is a tractable model whose scope this delimits, a reusable on-chain liquidation dataset, and direct evidence on when liquidation-aware quoting should and should not matter.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6847019","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:41:17Z","timestamp":1785332477000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Liquidation-Aware Market Making in Perpetual Futures: Optimal Quoting under a Self-Exciting Forced-Liquidation Process, and an Empirical Test of Its Premise"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:41:17Z","timestamp":1785332477000},"score":29.545527,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6847019"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6847019","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T22:29:17Z","timestamp":1786746557116,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Time priority in limit order markets rewards speed with favorable queue position. If front-of-queue orders are more informed, this is efficient; if not, it is a mechanical transfer. Using 804,155 contested executions from NASDAQ TotalView Level 3 data across 20 stocks and 65 stock-day regressions during April 2025, I test whether queue position predicts future price movements. For 13 of 20 stocks (65%), queue position has zero predictive power-the queue advantage is purely mechanical. Only GOOGL and INTC show persistent informativeness. During the tariff shock, informativeness temporarily increases but with inconsistent signs. Time priority's efficiency rationale is not universal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6561938","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T16:14:03Z","timestamp":1776701643000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["When Is Queue Position Informative? Evidence from 20 NASDAQ Stocks During the April 2025 Tariff Shock"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T21:37:45Z","timestamp":1786743465000},"score":29.545527,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6561938"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6561938","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:59:33Z","timestamp":1785337173507,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>A perpetual future trades continuously, but its oracle must mark an underlying that does not. On cryptocurrency venues this never binds, because the reference asset trades every second of every day. On the equity perpetuals that appeared on decentralised venues over the past year it binds hard. Chinese Ashares are the extremal case: daily price limits create stale-price states, identified by a close printed at the daily limit with the gap revealed at the next non-limit reopen, frequent halts interrupt the tape, and exchange holidays close the market for a week at a time. I ask whether any oracle design can mark a single A-share through these blackout states in a way that is jointly safe for traders and for the protocol's liquidity backstop. I characterise the blackout-state distribution for the A-share universe, construct an expost fair-value benchmark for a locked name from tradable correlated instruments-chiefly its Hong Kong twin and a continuously-traded A-share index-and measure oracle forecast error as a function of blackout duration. I then propagate that error through a perpetual-futures mechanism simulation into funding accrual, liquidity-provider profit and loss, and liquidation cascades. Across 148 dual-listed names from 2015 to 2025 the pattern is sharp. Single-name oracle error grows with lock duration and carries a heavy tail. The Hong Kong proxy is the strongest single-name design, yet its reopen error moves one-for-one with the contemporaneous change in the A\/H premium, so it is biased in exactly the states where the oracle leans on it. Same-direction co-lock across the universe is negligible outside the systemic episodes of 2015, 2020, and 2024, so the index goes dark only when the whole market does. My central claim is that idiosyncratic blackout risk diversifies at the basket level, so a perpetual written on a broad A-share index is feasible where single-name perpetuals are not. In the mechanism simulation no single-name oracle achieves an institutionally acceptable pairing of solventliquidation rate and expected vault loss, while the index clears it by roughly three orders of magnitude under the stated vault-loss metric.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.7011358","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:02:58Z","timestamp":1785333778000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["When the Underlying Goes Dark: Oracle Forecast Error and Mechanism Failure in Perpetual Futures on Chinese Equities"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:02:58Z","timestamp":1785333778000},"score":29.543388,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=7011358"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.7011358","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:06:26Z","timestamp":1785333986545,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>The 2026 closure of the Strait of Hormuz produced the largest physical oil supply disruption in modern history. We examine the cross-sectional response of Asian equity microstructure across six markets between January and April 2026 using daily data on 172 firms. We estimate difference-indifferences specifications with firm and date fixed effects, identifying the differential response of energy-exposed firms during the war-onset, escalation, and blockade windows. Inference uses wild cluster bootstrap to address small-cluster bias from the five-country importer sample. We document two distinct microstructure transmission channels in net-importer markets. A producer channel operates through oil and gas firms, which experienced significantly wider Corwin-Schultz spreads accompanied by significantly lower Amihud illiquidity, consistent with elevated trading flow absorbing price impact. A consumer channel operates through industrials, which experienced significantly higher Parkinson volatility without corresponding spread or illiquidity effects, consistent with market-maker updates to volatility expectations rather than liquidity withdrawal. Indirect channels through energy-intensive materials and utilities show no significant response. The pattern is consistent with orderly absorption of a major supply shock by Asian equity microstructure architecture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6648898","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:25:02Z","timestamp":1785331502000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Hormuz Shock and Asian Equity Markets: Volatility Without Liquidity Withdrawal in 161 Firms Across Six Markets"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:25:02Z","timestamp":1785331502000},"score":29.543388,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6648898"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6648898","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:34:35Z","timestamp":1786728875023,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>I document a robust compression of the front-end VIX term structure on U.S. CPI release days during the 2021-2026 inflation cycle. In a daily panel of 1,157 trading days, the (VIX9D-VIX) spread declines by 0.49 vol points on the 30 CPI release days after controlling for day-of-week and FOMC overlap effects, with HAC standard errors yielding t =-1.98 (p = 0.048). The compression is monotonic in maturity: VIX9D drops 0.88 vol points on average, VIX drops 0.20, and VIX3M does not move. A joint specification adds an NFP release-day indicator; the NFP coefficient is statistically indistinguishable from zero (t =-0.51) while the CPI coefficient retains significance. The effect is specific to releases that resolve inflation and policy uncertainty rather than generic to scheduled macroeconomic events. Complementary tests reinforce the conclusion: a two-sample comparison gives t =-2.87 (p = 0.008), a randomization placebo gives empirical p = 0.002, and the result is robust to any single-event deletion (worst leave-one-out p = 0.014).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6756118","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T16:59:23Z","timestamp":1778691563000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Front-End Volatility Term Structure Compression on CPI Release Days: Evidence from 2021-2026"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:43:00Z","timestamp":1786725780000},"score":29.543388,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6756118"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6756118","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:10:17Z","timestamp":1785334217610,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>The global decline in cross-border remittance costs is widely attributed to the entry of digital channels. I construct a provider-level panel from the World Bank Remittance Prices Worldwide database-188,700 provider-corridor-quarter observations covering USD 200 send transactions across 377 corridors, 50 sending and 108 receiving countries, 2016Q2 to 2025Q1-to examine whether the cost gains from digital channels are evenly distributed across destinations. Within the same corridor and quarter, digital channels (internet, mobile) charge 2.52 percentage points less than physical channels (agent, branch, post office) on average, with corridor and period fixed effects (t =-19.3). The digital discount is larger in destinations with higher digital channel availability: 3.30 percentage points one standard deviation above the mean availability, 0.97 percentage points one standard deviation below, and approximately zero at the minimum. The interaction is robust to a leave-one-corridor-out availability measure that breaks any mechanical link with the regression sample, to pre-period (2016-2018) availability used to predict post-2018 costs, to firm \u00d7 corridor fixed effects that identify the channel margin within a single provider operating in a single corridor, and to corridor-specific time trends. The within-corridor digital advantage is widening over time, by 0.10 percentage points per year. Decomposition shows the entire advantage runs through the fee component, not the foreignexchange margin. The inclusion gradient is statistically significant in East Asia and Pacific, Middle East and North Africa, and South Asia, but not in Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and Caribbean, or Europe and Central Asia. These findings suggest that the inclusion benefits of digital remittance channels are concentrated in already-digitised destinations within specific regions and are not flowing uniformly to the populations most in need of cost compression. The paper documents the inclusion gradient as a stylised fact and discusses its implications for the design of cross-border payment-system policy under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 10.c. The findings speak directly to the Digital Finance collection on financial inclusion through digital platforms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6830281","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:37:40Z","timestamp":1785332260000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Digital Discount in Cross-Border Remittances: Stylised Facts on the Inclusion Gradient, 2016-2025"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:37:40Z","timestamp":1785332260000},"score":29.541374,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6830281"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6830281","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:40:37Z","timestamp":1786725637831,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":17,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Singapore Buy-Now-Pay-Later (BNPL) products operate outside the rate-cap architecture that governs every other consumer credit instrument in the jurisdiction. Licensed moneylenders are capped at 4 percent monthly interest under the Moneylenders Act, and credit card issuers face MAS conduct rules and a 12-times-monthly-income aggregate underwriting limit. BNPL faces neither. I compute the effective monthly rate implied by the late fee schedules of the three accredited Singapore BNPL providers (Atome, Grab PayLater, SeaMoney SPayLater) across seventeen ticket-size scenarios and benchmark these against the Moneylenders Act ceiling. On per-incident absolute fees, BNPL charges fall below the moneylender maximum. On effective rates the picture inverts: BNPL produces monthly rates of 1 to 75 percent on the deferred amount. The same S$15 Atome late fee implies a 75 percent rate on a S$20 missed instalment, 15 percent on S$100, and 4.5 percent on S$333. The statutory rate cap binds uniformly on rate; the BNPL flat fee binds uniformly on dollar amount. I calibrate the analysis to MAS data and to the CFPB 2025 BNPL studies, which show high loan stacking and concentration in subprime borrowers. The structural patterns hold across jurisdictions. BNPL escapes the rate-cap regime through legal classification (deferred payment, not loan) rather than through superior consumer protection. I propose extending Moneylenders Act discipline through a two-component fee structure (capped flat administrative fee plus percentage rate cap) and mandating full Credit Bureau Singapore reporting of BNPL exposure, building on rather than replacing the current industry Code of Conduct.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6684698","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T20:38:00Z","timestamp":1777581480000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Inverted Regulatory Perimeter in Singapore Buy-Now-Pay-Later"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"ref1","author":"Atome","year":"2026","journal-title":"What happens when I make a late payment"},{"key":"ref2","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atome Financial posts record US$236M operating income, marks full-year profit in 2024"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2025.104093","article-title":"Buy Now, Pay Later\": A merchant's perspective","volume":"171","author":"T Berg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Buy now, pay later: Market trends and consumer impacts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Consumer Financial Protection Bureau"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Truth in Lending (Regulation Z); Use of digital user accounts to access buy now, pay later loans. 