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This study explored the relationship between measures of religious affiliation, attendance, and practice with loneliness for older adults in England. We generated an analytic sample of 6225 adults aged 50+ who took part in wave 9 of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). The exposure variables of religious affiliation, attendance and practice were measured by questions on religious identity; frequency of attendance at places of worship in the last year; and 4-point Likert scales of agreement or disagreement with religious importance, meaning and purpose, prayer and meditation, and activity. Loneliness outcome was measured using the three item University of California Los Angeles loneliness scale. The majority of our analytic sample were Christian (77%), 22% had no religion and 49% had not attended a place of worship in the last year. The prevalence of loneliness (score 6+ on UCLA scale) was 19%. Religious attendance was significantly associated with loneliness (OR =.73 CI.62-.85, p &amp;lt;.001), with attendance protective against feeling lonely. However, this relationship was not significant after adjustment. No relationship was observed between loneliness and religious affiliation or spirituality. Religious identity remains prevalent in older adults in England, but attendance and practice less so. Further studies in diverse populations, using validated measures of loneliness and religion, are necessary to investigate whether loneliness can be moderated or mediated by religion\/spirituality alongside other determinants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igae098.0631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T13:14:17Z","timestamp":1735737257000},"page":"195-195","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LONELINESS, RELIGION, AND SPIRITUALITY FOR OLDER ADULTS IN ENGLAND"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Christina","family":"Victor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brunel University London , London, England, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"container-title":["Innovation in Aging"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/innovateage\/article-pdf\/8\/Supplement_1\/195\/61303457\/igae098.0631.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/innovateage\/article-pdf\/8\/Supplement_1\/195\/61303457\/igae098.0631.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T13:14:17Z","timestamp":1735737257000},"score":18.089428,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/innovateage\/article\/8\/Supplement_1\/195\/7935792"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geroni\/igae098.0631","ISSN":["2399-5300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2399-5300","type":"electronic"}],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T10:26:16Z","timestamp":1767435976090,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":33,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The 1948 World Health Organisation (WHO) definition of health identifies three distinct domains of health: physical, mental and social. Until the second decade of the 21st century the concept of social health was largely neglected. This position was transformed in November 2023 when WHO declared that \u2018loneliness as a \u2018global public health concern\u2019 and created the Commission on Social Connection. These developments are the culmination of a body of work that has drawn attention to the association between loneliness\/social isolation and a range of health and health service use outcomes. A public health approach to loneliness involves primary prevention, proactively preventing loneliness; secondary prevention, identifying and intervening with those at \u2018high risk\u2019 of loneliness whilst tertiary prevention focuses upon minimising the consequences of established loneliness. Using a public health lens, we undertook a critical evaluation of 50 loneliness interventions for community dwelling older adults identified through existing systematic reviews from 2010 onwards. Twenty interventions focused upon secondary prevention, ten on primary prevention and was unknown\/not reported for the remainder. The duration of interventions was predominantly short term with 55 being completed in under 6 months. Evidence for effectiveness is limited as sample sizes are small with 16 studies having 100+ participants. Approximately half the studies reported a post intervention statistically significant decrease in loneliness scores. This does not easily translate into how score changes enhance the quality-of-life older adults. We suggest that future research should look at identifying score changes which are meaningful to individuals alongside statistical tests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igaf122.196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T10:21:34Z","timestamp":1767435694000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Loneliness and Social Isolation Interventions: A Public Health Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Christina","family":"Victor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brunel University London, Guildford , England,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"container-title":["Innovation in Aging"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/innovateage\/article-pdf\/9\/Supplement_2\/igaf122.196\/66232945\/igaf122.196.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/innovateage\/article-pdf\/9\/Supplement_2\/igaf122.196\/66232945\/igaf122.196.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T10:21:34Z","timestamp":1767435694000},"score":18.08406,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/innovateage\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/geroni\/igaf122.196\/8410253"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geroni\/igaf122.196","ISSN":["2399-5300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2399-5300","type":"electronic"}],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"article-number":"igaf122.196"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T00:05:58Z","timestamp":1756253158934,"version":"3.44.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,18]]},"group-title":"Article","reference-count":0,"publisher":"The Conversation","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.64628\/ab.3pyqywj5r","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T05:41:35Z","timestamp":1756186895000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Loneliness is not just for Christmas \u2013 but by the flurry of charity messages you\u2019d think otherwise"],"prefix":"10.64628","author":[{"given":"Christina","family":"Victor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brunel University of London"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54080","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T05:42:05Z","timestamp":1756186925000},"score":18.080622,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/loneliness-is-not-just-for-christmas-but-by-the-flurry-of-charity-messages-youd-think-otherwise-88972"}},"editor":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,18]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64628\/ab.3pyqywj5r","published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,18]]},"subtype":"other"}],"items-per-page":5,"query":{"start-index":0,"search-terms":null}}}