{"status":"ok","message-type":"work-list","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"facets":{},"total-results":309105,"items":[{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]],"date-time":"2022-04-02T20:21:21Z","timestamp":1648930881065},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"International Institute of Islamic Thought","issue":"86","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]],"date-time":"2016-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475280000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/iiit.org\/en\/home\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CITJ"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0647\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a: \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646: \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a: \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a: \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0640\u0632\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b.&#x0D;\nThis article has two sections. The first one deals with the two concepts: interpretive reasoning (ijtihad) and renewal (tajdid), their importance and relevance to Prophetic Sunnah. In the second section the author classifies the required ijtihad in the Prophetic Sunnah into five categories: creative ijtihad through application of new disciplines and sciences, ijtihad of renewal through revival of the Sunnah sciences, ijtihad in giving balance and preference, ijtihad in matters of application, and methodological ijtihad.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.35632\/citj.v22i86.571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T17:57:07Z","timestamp":1586973427000},"page":"111-85","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064f\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629"],"prefix":"10.35632","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631","family":"\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"21237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]]},"container-title":["\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 (\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627)"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/citj.org\/index.php\/citj\/article\/download\/571\/417","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/citj.org\/index.php\/citj\/article\/download\/571\/417","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T17:57:08Z","timestamp":1586973428000},"score":70.6319,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/citj.org\/index.php\/citj\/article\/view\/571"}},"subtitle":["Interepretive Reasoning (Ijtihad) and Renewal (Tajdid) in the Study of the Prophetic Sunnah"],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"86","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35632\/citj.v22i86.571","ISSN":["2707-5168","2707-515X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2707-5168","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2707-515X","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T22:26:10Z","timestamp":1648592770141},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"International Institute of Islamic Thought","issue":"86","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"DOI":"10.12816\/0034815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,24]],"date-time":"2017-05-24T11:23:45Z","timestamp":1495625025000},"page":"85-111","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 = Interepretive Reasoning (Ijtihad) and Renewal (Tajdid) in the Study of the Prophetic Sunnah"],"prefix":"10.35632","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631","family":"\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"21237","container-title":["Isl\u0101m\u012byat alMa rifah Journal of Contemporary Islamic Thought"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T18:00:08Z","timestamp":1569952808000},"score":53.959408,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/platform.almanhal.com\/MNHL\/Preview\/?ID=2-98704"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"86","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12816\/0034815","ISSN":["1729-4193"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1729-4193","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]],"date-time":"2023-09-30T05:21:53Z","timestamp":1696051313561},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Alasmarya Islamic University","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,30]],"date-time":"2009-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262131200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAU"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\u0625\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0640\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0640\u0649 \u062d\u0640\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0648\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062b\u0627\u0642\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0640\u0642\u0640\u0644 \u0645\u0640\u062f\u0631\u0643\u061b \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629.&#x0D;\n\u0641\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0640\u0649 \u062d\u0640\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0647\u0640\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0640\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0640\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a(1) \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a: \u00ab \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0640\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0638\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.59743\/jau.v12i.536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T10:08:39Z","timestamp":1695982119000},"page":"68-43","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629"],"prefix":"10.59743","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0630\u0648\u0631","family":"\u0623\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"37477","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,30]]},"container-title":["\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0629"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asmarya.edu.ly\/jau\/index.php\/jau\/article\/download\/536\/394","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asmarya.edu.ly\/jau\/index.php\/jau\/article\/download\/536\/394","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T10:08:39Z","timestamp":1695982119000},"score":50.93974,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asmarya.edu.ly\/jau\/index.php\/jau\/article\/view\/536"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,30]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59743\/jau.v12i.536","ISSN":["2706-9532","2706-9524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2706-9532","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2706-9524","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,30]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T04:03:30Z","timestamp":1686542610486},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Egypts Presidential Specialized Council for Education and Scientific Research","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["fraz.journals.ekb.eg"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u06a9\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0642\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0642"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,8]]},"DOI":"10.21608\/fraz.2020.79674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,11]],"date-time":"2020-04-11T12:26:31Z","timestamp":1586607991000},"page":"209-248","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.21608\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629"],"prefix":"10.21608","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644","family":"\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"9060","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,8]]},"container-title":["\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u06a9\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0642\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0642"],"language":"ar","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/fraz.journals.ekb.eg\/article_79674_262806b98a4b86de86406637df4ed123.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,11]],"date-time":"2023-06-11T14:14:15Z","timestamp":1686492855000},"score":46.654884,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/fraz.journals.ekb.eg\/article_79674.