89 Fed","volume":"47","year":"2024","journal-title":"Formally withdrawn"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Consumer use of buy now, pay later and other unsecured debt","journal-title":"Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (2025b)"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Buy now, pay later: A cross-country analysis","author":"G Cornelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"BIS Quarterly Review"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5586","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2022.03266","article-title":"Buy now pay (pain?) later","volume":"70","author":"E Dehaan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"ref9","year":"2025","journal-title":"PayLater by Grab Singapore: Terms of service"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Registry of Moneylenders: FAQs on borrowing from licensed moneylenders","author":"Lendingtree","year":"2024","journal-title":"MAS Notice 635: Unsecured credit rules. Monetary Authority of Singapore"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Monthly statistical bulletin, Table I.17A: Credit and charge card statistics","journal-title":"Monetary Authority of Singapore (2025b)"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Written reply to parliamentary questions on buy now, pay later transactions and the maximum purchase limit for those below 21 years old","year":"2026","journal-title":"Monetary Authority of Singapore"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Singapore buy now pay later business and investment opportunities databook -Q3 2025 update","year":"2008","journal-title":"ResearchAndMarkets"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Form 6-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sea Limited"},{"key":"ref15","author":"Shopee Singapore","year":"2026","journal-title":"SPayLater terms of service and help centre"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Buy now, pay later code of conduct","year":"2022","journal-title":"Singapore FinTech Association"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"5 buy now, pay later players to get accredited in April after minor shake-up in industry","year":"2024","journal-title":"Singapore FinTech Association"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:21:17Z","timestamp":1786724477000},"score":29.537544,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6684698"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":17,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6684698","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T16:06:21Z","timestamp":1779984381492,"version":"3.53.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Sustainable Markets Initiative's 2026 Lighthouse Report, Sovereign Infrastructure: The Global Asset Class for the AI-Industrial Era, proposes that sovereign infrastructure (SI) becomes a benchmark-compatible institutional asset class once eligibility, ratings visibility, and execution certainty converge. The proposed allocation mechanism is explicitly mandate-driven: once conditions converge, capital reallocates mechanically, and \"non-allocation becomes an active portfolio position.\" This paper accepts the conceptual contribution of the report-the framing of corridor-scale energy-to-compute infrastructure as a candidate sub-asset class within real assetsand asks a narrower methodological question: what evidentiary standard must the quantitative claims supporting the mechanism meet before mandate-driven allocation can operate as described? Four claims are load-bearing: return profile (14-22% IRR, 7-11% yield), correlation properties (low versus OECD infrastructure with negative tail correlation in geopolitical stress), foreign exchange volatility reduction (25-40% via platform hedging), and ratings migration (+1 to +2 notches per corridor). Each is presented in the report with explicit illustrative caveats. I formalise the evidentiary requirement for each claim under standard institutional due-diligence frameworks, examine the Lobito Atlantic Railway as the report's flagship near-live case using publicly disclosed financing details, and compute monthly proxy correlations (2019-2025) using three exchangetraded vehicles representing alternative interpretations of \"SI exposure\" against four reference benchmarks. The empirical exercise yields three findings that complicate the SI correlation thesis: all three proxies exhibit high correlation (0.69-0.83) with listed infrastructure, cutting against the \"low vs OECD infra\" claim; the COVID stress window shows positive correlation with equity (0.82-0.92) and negative correlation with Treasuries (-0.37 to-0.48), inverting the report's \"negative tail correlation in geopolitical stress\" framing; and proxies diverge by 0.30-0.40 on rates and commodity beta, confirming that single-proxy estimates cannot settle the SI correlation question. The paper also situates the proposed allocation timeline against the historical record of benchmark formation in adjacent asset classes (green bonds, private credit, EM sovereign debt), which suggests benchmark integration on a 2040+ horizon rather than the 2026-2030 phase the report implies. The argument is sympathetic to the asset-class framing but conservative on both the evidence and the timeline: mandate-driven allocation cannot follow from qualified inputs without violating the report's own logic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6824279","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T15:51:14Z","timestamp":1779983474000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Illustrative Until Proven Otherwise: Evidentiary Standards for Sovereign Infrastructure as a Benchmark-Eligible Asset Class"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T15:51:14Z","timestamp":1779983474000},"score":29.537544,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6824279"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6824279","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T21:28:34Z","timestamp":1786742914076,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Prior event studies of cryptocurrency responses to geopolitical shocks typically use short evaluation windows of 30-60 minutes. We document that for weekend-onset shocks, during which futures markets are closed for 30-43 hours, such windows systematically mismeasure the cumulative response. Using secondlevel data for BTC, ETH, SOL, and XRP spot (Binance) and perpetual (Bybit) contracts spanning the 2023 Israel-Hamas conflict, the April 2024 Iran-Israel direct exchange, and the 2026 Iran War, we decompose cumulative log returns into Asian, European, and US retail-session contributions. Across the two major weekend events, the single US Saturday-evening session accounts for 67% to 126% of the cumulative response, with Asian and European sessions contributing materially less. The IRN_ISR_24 crash (BTC-872 bps cumulative) and the IRN_WAR_26 rally (BTC +530 bps cumulative) are both dominated by the first US session after onset. Spot and perpetual decompositions agree within 5 percentage points. The session-concentration pattern is difficult to reconcile with a session-invariant digital-gold interpretation and indicates that short-window event studies can understate response magnitudes by a factor of five or more and, in the 2026 case, invert the sign of the observed trajectory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6600698","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T16:34:01Z","timestamp":1776702841000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Session-dependent cryptocurrency responses to weekend-onset geopolitical shocks"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:35:01Z","timestamp":1786739701000},"score":29.522547,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6600698"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6600698","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T00:45:29Z","timestamp":1786149929993,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Market-wide circuit breakers are intended to create a cooling-off period, but whether the pause restores orderly price discovery is ambiguous. This paper studies seven KOSPI circuit breakers between 8 June and 29 July 2026, comprising the third through ninth activations of the year. Using five-minute KOSPI data for 59 sessions and five-minute returns for eight large Korean equities, together with one-minute data for the final two events, the analysis compares the first 30 trading minutes after reopening with the same clock-time windows on 52 non-event sessions. Price direction is heterogeneous: three observed reopenings are followed by gains and three by losses over 30 minutes. Market stress, however, is uniform. Post-reopening realized volatility is 1.9 to 5.3 times the matched-clock median and exceeds it in all six observable reopenings (onesided sign test p = 0.016). Average cross-stock correlation ranges from 0.64 to 0.95, versus matched medians of 0.26 to 0.43, while the first principal component explains 75% to 96% of return variation. On 29 July, the KOSPI fell a further 4.6% within 30 minutes of reopening before reversing. The evidence suggests that circuit breakers interrupt transactions but do not reliably reset the market state: price discovery resumes into unusually high volatility and synchronization, while direction remains determined by the underlying shock.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.7208358","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T00:35:17Z","timestamp":1786149317000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pausing the Panic? Trading Halts and Deferred Price Discovery after Seven KOSPI Circuit Breakers in 2026"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T00:35:47Z","timestamp":1786149347000},"score":29.522547,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=7208358"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.7208358","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:12:49Z","timestamp":1785334369321,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>I study hidden liquidity in Bitcoin perpetual futures during a liquidation cascade, using a complete trade tape and fifty-level order book from the Bybit BTCUSDT contract over a thirtynine-hour window containing a nine percent decline, with four additional stress events for robustness. The raw tape of 7.16 million sub-fills is aggregated into 14,704 parent market orders. For each parent order I compare the slippage implied by walking the visible book against realized slippage to detect hidden depth and estimate its size relative to displayed inside depth. Hidden liquidity is detected more often during the cascade than in calmer events, and the estimated hidden-depth ratio is larger; the cascade effect survives controls for order size, direction, and snapshot lag. Displayed depth is a biased and incomplete proxy for executable liquidity precisely when execution risk is greatest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6891658","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:47:36Z","timestamp":1785332856000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hidden Liquidity, Displayed Depth, and Execution Risk During a Bitcoin Perpetual Futures Liquidation Cascade"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:47:36Z","timestamp":1785332856000},"score":29.522547,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6891658"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6891658","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:09:17Z","timestamp":1785334157081,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>I re-estimate Singapore's tourism multipliers using the 2019 and 2021 Supply, Use and InputOutput Tables released by the Singapore Department of Statistics. The 2019 tourism Type II value-added multiplier is 0.920 (90% CI [0.913, 0.927]), within 0.02 of the 0.94 figure reported by Khan, Seng and Cheong (1990) for 1983, and below the 1.05 reported by Khan, Phang and Toh (1995) for 1988. The 2019 tourism Type II output multiplier is 1.99, within 0.01 of the 2.00 reported for 1983 and 0.02 of the 1.97 reported for 1988. The 2019 Type I income (compensation) multiplier is 0.373 (90% CI [0.369, 0.377]). My methodology reproduces SingStat's published industry-level multipliers from IP-E53 (2023) with a mean absolute error of 0.016 across sixteen broad industries. Import leakage has declined modestly from 38 percent in 1983 to 36 percent in 1988 to 28 percent in 2019. The headline finding is remarkable stability of the tourism multiplier across thirty-six years of substantial structural change in the underlying economy, with a 1988 peak in the value-added multiplier plausibly attributable to recovery from the 1985-1986 recession. A Shorrocks-symmetric decomposition of the 2019 to 2021 change attributes 73 percent to production-structure change and 27 percent to tourist-composition change. Applying the 2019 multiplier to the 2024 Taylor Swift Eras Tour deal yields a valueadded benefit of approximately S$232 million, robustly above the publicly reported grant range (S$3-24 million), implying a benefit-to-grant ratio between 9.7 and 77. A 297-sitting scrape of Singapore Parliamentary Hansard 1985-1996 finds zero occurrences of the exact phrase \"tourism multiplier\" and zero occurrences of \"tourism receipts\", despite extensive parliamentary discussion of tourism policy in the same period. The Khan-vintage academic terminology left no detectable trace in parliamentary language, even at its 1990s research peak. The discursive shift documented in Singapore's tourism communications between the 1990s and 2020s is therefore a shift within academic and policy-document registers, not a shift in political framing, which was always receipts-and-projects framed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6800379","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:34:08Z","timestamp":1785332048000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Multiplier to Subsidy: Singapore's Tourism Income Multiplier, 1983-2021, and the Political Economy of Concert Economics"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:34:08Z","timestamp":1785332048000},"score":29.507988,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6800379"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6800379","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:43:01Z","timestamp":1786729381463,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Using nanosecond-resolution Market-by-Order data from Databento (CME\/NYMEX\/COMEX) and tick-level trade data from Binance, I trace how the 2026 Iran War propagated through the microstructure of crude oil futures, equity index futures, gold futures, and cryptocurrency markets across five escalation phases. WTI crude oil (CL) median order lifetime collapsed from 148ms to 66ms at the first Monday open after the strikes (-55%) and exhibited a V-shaped pattern across phases, a persistent shift in market maker quoting behavior that did not reverse even during the ceasefire. E-mini S&amp;amp;P 500 (ES) lifetimes collapsed from 106ms to 18ms (-83%) and E-mini Nasdaq 100 (NQ) from 46ms to 7ms (-86%). Oil prices surged 48% from $66.87 to $98.83 across the conflict phases, with the highest intra-hour volatility occurring during the wind-down phase, not during the initial strikes. Cryptocurrency markets, trading 24\/7, absorbed the shock in real time: BTC volume surged +409% and realized volatility increased +228% on Binance during the strike weekend, while CME markets were closed. ETH exhibited even larger surges (+700% volume, +627% realized volatility). Unlike tariff shocks where volume drives liquidity withdrawal (r =-0.91), geopolitical shocks show no significant volume-lifetime relationship (r =-0.15, p = 0.50), indicating that uncertainty-driven quote withdrawal, not volume-driven adverse selection, dominates during armed conflict.