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However, it is challenging to harmoniously combine various properties, particularly since some physical properties are inherently mutually exclusive<sup>10\u201312<\/sup>. The artificial integration of these mutually exclusive properties could lead to innovative physical phenomena and functionalities, unattainable from conventional approaches. This has recently motivated extensive studies to artificially create bulk polarity and integrate it with seemingly incompatible electronic and structural properties<sup>13\u201316<\/sup>. However, the scope of their applications and the derived functionalities remain largely limited. Here, we present a universal strategy to achieve strong bulk polarity that not only coexists with its originally incompatible properties, such as metallicity, but also synergistically enables exceptional functionalities. A combination of thin-film synthesis, atomic-scale imaging, and theoretical calculations reveals that <italic>A<\/italic>-site selective atomic gradients induce strong polar states in otherwise centrosymmetric perovskite oxides <italic>AB<\/italic>O<sub>3<\/sub>. These polar states unconventionally coexist with various preexisting properties, leading to bulk polar metallicity with tunable nonreciprocal transport, high-<italic>\u03ba<\/italic> dielectricity with an equivalent oxide thickness below 0.1 nm, and giant pyroelectricity. This work will facilitate the development of new multifunctional materials with unusual coexisting and synergistic properties.<\/p>","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5018538\/v1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T16:37:12Z","timestamp":1725467832000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Synergistic polar states by selective atomic gradients"],"prefix":"10.21203","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0646-5226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daesu","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanghyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gi-Jeong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4072-5674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soo-Yoon","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gahee","family":"Noh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. 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Here, we present a broadly applicable strategy to achieve strong bulk polarity that not only coexists with its originally incompatible properties, such as metallicity, but also synergistically enables exceptional functionalities. A combination of thin-film synthesis, atomic-scale imaging, and theoretical calculations reveals that A-site selective atomic gradients induce strong polar states in otherwise centrosymmetric perovskite oxides ABO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    . These polar states unconventionally coexist with various preexisting properties, leading to bulk polar metallicity with tunable nonreciprocal transport; high-\u03ba, low-loss dielectricity with an equivalent oxide thickness below 0.1 nanometer; and giant pyroelectricity. This work may enable the development of new multifunctional materials with unusual coexisting and synergistic properties.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adv0235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:00:47Z","timestamp":1790877647000},"page":"107-112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Synergistic polar states by selective atomic gradients"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"394","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6800-3130","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sanghyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5486-328X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gi-Jeong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4072-5674","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Soo-Yoon","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7714-7711","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gahee","family":"Noh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1458-613X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"P. 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However, the interplay between functionalization, stability, and crystallinity often limits performance, making it difficult to rationally design effective COF adsorbents. So far, clear guidelines for tailoring COFs for ammonia adsorption are still lacking. Herein, a series of COF\u2010xOH (\n                    <jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090, 1, 2, 3) bearing halogen and hydrazide groups were systematically engineered with varying numbers of hydroxyl sites and evaluated for their ammonia adsorption performance. Remarkably, the ammonia uptakes of COF\u2010xOH increase progressively to 5.18, 7.83, 9.24, and 12.50\u2009mmol g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , exhibiting a linear correlation with the number of hydroxyl sites, while crystallinity exerts only a minor influence. COF\u20103OH shows superior ammonia adsorption at 25.0\u00b0C and 1.0\u2009bar, outperforming most reported COFs, and exhibits high selectivity in separating ammonia from low\u2010concentration gas mixtures, demonstrating its potential as an efficient adsorbent for ammonia\u2010containing tail gas in Haber\u2013Bosch processes. The adsorption mechanism is primarily governed by synergistic interactions among multiple polar functional sites. This work not only presents a top\u2010tier COF\u2010based ammonia adsorbent but also establishes a general strategy for the functionalization\u2010driven design of porous materials for gas capture and separation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.70633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T01:25:18Z","timestamp":1776561918000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Synergistic Polar Sites in Hydroxyl\u2010Functionalized Covalent Organic Frameworks Enable Efficient Ammonia Adsorption and Selective Separation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yibo","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals  Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Normal University  Henan P. 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