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Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Fleas are common blood-sucking external parasites found on mammals; they serve as important vectors for various pathogenic microorganisms and pose a serious threat to human and animal health. Mitochondrial genomes have been widely used in studies such as DNA barcoding for species identification and phylogenetics. Therefore, in this study, we performed sequencing of\n                    <jats:italic>Neopsylla specialis dechingensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Neopsylla stevensi sichuanyunnana<\/jats:italic>\n                    on the Illumina NovaSeq platform. Genome assembly and gene annotation were subsequently done to obtain their complete mitochondrial genomes. Besides the two newly sequenced specimens, sequence information of 35 extra flea taxa downloaded from the NCBI database was adopted for overall comparative evaluation. The results showed that a significant AT base bias was present in the mitochondrial sequences of all 37 flea species tested. The Ka\/Ks values calculated for the 13 PCGs were all lower than 1, which indicates that these genes are subject to persistent purifying selection. The Pi values indicated that ATP8 exhibited the highest variability, while ND5 was the most conserved. Phylogenetic trees were built based on 13 PCGs of 37 species, with\n                    <jats:italic>Boreus elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    assigned as the outgroup, and both trees share highly identical topological structures. Both\n                    <jats:italic>N. s. dechingensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>N. s. sichuanyunnana<\/jats:italic>\n                    were clustered within the family Ctenophthalmidae. Furthermore, both trees supported the monophyly of the family Pulicidae with auto-expanded support values and posterior probabilities of 100 and 1, respectively. As important disease vectors, fleas pose a substantial risk to both human and veterinary health. However, complete mitochondrial genome data for fleas are currently extremely limited. For this reason, ongoing expansion of the flea mitochondrial genome database is critical to advancing related research efforts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1865746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T13:15:24Z","timestamp":1782220524000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The first complete mitochondrial genome sequences of Neopsylla specialis dechingensis and Neopsylla stevensi sichuanyunnana, with an assessment of their phylogenetic placement"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lanling","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Dali University","place":["Dali, Yunnan, 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It may be distinguished from other larvae of 5 species or subspecies of <jats:italic>Neopsylla<\/jats:italic> by two fine setae lying on outside of each posterior long seta on the ventral plates of the first to third thoracic segments, ratio of the length and width of the egg burster, number and shape of mandibular teeth, number and length of the setae in the anterior and posterior row on dorsal side of head, and number of the setae of anal comb and the strut setae. The sense organs on the 10th tergite are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7917.1997.tb00073.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,10]],"date-time":"2008-04-10T11:51:48Z","timestamp":1207828308000},"page":"59-66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION ON THE LARVA OF <i>NEOPSYLLA SPECIALIS SPECIALIS<\/i>*"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Yiming","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinhou","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"237","article-title":"The morphology of the larva of Typhloceras poppei Wagn. 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Transl."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"391","volume-title":"Fauna Sinica Insecta, Siphonaptera","author":"Liu Zhiying","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3494831"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/29.6.953"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"Morphological description of the lervae of Ceratophyllus farrmi chaoi and their comparison with the larvae of Ceratophyllus gallinae tribulis","volume":"2","author":"Qi Yiming","year":"1995","journal-title":"Entomologia Sinica."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1937.0007"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"310","article-title":"Descriptive morphology of the larvae of three species of fleas (Siphonaptera)","volume":"2","author":"Sun Changshiu","year":"1965","journal-title":"Acta Parasitdogica Sinica"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"326","article-title":"A tentative classification of flea larvae (Siphonaptera)","volume":"31","author":"Wang Dunqing","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Entmlogica Sinica."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"102","article-title":"Larval morphology of three flea species of the alaschan ground squirrd","volume":"30","author":"Wang Dunqisg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Entomdogica Sinica"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"67","article-title":"Morphological observation of the larvae of Neopsylla hgymgemis and their cornparison with larvae of Neopsylla bidentati formis","volume":"36","author":"Xiao Bailin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Entomologica Sinica"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"The flea fauna and the flea species in relation to plague in Yunnan Province, China","volume":"7","author":"Xie Baoqi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endemic Disease Bulletin"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"371","article-title":"On a new species of Neopsylla and its larva morphology (Siphonaptera: Hystrichopsyllidae)","volume":"36","author":"Ye Ruiyu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Entomologica Sinica"}],"container-title":["Insect Science"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1744-7917.1997.tb00073.