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6582178","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T16:24:42Z","timestamp":1776702282000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Geopolitical Shock Transmission to Digital Asset Markets: Order Book Evidence from the 2026 Iran War"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:18:41Z","timestamp":1786727921000},"score":29.507988,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6582178"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6582178","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:26:47Z","timestamp":1786724807741,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":18,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Across N=28,123 cryptocurrency tokens listed on CoinMarketCap between 2014 and 2024, we estimate empirical survival functions and document substantial heterogeneity by cohort and chain. Under a primary death definition that requires 180-day persistence at less than 1% of alltime-high price, less than $1,000 daily volume, and absence from CMC's top-2,000 ranking, the unconditional 5-year survival rate is 17.0%, robust to alternative operationalizations (range 11.3% to 22.4% across four definitions). In contrast, a re-implementation of the simplified Feder et al. (2018) volume-only definition on our panel yields 83.0% mortality, illustrating definitional sensitivity and motivating our preference for compound multi-criterion definitions. The Weibull shape parameter is 1.37, indicating that baseline mortality hazard increases with token agecontrary to the common intuition that tokens which survive their first year are subsequently safer. Cox proportional hazards regression with cohort, chain, and launch-feature controls achieves a concordance index of 0.72. Initial market capitalization has economically negligible effects on survival, while initial trading volume (HR=0.94 per log unit) and initial CMC rank (HR=1.62 per log unit) are economically meaningful predictors. Tokens deployed on Ethereum exhibit lower mortality (42.0%) than those on Solana (49.0%) or Binance Smart Chain (47.7%); cohort effects dominate, with the 2014H2-2017H2 vintages showing 80-95% mortality and the 2021H2 cohort already at 79% by Q4 2024. The findings empirically refute the widely-cited \"95% of cryptocurrencies will go to zero\" claim as a short-to-medium term prediction-the unconditional rate is closer to 60%-while supporting it asymptotically: cohorts that have aged beyond five years show survival rates between 5% and 20%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6664638","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T05:39:16Z","timestamp":1777354756000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Token Mortality: A Survival Analysis of Cryptocurrency Cohorts, 2014-2024"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Get ready for most cryptocurrencies to hit zero","author":"Bloomberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Goldman Sachs says"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3386\/w30783","author":"L W Cong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crypto wash trading. NBER Working Paper 30783"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"978","author":"D Fantazzini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quantitative finance with R and cryptocurrencies. Amazon KDP"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jrfm15070304","article-title":"Crypto-coins and credit risk: Modelling and forecasting their probability of death","volume":"15","author":"D Fantazzini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Risk and Financial Management"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/info14050254","article-title":"Assessing the credit risk of crypto-assets using daily range volatility models","volume":"14","author":"D Fantazzini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Information"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/forecast7040068","article-title":"Detecting stablecoin failure with simple thresholds and panel binary models: The pivotal role of lagged market capitalization and volatility","volume":"7","author":"D Fantazzini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Forecasting"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s40812-019-00136-8","article-title":"A multivariate approach for the simultaneous modelling of market risk and credit risk for cryptocurrencies","volume":"47","author":"D Fantazzini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Industrial and Business Economics"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"The rise and fall of cryptocurrencies","author":"A Feder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 17th Workshop on the Economics of Information Security (WEIS)"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2017.12.004","article-title":"Price manipulation in the Bitcoin ecosystem","volume":"95","author":"N Gandal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Monetary Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1007\/s10203-021-00329-8","article-title":"The rise and fall of cryptocurrency coins and tokens","volume":"44","author":"N Gandal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Decisions in Economics and Finance"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/economies10030060","article-title":"Cryptocurrencies and tokens lifetime analysis from 2009 to 2021","volume":"10","author":"P Gatabazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Economies"},{"issue":"46","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5060","DOI":"10.1080\/00036846.2020.1752903","article-title":"Predicting cryptocurrency defaults","volume":"52","author":"K Grobys","year":"2020","journal-title":"Applied Economics"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2021.102506","article-title":"An examination of the cryptocurrency pump-and-dump ecosystem","volume":"58","author":"J T Hamrick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Information Processing and Management"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3925","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhz131","article-title":"Initial coin offerings: Financing growth with cryptocurrency token sales","volume":"33","author":"S T Howell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Review of Financial Studies"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhaa113","article-title":"Risks and returns of cryptocurrency","volume":"34","author":"Y Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Review of Financial Studies"},{"key":"ref16","author":"T Schmitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Re-evaluating cryptocurrencies' contribution to portfolio diversification -A portfolio analysis with special focus on German investors"},{"key":"ref17","author":"S Strongin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Top of mind: Cryptocurrencies. Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research note"},{"key":"ref18","author":"S St\ufffdckl","year":"2024","journal-title":"crypto2: Download cryptocurrency data from CoinMarketCap without API. R package, version 2"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:27:29Z","timestamp":1786721249000},"score":29.507988,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6664638"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":18,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6664638","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:31:25Z","timestamp":1786725085055,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":25,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Order sizes on Blue Ocean ATS, the dominant overnight trading venue for US National Market System stocks, exhibit pronounced clustering at round-number anchors. Across 273.9 million add events on 30 stocks between August 2025 and March 2026, 40.0 percent of orders sit at exactly one of 34 round-number share counts. The single most common size is 20 shares (5.27 percent of all adds), with secondary peaks at 1 share (4.67 percent), 100 shares (2.84 percent), and 200 shares (2.83 percent). The 20-share mode is anomalous relative to the round-lot conventions documented for NYSE and NASDAQ in prior work (Alexander and Peterson 2007), where modes occur at 500, 1000, and 5000 shares. Hartigan dip tests reject unimodality at the 5 percent level for 30 of 31 tickers; Gaussian mixture model selection by BIC prefers nine or ten components with means clustered at round-number share counts and several components fitting essentially as point masses at exact integers. Cross-ticker round-number clustering ranges from 15 percent (TQQQ) to 67 percent (DIA), and the size of the modal anchor scales with ticker price level. The findings extend the size-clustering literature to a new venue with structurally distinct characteristics-singlevenue continuous overnight market dominated by sponsored-access retail flow-and document a sub-100-share modal anchor that has no counterpart in the published literature on US regularhours equity venues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6651000","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T06:37:31Z","timestamp":1777185451000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Round-Number Anchoring in Overnight US Equity Order Sizes: Evidence from 274 Million Order Events on the Blue Ocean ATS"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2006.02.005","article-title":"An analysis of trade-size clustering and its relation to stealth trading","volume":"84","author":"G J Alexander","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1002\/fut.20429","article-title":"Size clustering in the FTSE100 index futures market","volume":"30","author":"O Ap Gwilym","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Futures Markets"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6288.2007.00172.x","article-title":"Price clustering on the Tokyo Stock Exchange","volume":"42","author":"A A?\ufffd?o?lu","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Financial Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/fut.3990050105","article-title":"The degree of price resolution: The case of the gold market","volume":"5","author":"C A Ball","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Futures Markets"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-405X(93)90029-B","article-title":"Stealth trading and volatility: Which trades move prices","volume":"34","author":"M J Barclay","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-405X(94)90036-1","article-title":"Bid-ask spreads in the interbank foreign exchange markets","volume":"35","author":"H Bessembinder","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6803.2012.01313.x","article-title":"Trade size and price clustering: The case of short sales and the suspension of price tests","volume":"35","author":"B M Blau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1111\/jofi.13033","article-title":"Tracking retail investor activity","volume":"76","author":"E Boehmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacfin.2006.05.001","article-title":"Which trades move prices in emerging markets? Evidence from China's stock market","volume":"14","author":"B M Cai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pacific-Basin Finance Journal"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japwor.2018.12.002","article-title":"Trade-size clustering and price efficiency","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Japan and the World Economy"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1002\/fut.20416","article-title":"Strategic order splitting, order choice, and aggressiveness: Evidence from the Taiwan futures exchange","volume":"29","author":"R K Chou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Futures Markets"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref12","first-page":"1813","article-title":"Why do NASDAQ market makers avoid odd-eighth quotes","volume":"49","author":"W G Christie","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1198\/073500106000000071","article-title":"Realized variance and market microstructure noise","volume":"24","author":"P R Hansen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Business & Economic Statistics"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/4.3.389","article-title":"Stock price clustering and discreteness","volume":"4","author":"L Harris","year":"1991","journal-title":"Review of Financial Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-036X.2007.00410.x","article-title":"Clustering in US stock prices after decimalisation","volume":"14","author":"D L Ikenberry","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Financial Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1111\/fire.12052","article-title":"Odd