{"status":"ok","message-type":"work-list","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"facets":{},"total-results":2008260,"items":[{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T12:21:40Z","timestamp":1784377300952,"version":"3.55.0"},"edition-number":"1","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University PressOxford","isbn-type":[{"value":"0192867644","type":"print"},{"value":"9780192867643","type":"print"},{"value":"9780191959745","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n Starting in the 1960s with Wason\u2019s famous 2-4-6 task, a wealth of data pertaining to confirmation bias has been collected in increasingly realistic experiments addressing specific real-life settings. This led to Nickerson\u2019s widely accepted definition of confirmation bias in 1998, in which Nickerson emphasizes the subconscious nature of confirmation bias. The implications of this are discussed here in detail, including reflections from research into metacognition. Since confirmation bias is a human element rather than the product of a specific context, examples of other contexts in which confirmation bias has been studied and found are provided, including witch hunts, medicine, and science. Furthermore, explanations of confirmation bias found in cognitive, emotional, and motivational as well as social and organizational psychology are outlined together with reflection on how these findings can be converted into potential debiasing techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192867643.003.0002","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T08:35:46Z","timestamp":1684398946000},"page":"6-34","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Confirmation Bias"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Moa","family":"Lid\u00e9n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","container-title":["Confirmation Bias in Criminal Cases"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/chapter-pdf\/58070298\/oso-9780192867643-chapter-2.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T19:39:03Z","timestamp":1717529943000},"score":26.198792,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/46127\/chapter\/404700141"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"ISBN":["0192867644","9780192867643","9780191959745"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oso\/9780192867643.003.0002","published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T07:11:45Z","timestamp":1717571505884},"edition-number":"1","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University PressOxford","isbn-type":[{"value":"0192867644","type":"print"},{"value":"9780192867643","type":"print"},{"value":"9780191959745","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n Once a criminal case reaches the litigation phase, confirmation bias in the earlier investigative phase may have resulted in evidence on which to make decisions becoming misrepresentative or even inaccurate. On top of this prosecutors and judges may themselves develop a confirmation bias. For example, prosecutors who decide to press charges may be less likely to undertake further investigation and the investigation that is undertaken has a more guilt-confirming nature. Furthermore, judges who have decided to detain an accused awaiting trial may be more likely to convict during the main hearing since they view the evidence against the accused as stronger. More research is needed into how to debias prosecutors but so far changing decision-maker, using Devil\u2019s Advocate procedures, evidence review boards, and the like have appeared as possible options. For judges, debiasing techniques include structured evaluations of the evidence and changing decision-maker.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192867643.003.0004","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T08:35:46Z","timestamp":1684398946000},"page":"140-182","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Confirmation Bias in Criminal Litigations"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Moa","family":"Lid\u00e9n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","container-title":["Confirmation Bias in Criminal Cases"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/chapter-pdf\/58070761\/oso-9780192867643-chapter-4.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T19:39:06Z","timestamp":1717529946000},"score":25.666557,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/46127\/chapter\/404702338"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"ISBN":["0192867644","9780192867643","9780191959745"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oso\/9780192867643.003.0004","published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T07:11:30Z","timestamp":1717571490946},"edition-number":"1","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University PressOxford","isbn-type":[{"value":"0192867644","type":"print"},{"value":"9780192867643","type":"print"},{"value":"9780191959745","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n In criminal investigations, there are some overall as well as context-specific manifestations of confirmation bias. The overall manifestations include suspect-driven investigations, in which investigators early on decide, more or less subconsciously, who the guilty individual is and from there on, the investigation\u2019s only or primary aim is to search for information confirming this hypothesis. Other overall manifestations concern more the evaluation of information including, for example, asymmetrical scepticism; that is, that decision-makers tend to uncritically approve of information supporting their hypothesis but very critically review and counterargue information challenging their hypothesis. Confirmation bias has also been noted in relation to, for example, interviews with suspects, plaintiffs, and witnesses, crime scene investigations, forensic analysis, and autopsies. Bias mitigation measures that have already been identified in research include, for example, using established frameworks for interviewing, changing decision-maker and contextual information management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192867643.003.0003","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T08:35:46Z","timestamp":1684398946000},"page":"35-139","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Confirmation Bias in Criminal Investigations"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Moa","family":"Lid\u00e9n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","container-title":["Confirmation Bias in Criminal Cases"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/chapter-pdf\/58070361\/oso-9780192867643-chapter-3.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T19:39:05Z","timestamp":1717529945000},"score":25.390957,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/46127\/chapter\/404700449"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"ISBN":["0192867644","9780192867643","9780191959745"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oso\/9780192867643.003.0003","published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]}}],"items-per-page":3,"query":{"start-index":0,"search-terms":null}}}