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1744-7917.1997.tb00073.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T21:22:38Z","timestamp":1698441758000},"score":14.918093,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1744-7917.1997.tb00073.x"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1744-7917.1997.tb00073.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1744-7917.1997.tb00073.x","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["1672-9609","1744-7917"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1672-9609","type":"print"},{"value":"1744-7917","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-04-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T02:32:44Z","timestamp":1782268364387,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fleas represent a group of paramount medical significance, subsisting on blood and acting as vectors for an array of naturally occurring diseases. These pathogens constitute essential elements within the plague biome, exerting deleterious effects on both human and livestock health. In this study, we successfully assembled and sequenced the whole mitochondrial genome of <jats:italic>Frontopsylla spadix<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Neopsylla specialis<\/jats:italic> using long-range PCR and next-generation sequencing technologies. The mitogenomes of <jats:italic>F. spadix<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>N. specialis<\/jats:italic> both have 37 genes with full lengths of 15,085 bp and 16,820 bp, respectively. The topology of the phylogenetic tree elucidates that species <jats:italic>F. spadix<\/jats:italic> is clustered in a branch alongside other members of the family Leptopsyllidae, whereas species <jats:italic>N. specialis<\/jats:italic> is a sister taxon to <jats:italic>Dorcadia ioffi<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Hystrichopsylla weida qinlingensis<\/jats:italic>. It also suggests that Pulicidae form a monophyletic clade, Ctenopthalmidae, Hystrichopsyllidae, Vermipsyllidae form a sister group to Ceratophyllidae\/Leptopsyllidae group. The mitochondrial genomes of <jats:italic>F. spadix<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>N. specialis<\/jats:italic> were sequenced for the first time, which will contribute to a more comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Siphonaptera order. The foundation for subsequent systematic studies, and molecular biology of fleas was established.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1250381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T20:46:12Z","timestamp":1694119572000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Analysis of complete mitogenomes and phylogenetic relationships of Frontopsylla spadix and Neopsylla 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In this study, we sequenced the <jats:italic>N. hongyangensis<\/jats:italic> mitogenome and explored the mitogenomic evolution of Siphonaptera and Phthiraptera, which both belong to the Insecta on warm\u2010blooded animals. The mitogenomes of Siphonaptera are closed\u2010circular double\u2010stranded DNA molecules and exhibit highly conserved structural features. In contrast, the mitogenomes of most Phthiraptera species exhibit extensive fragmentation and comprise multiple minichromosomes. We performed a comparative analysis of nucleotide composition, Ka\/Ks ratios, and codon usage patterns in Siphonaptera and Phthiraptera mitogenomes. Compared to Phthiraptera with low locomotory capacity, Siphonaptera with high locomotory capacity have higher AT content, slower evolution, and greater influence from natural selection (i.e., micro\u2010habitat). The mitogenomic evolution of Siphonaptera and Phthiraptera was influenced by locomotory capacity and life history. Phylogenetic analysis based on 13 PCGs showed that Ceratophyllidae, Leptopsyllidae, and Ctenophthalmidae were paraphyletic, and Vermipsyllidae, Hystrichopsyllidae, Pulicidae, and Pygiopsyllidae were monophyletic. This study provides new insights into the phylogenetic relationships and mitogenomic evolution of Siphonaptera.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.71108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T04:08:24Z","timestamp":1741752504000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evolution of the <i>Neopsylla hongyangensis<\/i> Mitogenome: Insights Into the Mitogenomic Evolution of the Orders Siphonaptera and the Phthiraptera"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7265-2397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Institute of Pathogens and Vectors Dali University  Dali Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Institute of Pathogens and Vectors Dali University  Dali Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenge","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Institute of Pathogens and Vectors Dali University  Dali Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2012.00242.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of Season, Habitat, and Host Characteristics on Ectoparasites of Wild Rodents in a Mosaic Rural Landscape","volume":"14","author":"Benedek A. 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