lot trades: The behavior, characteristics, and information content over time","volume":"49","author":"H Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Financial Review"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4266(00)00131-X","article-title":"Do investors prefer round stock prices? Evidence from Israeli IPO auctions","volume":"25","author":"S Kandel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Banking & Finance"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Blue Ocean Technologies leverages Seoul office to make Korea center of Asia-Pacific strategy. Interview with CEO Brian Hyndman","year":"2026","journal-title":"Korea Times"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Overnight adverse selection: Evidence from Blue Ocean ATS and NASDAQ regular trading hours","author":"B C Lim","year":"2026","journal-title":"SSRN working paper 6610883"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Order price clustering, size clustering, and stock price movements: Evidence from the Taiwan Stock Exchange","volume":"65","author":"Em-H Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Review of Financial Analysis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2004.10.007","article-title":"You can't always get what you want: Trade-size clustering and quantity choice in liquidity","volume":"78","author":"P C Moulton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"issue":"316","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1966.10482183","article-title":"Market making and reversal on the stock exchange","volume":"61","author":"V Niederhoffer","year":"1966","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbankfin.2005.07.017","article-title":"An analysis of intraday patterns in price clustering on the Tokyo Stock Exchange","volume":"30","author":"W Ohta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Banking & Finance"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irfa.2012.08.007","article-title":"Trade size clustering and the cost of trading at the London Stock Exchange","volume":"27","author":"T Verousis","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Review of Financial Analysis"},{"key":"ref25","author":"P R Wyckoff","year":"1963","journal-title":"The Psychology of Stock Market Timing"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:43:36Z","timestamp":1786722216000},"score":29.507988,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6651000"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":25,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6651000","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T18:30:46Z","timestamp":1786732246342,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>We examine whether REST API based order book measurements adequately capture phantom liquidity in cryptocurrency markets. Using identical trades from Binance BTCUSDT, we compare phantom liquidity rates measured via REST snapshots at approximately 2 second intervals against WebSocket partial book updates at approximately 100 millisecond intervals. REST based measurements capture only 32.76 percent phantom liquidity compared to 66.90 percent measured using high frequency data, a systematic underestimation of approximately 51 percent. A 50 millisecond buffer test yields virtually identical results (66.97 percent), confirming that the gap reflects genuine high frequency phantom behavior occurring between REST snapshots rather than a measurement artifact from post trade book updates. Decomposing phantom liquidity into genuine, stale, and truncated components shows that genuine phantom rates remain stable at approximately 2.4 percent across all three methodologies, while the measurement gap is driven almost entirely by stale phantom liquidity (27.06 percent for REST versus 64.34 percent for WebSocket). These findings suggest that conventional REST based phantom liquidity assessments may understate the prevalence of fleeting liquidity dynamics in modern electronic markets, with implications for market quality measurement and regulatory analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6732245","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T01:48:37Z","timestamp":1778204917000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-Frequency Phantom Liquidity: Evidence that REST API Measurements Severely Underestimate Market Quality Issues"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:45:10Z","timestamp":1786729510000},"score":29.507584,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6732245"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6732245","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T18:32:18Z","timestamp":1786732338904,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>MicroStrategy Incorporated (now Strategy Inc) held 818,334 Bitcoin as of May 3, 2026, accumulated since August 2020 through a systematic program of issuing equity and convertible debt at premiums to the marked-to-market value of its Bitcoin reserves. I argue that the resulting equity premium is reflexive but contains its own dissolution: the issuance program that sustains the premium also dilutes the per-share economics that justify it, and the premium endogenously decays once issuance growth catches up with Bitcoin accumulation. Using daily data from January 2021 to May 2026, I document a five-regime structure. The premium averages 56.8 percent during the 2021 accumulation phase, falls to negative 4.0 percent during the 2022 bear market when issuance turned dilutive and halted, recovers modestly through 2023, and peaks at a mean of 106.5 percent during the 2024 post-ETF expansion. The premium then decays through 2025 and turns negative on November 13, 2025, exactly 358 days after the November 2024 peak, despite Bitcoin remaining elevated and the firm continuing to accumulate. The 2025 decompression is consistent with endogenous self-limitation: shares grew 42.5 percent over the decompression subperiod, yet Bitcoin-per-share grew only 28.6 percent, meaning the pershare accretion was only two-thirds of the share growth rate, less than half the equivalent ratio realized during the preceding expansion phase. The mechanism is also visible in the per-dollar wealth-transfer ratio across the two post-ETF subperiods. The expansion subperiod converted $45.3 billion of issuance proceeds into $28.5 billion of NAVbenchmark transfer to existing shareholders, an effective accretion of 63 cents per dollar raised. The decompression subperiod converted $34.1 billion into $13.6 billion of transfer, only 40 cents per dollar-same firm, similar dollar volume, nearly two-thirds the perdollar accretion. The findings characterize MicroStrategy as a new corporate form whose premium is reflexively sustained but mechanically self-extinguishing under sustained issuance, and whose 2025 to 2026 decay is the steady-state consequence of its own capitalstructure policy rather than a bear-market shock.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6734402","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T13:02:31Z","timestamp":1778245351000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Issuing Into the Premium: Reflexivity and Endogenous Self-Limitation in MicroStrategy's Bitcoin Accumulation"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:51:51Z","timestamp":1786729911000},"score":29.507584,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6734402"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6734402","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:38:43Z","timestamp":1786721923941,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>I document a complete speculative cycle in the secondary market for Pop Mart's Labubu designer toys. Three sealed-case editions on StockX traded at peak premiums of 195 to 579 percent over retail and now trade 24 to 54 percent below retail. The cycle aligns with two identifiable shocks: an attention catalyst in April 2024 widely associated with Instagram exposure by BLACKPINK member Lisa, and an August 2025 supply expansion in which Pop Mart's supply chain president announced a tenfold increase in monthly plush production capacity. Worldwide Google search interest in \"Labubu\" was economically negligible for 152 consecutive weeks before the attention shock and reached the Trends ceiling shortly after the launch of a secondary product catalyst (Big Into Energy, April 2025). I treat the attention catalyst as more plausibly exogenous than the supply expansion (which Pop Mart chose in response to demand), and use this asymmetry to discuss what the episode does and does not identify. Pop Mart's equity peaked the same week as the supply announcement, supporting a signaling rather than physical-supply interpretation of the correction. The case extends attention-based asset pricing into the broader class of digitally coordinated scarcity markets and offers a tractable setting for studying how issuer-controlled supply expansion deflates speculative premiums.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6741298","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T17:03:06Z","timestamp":1778691786000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Collectible to Speculative Asset: Attention, Scarcity, and the Boom-Bust Cycle in the Labubu Resale Market"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8477-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:14:21Z","timestamp":1786720461000},"score":29.507584,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6741298"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6741298","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T13:30:30Z","timestamp":1789047030578,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Inderscience 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(ACS)","issue":"14","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007672","name":"Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007672","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Chem. 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The objective of this study is to identify and expose the traditional Malay epistemological background behind Hamzah Fans\u016br\u012b\u2019s writings. This objective is achieved through the evidence and analysis methods of historical linguistics on the one hand, and by judging these analytical conclusions based on Buddhist Yog\u0101c\u0101ra\u2019s epistemology of \u015ar\u012bvijaya on the other hand. Three important research findings are as follows: 1) the overall style of Hamzah Fans\u016br\u012b\u2019s writings is the logical tradition of Dign\u0101ga, 2) all the metaphors of Hamzah Fans\u016br\u012b\u2019s writings, which are of the type of pari\u1e47\u0101ma theory, can be understood in the epistemological tradition of Vasubandhu, which was influential in the writings of \u015ar\u012bvijaya from the end of the seventh century to the beginning of the eleventh century, and 3) Hamzah Fans\u016br\u012b\u2019s works are also influenced by the recent Malayu-Singapura philosophy of Sa\u1e43khy\u0101, mainly the distinction between \u015babda and kat\u0101, which is used to receive the new Islamic epistemological distinctions and traditions. 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Here, we examined the effect of topographic cues on cancer cell proliferation using micron scale topographic features and observed that anisotropic features like microgratings at specific dimension could reduce proliferation of non-cancer breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A) but not that for malignant breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7). However, isotropic features such as micropillars did not affect proliferation of MCF-10A, indicating that the anisotropic environmental cues are essential for this process. Interestingly, acto-myosin contraction inhibitory drugs, Y-27632 and blebbistatin prevented micrograting-mediated inhibition on proliferation. Here, we propose the concept of Mechanically-Induced Dormancy (MID) where topographic cues could activate Rho-ROCK-Myosin signaling to suppress non-cancerous cells proliferation whereas malignant cells are resistant to this inhibitory barrier and therefore continue uncontrolled proliferation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]],"date-time":"2016-01-22T10:09:50Z","timestamp":1453457390000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Topography induces differential sensitivity on cancer cell proliferation via Rho-ROCK-Myosin contractility"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Parthiv Kant","family":"Chaudhuri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine Qiurong","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chwee Teck","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep19672_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.11.001","volume":"127","author":"GP Gupta","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gupta, G. 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DLC1 also localizes to all three adhesion types, with a specific spatial distribution in the focal adhesions during early and late stages of cell spreading when compared to focal adhesion proteins such as paxillin and Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK). In summary, DLC1 regulates cellular dynamics by its down\u2010regulation of RhoA as well as its effects on focal adhesion dynamics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Supported by Mechanobiology Institute and Ministry of Education, Singapore (Academic Research Fund T208A3121)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.27.1_supplement.1046.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]],"date-time":"2021-06-16T06:07:15Z","timestamp":1623823635000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Role of DLC1 in Regulating Cellular and Focal Adhesion Dynamics"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Shelly","family":"Kaushik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Mechanobiology Institute Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T23:59:48Z","timestamp":1761695988000},"score":18.920738,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1096\/fasebj.27.1_supplement.1046.1"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1096\/fasebj.27.1_supplement.1046.1"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fasebj.27.1_supplement.1046.1","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0892-6638","1530-6860"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0892-6638"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1530-6860"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-04-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T16:15:40Z","timestamp":1786983340891,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664409600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mathematical Problems in Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>As the mainstream of Confucianism, the Song and Ming philosophies played an irreplaceable role in the 800 years of history from the Song dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty. The theoreticians were concerned with the principles of heaven, nature, and physics and especially with the principles of human nature, which changed in the Qing Dynasty to a practice-oriented way of thinking. However, the practical thinking of Qing dynasty Neo-Confucianism is difficult to apply to practice because of the obscure text and the limitations of the time period, so it is worth further discussing how to deconstruct and promote the learning of Qing dynasty practical thinking under the new technology. This paper systematically reviews the ideological origins and political practices of Qing dynasty Neo-Confucianism and proposes a knowledge-tracking model around deep learning technology, which not only provides a contemporary technological tool for deconstructing the practical thinking of Qing dynasty Neo-Confucianism but also provides an application path for the integration of technology and knowledge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8284696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T23:05:09Z","timestamp":1664492709000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Practical Thinking of Neo-Confucianism in Qing Dynasty from the Scope of Practice Based on Deep Learning"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Studies, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang47300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8343-4741","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tee Boon","family":"Chuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Studies, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang47300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1080\/00131857.2018.1431120","article-title":"Relations as the aim of education in Joseon neo-Confucianism: the case of the Five Relationships","volume":"51","author":"K. 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Here, the development and in vitro characterization of a DENV-based RNA vector (DV-RNA) is described, which can overcome the issue of mRNA vaccine equity. In particular, this study focused on RNA translation, immunostimulation and in-water stability, and compared their performance to that of reference RNAs. In vitro transcribed RNAs expressing nanoluciferase were transfected into cell lines using in-house cationic liposomes. Translation levels were assessed using nanoluciferase assays, while immune response were evaluated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Translation screening of various DV-RNAs in HEK293T and THP-1 cells yielded one likely candidate, d1. Unexpectedly, additional elements, such as IRES or poly(A) tails, hindered DV-RNA translation and replication. Unfortunately, immunostimulation studies were inconclusive due to wide variation in data. It was observed that DV-RNA, d1, was quite stable in water when stored at 4\u00b0C, -30\u00b0C or -85\u00b0C for up to 4 weeks, but it was not comparable to other RNAs due to unreliable testing. Overall, the observed translational efficiency of these first-generation DV-RNA vectors highlight their promising potential as an RNA vector platform. While RNA immunostimulation is influenced by a complex interplay of factors that go beyond nucleoside modifications, and warrants further investigation, this study ultimately demonstrates the feasibility of DV-RNA technology and its potential to contribute to local vaccine equity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.58837\/chula.the.2024.1438","type":"dissertation","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:11:36Z","timestamp":1789992696000},"approved":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and characterization of dengue virus (DENV)-based RNA vector"],"prefix":"10.58837","author":[{"given":"Melanie","family":"Lim Boon Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"37481","contributor":[{"sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[null]}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:11:38Z","timestamp":1789992698000},"score":18.90363,"degree":["Doctor of Philosophy"],"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/digiverse.chula.ac.th\/Info\/item\/dc:109371"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.58837\/chula.the.2024.1438"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T14:25:06Z","timestamp":1780496706649,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Commun."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Situated within the interdisciplinary expansion of empathy studies, this article reconceptualizes the Sinologist as a site of cognitive-ethical mediation in intercultural knowledge production. Taking John Minford as a focal case, it advances a staged model of cross-cultural empathization, theorized as a dynamic process of cultural contact, identificatory alignment, incorporative internalization, reverberative reflection, and integrative synthesis. Methodologically, the study adopts a hybrid design that preserves a humanities-based interpretive narrative while incorporating empirically traceable evidence: (i) a structured intellectual and translational chronology of Minford's oeuvre, and (ii) a reader-response corpus comprising 1,030 Amazon and Goodreads reviews (11\u201315 April 2026, UTC) covering\n                    <jats:italic>The Deer and the Cauldron<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>I Ching<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Anchored in a tripartite model of empathy\u2014cognitive, affective, and communicative\u2014the analysis operationalizes each dimension through text-specific reception indicators. The findings suggest that Minford's translational practice functions as cognitive scaffolding, affective mediation, and communicative facilitation, respectively enabling interpretive reorientation, emotional resonance, and cross-cultural accessibility. By articulating a minimally quantitative yet reproducible analytical pathway, the study bridges empathy theory, translation studies, and Sinology, while resisting reductive metricization.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomm.2026.1797834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T13:14:33Z","timestamp":1780406073000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cognitive construction of sinologists as cross-cultural empathizers: the sinological journey of British sinologist John Minford"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Zhou","family":"Hongli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Studies, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR)","place":["Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tee","family":"Boon Chuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Studies, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR)","place":["Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"The Origins of Totalitarianism","author":"Arendt","year":"1951"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"485","article-title":"Empathy and altruism","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology","author":"Batson","year":"2002"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.19330\/j.cnki.1002-3712.2023.04.005","article-title":"\u300a\u804a\u658b\u5fd7\u5f02\u300b\u7684\u82f1\u8bd1\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u82f1\u8bed\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u7814\u7a76","author":"Chi","year":"2023","journal-title":"\u84b2\u677e\u9f84\u7814\u7a76"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"17","article-title":"Theodore lipps, aesthetic empathy, and the self\u2013other problem","volume":"17","author":"Chismar","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Comp. Lit. Aesth."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315785202","volume-title":"Empathy in Counseling and Psychotherapy","author":"Clark","year":"2014"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199539956.003.0002","article-title":"Understanding empathy","volume-title":"Empathy: Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives","author":"Coplan","year":"2011"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/17561310.2014.11425535","article-title":"An introduction to einf\u00fchlung","volume":"6","author":"Curtis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Art. 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Philos."},{"key":"B29","first-page":"211","article-title":"Is empathy necessary for morality?","volume-title":"Empathy: Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives","author":"Prinz","year":""},{"key":"B30","author":"Ren","year":"2019"},{"key":"B31","first-page":"138","article-title":"\u300a\u804a\u658b\u5fd7\u5f02\u300b\u82f1\u8bd1\u4f20\u64ad\u6548\u679c\u7814\u7a76\u2014\u2014\u4ee5\u4e9a\u9a6c\u900a\u7f51\u7ad9\u8bfb\u8005\u4e66\u8bc4\u4e3a\u4f8b","author":"Ren","year":"","journal-title":"\u6c49\u98ce"},{"key":"B32","first-page":"34","article-title":"\u897f\u65b9\u6d88\u8d39\u6587\u5316\u8bed\u5883\u4e2d\u95f5\u798f\u5fb7\u804a\u658b\u82f1\u8bd1\u672c\u7684\u56db\u4e2a\u9762\u5411","volume":"4","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"\u534e\u6587\u6587\u5b66"},{"key":"B33","first-page":"21","article-title":"Cultural empathy in multicultural counseling","volume-title":"Counseling Across Cultures","author":"Ridley","year":"1996"},{"key":"B34","volume-title":"The Empathic 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In order to further improve the computational efficiency and accuracy of Chinese mental verb text, based on deep learning theory, activation function and damage function were used to optimize the original model. Considering the calculation method of model gradient, the optimization model describing the characteristics of Chinese mental verbs is finally obtained. The model can be used to analyze the variation of the characteristic parameters of Chinese verbs and the method of representation. Finally, the model error is analyzed by the method of comparative verification. Relevant studies show that the number of outputs and output results corresponding to softmax function will influence the test results of the model. By comparing the curves, it can be seen that the curve corresponding to the output number has an obvious increasing trend, while the corresponding output result curve has an opposite changing trend. The linear and nonlinear characteristics of the two curves are obvious. The real value of the mean square error function shows a change of linear increase, while the corresponding output value shows a change trend of gradual decline, which indicates that the two kinds of data have different influences on the model under related algorithms. It can be seen from the error data that the gradual increase of independent variables will improve the accuracy of the test results. Five different Chinese mental verb parameters have different manifestations in the deep learning model: among them, declarative verbs fluctuate in a small range and have little corresponding influence. However, the fluctuation of nondeclarative verbs and positive and negative declarative verbs is relatively small, and the curve is relatively stable. Negative verbs have a positive influence on the test output. Double negative verbs have negative effects. Finally, the accuracy of the model is verified by calculating the difference between experimental data and model data. 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Proposal to conserve the name <i>Millettia thyrsiflora<\/i> (<i>Aganope thyrsiflora<\/i>) against <i>Dalbergia alata<\/i> (<scp><i>Leguminosae\u2010Papilionoideae<\/i><\/scp>)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"I.M.","family":"Turner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Botanical Liaison Officer, Royal Botanic Gardens  Kew Richmond TW9 3AB United Kingdom"},{"name":"Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board  1 Cluny Road Singapore 259569"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0530-775X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boon\u2010Chuan","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board  1 Cluny Road Singapore 259569"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"container-title":["TAXON"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/tax.13064","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T15:49:50Z","timestamp":1699285790000},"score":18.845087,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/tax.13064"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/tax.13064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tax.13064","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0040-0262","1996-8175"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0040-0262","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-8175","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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Singapore Natl. Acad. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Scaffold proteins are critical regulators of important cell signaling pathways. Though scaffolds are not stringently defined in meaning, they are known to interact with numerous components of a signaling pathway, binding and bridging them into distinct and functional complexes. They control signal transduction and assist the localization of pathway components (organized in complexes) to definite regions of the cell such as the endosomes, plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, mitochondria, Golgi, and the nucleus. Years of research in this field have revealed the versatility of this class of protein and the important role it plays in maintaining the normal functions of the human body. Here, we discuss the role of several scaffold proteins which are implicated in important signaling pathways that play important roles in cardiac diseases, metabolic diseases, neurological disorders, and cancer. Their versatility and functions in human diseases make them attractive drug targets, several of which have been investigated in clinical trials. Future studies of scaffold proteins should give us an in-depth knowledge of how cell signaling works in normal and pathological conditions and would offer avenues to disrupt harmful cellular pathways to circumvent diseases. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s2591722620400025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T10:23:51Z","timestamp":1606213431000},"page":"15-29","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Scaffold Proteins and their Roles in Human Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Somsubhro","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore"},{"name":"University Scholars Programme, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2591722620400025BIB001","author":"Good M. 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Sci."},{"key":"S2591722620400025BIB136","author":"Dummer R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Singapore National Academy of Science"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1142\/S2591722620400025","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T10:25:11Z","timestamp":1606213511000},"score":18.840767,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1142\/S2591722620400025"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"01","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1142\/S2591722620400025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/s2591722620400025","ISSN":["2591-7226","2630-4848"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2591-7226","type":"print"},{"value":"2630-4848","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:16:11Z","timestamp":1756167371206,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":3,"publisher":"IEEE","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351728000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351728000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/iemt.2012.6521793","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,31]],"date-time":"2013-05-31T12:43:22Z","timestamp":1370004202000},"page":"1-4","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Correlation study on moisture soak equivalent between MSL1 (85\/85% soaking 168 hours) and Autoclave test in term of weight gain and delamination"],"prefix":"10.1109","author":[{"given":"Jason Ng Boon","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fairchild Semiconductor Sdn Bhd, Bayan Lepas FIZ, Phase II, 11900, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"journal-title":"Moisture and Interfacial Adhesion in Microelectronic Assemblies","year":"2004","author":"ferguson","key":"3"},{"key":"2","first-page":"252","article-title":"Interfacial Delamination Mechanisms during Soldering Reflow with Moisture Preconditioning","author":"fan","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EPTC.2006.342691"}],"event":{"name":"2012 35th IEEE\/CPMT International Electronics Manufacturing Technology Conference (IEMT)","start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,6]]},"location":"Ipoh, Malaysia","end":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,8]]}},"container-title":["2012 35th IEEE\/CPMT International Electronics Manufacturing Technology Conference (IEMT)"],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6518029\/6521742\/06521793.pdf?arnumber=6521793","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T20:20:05Z","timestamp":1756153205000},"score":18.826147,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/6521793\/"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"references-count":3,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/iemt.2012.6521793","published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T05:49:06Z","timestamp":1761716946464,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]],"date-time":"2013-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1364774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Mutations in the gene,\n                    <jats:italic>ATCAY<\/jats:italic>\n                    that encodes the brain\u2010specific protein Caytaxin, is linked to the development of the human disease, Cayman ataxia. To understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the neuronal function of Caytaxin, proteomics pull\u2010down was performed and ATP citrate lyase (ACL) was identified as a novel interacting partner of Caytaxin. In rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cell, Caytaxin and ACL overexpression enhanced neuronal development characterized by long protruding neurites. However, deficiency of either Caytaxin or ACL by genetic knockdown led to marked reduction in neurite outgrowth, despite the presence of the binding partners. Caytaxin requires ACL enzyme activity to promote neurite outgrowth. Further biochemical and live imaging studies revealed that Caytaxin functions as a scaffold protein that links ACL and kinesin light chain motor protein without altering the ACL activity, and that enhances ACL trafficking along the neurites. Our results therefore support the notion that Caytaxin could regulate neuronal development through its binding and trafficking of ACL. Consequently, loss of Caytaxin function could affect ACL signaling pathway, leading to ataxia.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This work is supported in part by grants from the Biomedical Research Council of Singapore and Mechanobiology Institute, co\u2010funded by National Research Foundation and Ministry of Education.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.27.1_supplement.795.4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]],"date-time":"2021-06-16T06:17:33Z","timestamp":1623824253000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Brain\u2010specific BNIP\u20102 homology protein Caytaxin acts as a scaffold to transport ATP Citrate Lyase on kinesin and induce neurite outgrowth"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Jichao","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Mechanobiology Institute National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:05:21Z","timestamp":1761696321000},"score":18.797188,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1096\/fasebj.27.1_supplement.795.4"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1096\/fasebj.27.1_supplement.795.4"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fasebj.27.1_supplement.795.4","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0892-6638","1530-6860"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0892-6638"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1530-6860"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-04-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T06:46:58Z","timestamp":1772088418655,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"0198978200","type":"print"},{"value":"9780198978206","type":"print"},{"value":"9780198978237","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Singapore\u2019s criminal intellectual property regime reflects a strategic national commitment to fostering innovation, attracting foreign investment, and safeguarding the integrity of its IP ecosystem. This chapter analyses the development and enforcement of criminal sanctions across various IP domains\u2014including copyright, trademarks, and emerging technologies\u2014highlighting the central role of the state and its agencies in shaping a deterrence-oriented framework. With significant penalties such as imprisonment and substantial fines, Singapore\u2019s approach underscores the gravity with which IP offences are treated. The chapter also explores the interplay between civil and criminal enforcement mechanisms, the availability of private prosecutions, and the active involvement of well-resourced rightsholders in coordinating enforcement efforts. However, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and independent creators often face practical challenges in accessing these mechanisms due to resource constraints. This underscores the need for additional support structures to ensure equitable access to criminal enforcement and strengthen the overall IP enforcement ecosystem. While the existing regime has proven effective in addressing conventional forms of IP infringement, the rise of cross-border offences, digital platforms, and sophisticated circumvention techniques presents emerging challenges. These developments demand continuous refinement of the legal framework, adaptive enforcement strategies, and greater international cooperation to maintain Singapore\u2019s position as a trusted and forward-looking IP hub.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/law\/9780198978206.003.0016","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T05:52:03Z","timestamp":1772085123000},"page":"387-414","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Criminalization of IP Offences in Singapore"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Chuan","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teng Boon","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","container-title":["Criminal Intellectual Property Enforcement in Asia"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/oxford-law-pro\/book\/chapter-pdf\/67118222\/law-9780198978206-chapter-16.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T05:52:08Z","timestamp":1772085128000},"score":18.797188,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/oxford-law-pro\/book\/62390\/chapter\/555160569"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"ISBN":["0198978200","9780198978206","9780198978237"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/law\/9780198978206.003.0016","published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T09:24:53Z","timestamp":1780565093187,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655164800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Today\u2019s rule of law construction in China is walking between the conflict and coordination of factors such as reality and ideals, tradition and modernity, local and foreign, and local knowledge and universal principles, all while continuing to strengthen the unification of the legal system and advance the modernization of the rule of law. Traditional customary law, which is the most representative local resource culture, is unquestionably one of the most important themes in the formation of the rule of law. It has far-reaching significance for the development of ethnic jurisprudence, the reunderstanding of traditional culture, and the construction of ethnic unity and harmonious society. Based on this background, this paper uses big data technology to collect relevant experimental data and proposes a traditional customary law value assessment based on BPNN. The completed work is as follows: (1) this paper clarifies the concept of customary law and the difference between it and related concepts and introduces the domestic relevant research on traditional customary law and the interactive relationship between customary law and national law in dynamic legal practice and puts forward the status and influence of customary law in contemporary legal practice. (2) The related technologies of neural network are introduced, and a traditional customary value evaluation system that can be used for experiments is constructed. (3) Experiment with the designed data set to see if the BP model is feasible. The experimental results suggest that the model proposed in this study has a low error rate and performs well while evaluating traditional common law values.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5088630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T23:35:52Z","timestamp":1655249752000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation and Analysis of Traditional Customary Law Based on the Perspective of Big Data"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8604-704X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juanjuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Studies, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia"},{"name":"School of Marxism, HaiKou University of Economics, Haikou, 571000 Hainan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tee Boon","family":"Chuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Studies, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Post-assignment security: an emerging common law security interest","volume":"3","author":"L. X. Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"China Legal Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"2","first-page":"14","article-title":"The infiltration of criminal statutes into minority's criminal custom law and their integration","volume":"29","author":"Y. S. Su","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Law"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2202407"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.ejil.a035843"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2979\/indjglolegstu.18.1.87"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021855300009542"},{"issue":"5","key":"7","first-page":"7","article-title":"The perplexity of the rule of law in the people\u2014an investigation on the customary law of the Qiang people","volume":"23","author":"D. X. Long","year":"2001","journal-title":"Modern Law Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"8","first-page":"9","article-title":"Customary law and minority customary law","volume":"15","author":"Q. C. Gao","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Yunnan University: Law Edition"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2783478"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9655.00052"},{"key":"11","first-page":"41","article-title":"Legal anthropology comes home: a brief history of the ethnographic study of law. Loy","volume":"27","author":"J. M. Conley","year":"1993","journal-title":"LAL Rev"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3167\/aia.2018.250205"},{"issue":"2","key":"13","first-page":"59","article-title":"Traditional governance and African customary law: comparative observations from a Namibian perspective","volume":"20","author":"M. O. Hinz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Human rights and the rule of law in Namibia"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0010414018774347"},{"issue":"35","key":"15","first-page":"31","article-title":"Beyond the traditional courts bill: regulating customary courts in line with living customary law and the constitution","volume":"2011","author":"S. M. Weeks","year":"2011","journal-title":"SA Crime Quarterly"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18060\/17531"},{"issue":"6","key":"17","first-page":"6","article-title":"Customary law as an indirect source of law--a broader knowledge of the legislative functions of customary law in the area of criminal law","volume":"26","author":"Y. Du","year":"2004","journal-title":"Modern Law Science"},{"key":"18","first-page":"10","article-title":"The origin and development value and inheritance of ethnic customary laws: the examples of the Miaos and Dongs","volume":"6","author":"D. H. Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ethno-National Studies"},{"key":"19","first-page":"105","article-title":"Customary law v common law marriages: a hybrid approach in South Africa","volume":"3","author":"M. Herbst","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Comp. L"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2022.108906"},{"issue":"2","key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2017.2787746","article-title":"Contract mechanism and performance analysis for data transaction in mobile social networks","volume":"6","author":"J. Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2018.2814822"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-011-0787-z"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9870242","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"retraction-watch","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690934400000},"record-id":"48012"},{"DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9870242","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690934400000}}],"container-title":["Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cmmm\/2022\/5088630.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cmmm\/2022\/5088630.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cmmm\/2022\/5088630.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T23:36:07Z","timestamp":1655249767000},"score":18.780323,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/cmmm\/2022\/5088630\/"}},"editor":[{"given":"Naeem","family":"Jan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["5088630","5088630"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/5088630","relation":{"retraction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1155\/2023\/9870242","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1748-6718","1748-670X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1748-6718","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1748-670X","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]}},{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T15:42:15Z","timestamp":1768491735519,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]]},"group-title":"Cancer Biology","reference-count":84,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of endosome origin secreted by various cells. The exosomal cargo, especially proteins and microRNAs, have been extensively investigated for their roles in intercellular communication and as biomarkers for clinical applications. However, the understanding of types and functions of exosomal mRNAs remains limited. Here, we evaluated the mRNAs of 61 hypoxia-targeted genes in exosomes by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). Among these 61 mRNAs, 14.8% of them were detected in the MCF10A-derived exosomes, 42.6% in the MCF7-derived exosomes, and 49.2% in the MDA-MB-231-derived exosomes, many of which are differentially regulated in response to hypoxic stress in a cell-line dependent manner. Consequently, 30 exosomal mRNAs are identified as cancer related biomarkers as they are present in cancer cell-derived exosomes and absent in MCF10A-derived exosomes. Co-culture of MDA-MB-231 cells with HUVECs shows uptake of MDA-MB-231 secreted exosomes by the Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Subsequently, the cancer exosomal VEGFA mRNAs were translated within the HUVECs into proteins that promoted VEGFR-dependent angiogenesis. This finding provides novel insights into how cancer cells can directly contribute towards angiogenesis. RNA-seq also shows that cancer exosomes can upregulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related and metabolism-related genes. The transcripts of these genes are found present in the cancer exosomes, suggesting that the uptake of exosomal mRNAs at least partially contributed to the upregulation of the corresponding mRNAs. This study shows that cancer exosomes harbor diverse mRNAs, some of which can act as promising biomarkers as well as contribute towards reprogramming of recipient cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.12.147850","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,13]],"date-time":"2020-06-13T05:57:05Z","timestamp":1592027825000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cancer exosomes harbor diverse hypoxia-targeted mRNAs and contribute toward tumor angiogenesis"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5214-4610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1752-7039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su 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As data utilization is an important aspect of information systems, numerous experimental studies have been conducted on user performance involving database-related tasks with various database models and\/or languages. We propose a two-dimensional conceptual framework aimed at classifying and systematically analyzing these studies, in order to provide a bigger picture facilitating systematic understanding of this body of research. The classification exercise shows that studies involving natural language interfaces did not have very consistent findings. Correspondingly, we applied the meta-analytic technique to attempt to gain insight into these differences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59140-063-9.ch004","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,20]],"date-time":"2011-01-20T09:48:19Z","timestamp":1295516899000},"page":"54-71","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Review of Experiments on Natural Language Interfaces"],"prefix":"10.4018","author":[{"given":"Hock Chuan","family":"Chuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2432","container-title":["Advances in Database Research","Advanced Topics in Database Research, Volume 2"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/viewtitle.aspx?TitleId=4341","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T16:13:14Z","timestamp":1664467994000},"score":18.412779,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/services.igi-global.com\/resolvedoi\/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018\/978-1-59140-063-9.ch004"}},"subtitle":[""],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003]]},"ISBN":["9781591400639","9781591400981"],"references-count":0,"aliases":["10.4018\/9781591400639.ch004","10.4018\/9781591400639.ch004.ch000"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/978-1-59140-063-9.ch004","ISSN":["1935-2662","1935-2670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2662","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-2670","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:34:56Z","timestamp":1753893296684,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Surg."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spinal arachnoid cysts are relatively uncommon, cerebrospinal fluid-filled sacs formed by arachnoid membranes that can be either idiopathic or acquired. The neurological presentation of these cysts is varied. Advances in imaging techniques have allowed an improved characterization of these entities and excluded other possible causes of clinical manifestation. Their presentation remains varied, ranging from pain to progressive neurological deficits. Here, we present two cases of patients with thoracic arachnoid cysts that posed a diagnostic dilemma at initial presentation because of their acute neurological deficit, and their eventual recovery after surgical intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Case description<\/jats:title><jats:p>The first case is of a patient with end-stage renal failure, which prevented the administration of contrast during the workup. The differential diagnosis ranged from intradural abscess to arachnoid cyst. The second patient presented with non-remitting back pain that progressed to an acute neurological deficit. Both patients recovered well after decompression of the cyst.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The decision to intervene is still patient-dependent and based on the extent of neurological deterioration at the time of presentation due to the relatively benign nature and lack of understanding of the temporal presentation of neurological symptoms, which are rapidly and almost completely reversed after surgery. 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Although these processes are also under the control of MAPK\/Erk pathway and cortactin (a cortical actin\u2010binding protein that facilitates actin branching and polymerisation), it is unclear where and how the signaling of Rho, Erk and cortactin converge and are co\u2010regulated inside the cells. We recently identified BPGAP1 as a potent multi\u2010domain Rho GTPase\u2010activating protein (GAP) that not only biochemically acting to inhibit RhoA activity via its RhoGAP domain, it also promotes Erk activity and cell motility via its BNIP\u20102 and Cdc42GAP Homology domain and the Proline\u2010rich Region (PRR). We earlier showed that PRR targets cortactin and endophilin towards cell protrusions and for EGF receptor endocytosis, respectively; both by involving their SH3 domains specifically recognizing the prolines 184 and 186 of the 182\u2010PRPPLP\u2010189 moiety. Interestingly, part of the PRR, 186\u2010PPLP\u2010189, which subtly overlaps with the cortactin\u2010binding site, is also a prime target of the WW domain of peptidyl\u2010prolyl cis\/trans isomerase Pin1. Consequently, binding of Pin1 to BPGAP1 enhances its RhoGAP activity but it suppresses BPGAP1\u2010induced acute Erk activation and cell motility. These results raise the question on whether Pin1 could also affect the function of BPGAP1 with cortactin and whether this effect, if any, is linked to or distinct from Erk regulation. Here, we showed that Pin1 overexpression could enhance the binding of cortactin to BPGAP1. Consistently, such binding is significantly reduced in Pin1 knockdown cells. Furthermore, Pin1 overexpression also modulates the dynamic disposition of BPGAP1 and its impacts on cellular morphogenesis. How such process would involve BPGAP1 and Pin1 co\u2010regulating the activity of cortactin, in relation to its reduced acute Erk but enhanced RhoGAP activity in both space and time, is now being investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.25.1_supplement.955.3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T12:01:04Z","timestamp":1624276864000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["BPGAP1 and Pin1 co\u2010regulate Rho, Erk and cortactin signaling in cell dynamics"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Catherine Qiurong","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanobiology Institute National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanobiology Institute National University of 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Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]],"date-time":"2023-09-30T09:14:35Z","timestamp":1696065275450},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,22]],"date-time":"2017-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,22]],"date-time":"2017-11-22T10:35:17Z","timestamp":1511346917000},"page":"2017-2017","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Contraception \u2013 of potions, pills and social change"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Berry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Canberra Hospital Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boon H","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Canberra Hospital Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,22]]},"container-title":["BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2F1471-0528.14756","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1471-0528.14756","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T09:01:21Z","timestamp":1695978081000},"score":17.930527,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1471-0528.14756"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,22]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1471-0528.14756"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.14756","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["1470-0328","1471-0528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1470-0328","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-0528","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-11-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T04:39:11Z","timestamp":1773808751913,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Penerbit UTM Press","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Jurnal Teknologi"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\tKertas kerja ini menerangkan tentang pembangunan satu sistem pengesahan tandatangan bertulis tangan yang melibatkan tekanan pen terhadap laluan tandatangan, masa ketika menandatangan, profil kelajuan dan kedudukan rupa bentuk tandatangan. Isyarat bertulis tangan telah diperoleh dan diolah secara berdigit menggunakan tablet. Ciri utama sistem pengesahan tandatangan yang dicadangkan ialah tandatangan bertulis tangan yang dikemaskini secara dinamik, keupayaan cuba semula semasa pengesahan, kegunaan jalur terima beserta nilai ambang, pembangunan mesra pengguna berdasarkan antara muka grafik pengguna, penggunaan kaedah paksi masa sepunya dan pengesahan tandatangan menggunakan satu kelas rangkaian neural laluan hadapan berlapis. Satu algoritma khusus telah diguna pakai yang dapat memberikan keputusan pengesahan dengan ketepatan yang baik serta lebih cepat. Sistem telah menghasilkan kadar penolakan palsu sebesar 1.3% dan kadar penerimaan palsu 0% dengan pengesahan dilakukan menggunakan tandatangan palsu yang telah diciplak.\n                                \n                                Kata kunci: Biometrik, penentusahan tandatangan, perolehan data, jalur terima, rangkaian neural\n                                \n                                The paper describes the development of a handwritten signature verification system incorporating pen pressure of signature path, time duration of the signing procedure, velocity profile of signature and position of signature shape. The handwritten signals have been captured and digitized using a tablet. The main features of the proposed signature verification system are the dynamically update of handwritten signature, retries capability in verification, application of tolerance bands and threshold values, development of user friendly Graphic User Interface, application of Common Time Axes and verification of signatures using a class of a multilayer feed-forward neural network. A novel algorithm has been applied that provides the ability to produce consistent and high accuracy verification result and maintain the speed of verification. The system has yielded 1.33% of False Reject Rate and 0% False Acceptation Rate with the verification using random forgery signatures.\n                                \n\t\t\t\tKey words: Biometrics, signature verification, data acquisition, tolerance bands, neural network\n\t\t\t<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.11113\/jt.v48.218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,2]],"date-time":"2013-01-02T10:32:48Z","timestamp":1357122768000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Biometric Signature Verification Using Pen Position, Time, Velocity and Pressure Parameters"],"prefix":"10.11113","author":[{"given":"Musa","family":"Mailah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boon Han","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4787","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,20]]},"container-title":["Jurnal Teknologi"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.utm.my\/index.php\/jurnalteknologi\/article\/download\/218\/208","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.utm.my\/index.php\/jurnalteknologi\/article\/download\/218\/208","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]],"date-time":"2020-10-05T03:43:12Z","timestamp":1601869392000},"score":17.930527,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.utm.my\/index.php\/jurnalteknologi\/article\/view\/218"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,20]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11113\/jt.v48.218","ISSN":["2180-3722","0127-9696"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2180-3722","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0127-9696","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,20]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T20:13:48Z","timestamp":1774988028896,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]],"date-time":"2015-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427846400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bestpracticeobgyn.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2014.07.024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,22]],"date-time":"2014-10-22T19:28:26Z","timestamp":1414006106000},"page":"394-405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Induction of labour and intrapartum care in obese women"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Namiko","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boon H.","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2014.07.024_bib1","series-title":"Health topics","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2014.07.024_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.2014","article-title":"Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999\u20132008","volume":"303","author":"Flegal","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2014.07.024_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2005.00685.x","article-title":"Changes in booking body mass index over a decade: retrospective analysis from a Glasgow Maternity Hospital","volume":"112","author":"Kanagalingam","year":"2005","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2014.07.024_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.05.048","article-title":"Prepregnancy body mass index and the length of gestation at term","volume":"197","author":"Stotland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2014.07.024_bib5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Saving Mothers' Lives: reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer: 2006\u201308. 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 dari  dekad  ke  dekad.  Tujuan  kajian  makalah  ini  adalah  untuk  menyejarahkan suatu genre persuratan Melayu yang bercampur antara prosa dengan puisi  sebagai  peninggalan  genre  Camp\u016b  (\u201ccampur\u201d  dalam  bahasa  Melayu)  dari  kerajaan  Sriwijaya  dan  juga  untuk  menetapkan  penamaan  bagi  persilangan  genre  antara prosa dengan puisi. Perkara ini berbangkit daripada dua permasalahan kajian, iaitu pertama, sesetengah persuratan Melayu yang dirawikan semenjak kurun ke-14 didapati bersilang antara prosa dengan puisi dan adakah perkara ini merupakan suatu \nfenomena baharu atau peninggalan daripada gaya persuratan sebelumnya? Kedua, apakah  fenomena  itu  bersifat  genre  dan  apakah  penamaannya?  Bagi  kedua-dua  permasalahan  tersebut,  pendekatan  pengkajian  persuratan  mengikut  kerajaan  dan  pendekatan  sastera  bandingan  telah  diambil.  Dapatan  pertama  mendapati  bahawa  gaya pencampuran prosa dan puisi terdapat dalam karya asing (contoh J\u0101takam\u0101l\u0101 dari  India)  dan  setempat  (contoh  Hastada\u1e47\u1e0da\u015b\u0101stra) sekitar 687 M-693 M, dan dapatan kedua mendapati bahawa genre tersebut bergelar camp\u016b menurut penamaan persuratan Sanskerta bagi J\u0101takam\u0101l\u0101 dan lain-lain. Dengan erti kata yang ringkas, gaya  pengkaryaan  kerajaan  Sriwijaya  yang  bercampur  antara  prosa  dengan  puisi,  iaitu camp\u016b  telah  bersinambung  dengan  persuratan  Melayu  yang  terkemudian  daripada kerajaan Melaka, Johor, Aceh dan seterusnya.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.37052\/jm.17(2)no5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T01:17:11Z","timestamp":1721870231000},"page":"267-286","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hastadandasastra (Naskhah Tertua Kerajaan Sriwijaya) dan Penyejarahan Genre Campu Persuratan Melayu"],"prefix":"10.37052","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Tee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jabatan Pengajian Cina, Universiti Tuanku Abdul Rahman, Kampus Sungai Long, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ai Peng","family":"Foo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fakulti    Bahasa    dan    Komunikasi,    Universiti    Pendidikan    Sultan    Idris,    35900                 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"23182","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","unstructured":"Aiman Bakhtiar. 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They are activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors and inactivated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). We recently identified a novel RhoGAP, BPGAP1, that uses the BNIP-2 and Cdc42GAP homology (BCH) domain, RhoGAP domain and proline-rich region to regulate cell morphology and migration. To further explore its roles in intracellular signaling, we employed protein precipitations and matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization mass-spectrometry and identified EEN\/endophilin II as a novel partner of BPGAP1. EEN is a member of the endocytic endophilin family but its function in regulating endocytosis remains unclear. Pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation studies with deletion mutants confirmed that EEN interacted directly with BPGAP1 via its Src homology 3 (SH3) domain binding to the proline-rich region 182-PPPRPPLP-189 of BPGAP1, with prolines 184 and 186 being indispensable for this interaction. Overexpression of EEN or BPGAP1 alone induced EGF-stimulated receptor endocytosis and ERK1\/2 phosphorylation. These processes were further enhanced when EEN was present together with the wildtype but not with the non-interactive proline mutant of BPGAP1. However, EEN lacking the SH3 domain served as a dominant negative mutant that completely inhibited these effects. Furthermore, BPGAP1 with a catalytically inactive GAP domain also blocked the effect of EEN and\/or BPGAP1 in EGF receptor endocytosis and concomitantly reduced their level of augmentation for ERK1\/2 phosphorylation. Our findings reveal a concomitant activation of endocytosis and ERK signaling by BPGAP1 via the coupling of its proline-rich region, which targets EEN and its functional GAP domain. BPGAP1 could therefore provide an important link between cytoskeletal network, endocytic trafficking and Ras\/MAPK signaling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,8]],"date-time":"2005-06-08T20:13:53Z","timestamp":1118261633000},"page":"2707-2721","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Activation of EGF receptor endocytosis and ERK1\/2 signaling by BPGAP1 requires direct interaction with EEN\/endophilin II and a functional RhoGAP domain"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Bee Leng","family":"Lua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Signaling and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, The Republic of Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Signaling and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, The Republic of Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2021042518591829300_REF1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernards, A. and Settleman, J. 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All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103854"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:37:57Z","timestamp":1787312277533,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Smart Cities"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Participatory governance is widely viewed as an essential element of realizing planned smart cities. Nonetheless, the implementation of e-participation platforms, such as the websites and mobile applications of civic authorities, often offer ambiguous information on how public voices may influence e-decision-making. This study aims to examine the status of participatory governance from the angle of e-participation platforms and from the broader scope of linking e-platforms to a smart city blueprint. In order to achieve this aim, the study focuses on shedding light on the e-governance space given to smart city realization in a developing country context\u2014i.e., Malaysia. The Putrajaya and Petaling Jaya smart cities of Malaysia were selected as the testbeds of the study, which used the multiple case study methodology and multiple data collection designs. The analyses were done through the qualitative observations and quantitative descriptive statistics. The results revealed that both of the investigated smart city cases remained limited in their provision of e-decision-making space. The inefficiency of implementing planned initiatives to link the city blueprints to e-platforms was also evidenced. The study evidenced that the political culture of e-decision-making is undersized in Malaysia, which hinders the achievement of e-democracy in the smart cities\u2019 development. 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All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"116786"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T08:57:51Z","timestamp":1791277071363,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MBoC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Rho GTPases control cell dynamics during growth and development. They are activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors and inactivated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Many GAPs exist with various protein modules, the functions of which largely remain unknown. We recently cloned and identified BPGAP1 as a novel RhoGAP that coordinately regulates pseudopodia and cell migration via the interplay of its BNIP-2 and Cdc42GAP homology, RhoGAP, and the proline-rich domains. To further elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying cell dynamics control by BPGAP1, we used protein precipitations and matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization mass spectrometry and identified cortactin, a cortical actin binding protein as a novel partner of BPGAP1 both in vitro and in vivo. Progressive deletion studies confirmed that cortactin interacted directly and constitutively with the proline-rich motif 182-PPPRPPLP-189 of BPGAP1 via its Src homology 3 domain. Together, they colocalized to periphery and enhanced cell migration. Furthermore, substitution of prolines at 184 and 186 with alanines abolished their interaction. Consequently, this BPGAP1 mutant failed to facilitate translocation of cortactin to the periphery, and no enhanced cell migration was observed. These results provide the first evidence that a RhoGAP functionally interacts with cortactin and represents a novel determinant in the regulation of cell dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e04-02-0141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,6]],"date-time":"2004-04-06T00:45:04Z","timestamp":1081212304000},"page":"2873-2883","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["BPGAP1 Interacts with Cortactin and Facilitates Its Translocation to Cell Periphery for Enhanced Cell Migration"],"prefix":"10.1091","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bee Leng","family":"Lua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Signaling and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, The Republic of Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boon Chuan","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Signaling and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, The Republic of Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1076","reference":[{"key":"REF1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bishop, A.L., and Hall, A. 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