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,8]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/fraz.2020.79674","ISSN":["2535-2008"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2535-2008","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,8]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T01:32:18Z","timestamp":1766280738797,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Kabul University","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JIS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0630\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629. \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.62810\/jis.v2i2.242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T01:28:19Z","timestamp":1766280499000},"page":"148-174","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \"\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\""],"prefix":"10.62810","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u062e\u062f\u064a\u062c\u0629","family":"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0632\u064a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"49489","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"3651","unstructured":"- \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639."},{"key":"3652","unstructured":"- \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0622\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06371\u060c 1997\u0645."},{"key":"3653","unstructured":"- \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0634\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0646\u0624\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u064e\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0644\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c 2009\u0645."},{"key":"3654","unstructured":"- \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062f\u060c 1409\u0647."},{"key":"3655","unstructured":"- \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0647\u062f \u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c 2004\u0645."},{"key":"3656","unstructured":"- \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062b\u064a\u062b \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u060c 1435\u0647."},{"key":"3657","unstructured":"- \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c 2011\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629-\u063a\u0632\u0629 (\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646)."},{"key":"3658","unstructured":"- \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u0627\u060c \u06375\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u060c 1993\u0645."},{"key":"3659","unstructured":"- \u0623\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c 2005\u0645."},{"key":"3660","unstructured":"- \u062a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c 1986\u0645."},{"key":"3661","unstructured":"- \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c https:\/\/estedamanews.com\/40489\/."},{"key":"3662","unstructured":"- \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c 1996\u0645."},{"key":"3663","unstructured":"- \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0635\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u063a\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c 1974\u0645."},{"key":"3664","unstructured":"- \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0632\u0645\u060c 2012\u0645."},{"key":"3665","unstructured":"- \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c 1966\u0645."},{"key":"3666","unstructured":"- \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u06373\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c 1414 \u0647\u0640."},{"key":"3667","unstructured":"- \u062c\u0648\u0644\u062f \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c 1946\u0645."},{"key":"3668","unstructured":"- \u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c 2011\u0645."},{"key":"3669","unstructured":"- \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u062e\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c 1947 \u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u060c \u06373\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a."},{"key":"3670","unstructured":"- \u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u060c 1387\u0647\u0640."},{"key":"3671","unstructured":"- \u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0633\u0646\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c 1415 \u0647\u0640."},{"key":"3672","unstructured":"- \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c 1998\u0645."},{"key":"3673","unstructured":"- \u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c (\u062f. \u0637)\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c (\u062f.\u062a)."},{"key":"3674","unstructured":"- \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c 1356\u0647."},{"key":"3675","unstructured":"- \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c 2008\u0645."},{"key":"3676","unstructured":"- \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u060c \u06378\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629."},{"key":"3677","unstructured":"- \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c (\u062f. \u0637)\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u060c (\u062f. \u062a)."},{"key":"3678","unstructured":"- \u0639\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c1997\u0645."},{"key":"3679","unstructured":"- \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0631\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0645\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c 1995 \u0645."},{"key":"3680","unstructured":"- \u063a\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06374\u060c 1418\u0647."},{"key":"3681","unstructured":"- \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c 1969\u0645."},{"key":"3682","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u06374\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c 1420 \u0647\u0640."},{"key":"3683","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c (\u062f. \u0637)\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0643\u062f\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f\u060c (\u062f.\u062a)."},{"key":"3684","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631\u060c 2000\u0645."},{"key":"3685","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0634\u0647\u0628\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c 1989 \u0645."},{"key":"3686","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0639\u0628\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 2001\u0645."},{"key":"3687","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0634\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u061f\u060c \u06371\u060c 2013\u0645."},{"key":"3688","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c 1983 \u0645."},{"key":"3689","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631: \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a\u060c 1938\u0645."},{"key":"3690","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u060c 2001 \u0645."},{"key":"3691","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0632\u0648\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 1999\u0645."},{"key":"3692","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u0642\u0632\u0648\u0642\u060c \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631: \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641\u060c 2009\u0645."},{"key":"3693","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c 2012\u0645."},{"key":"3694","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u063710\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c 2004 \u0645."},{"key":"3695","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0632\u0642\u0632\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0631\u060c 1989\u0645."},{"key":"3696","unstructured":"- \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c 1441\u0647."},{"key":"3697","unstructured":"- \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a\u060c 1955 \u0645."},{"key":"3698","unstructured":"- \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u06373\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a1982\u0645."},{"key":"3699","unstructured":"- \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629: \u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c (\u062f.\u0637)\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c 1972\u0645."},{"key":"3700","unstructured":"- \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06377\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0642\u060c 2013\u0645."}],"container-title":["\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 - \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0644"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jis.edu.af\/jis\/article\/download\/242\/92","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jis.edu.af\/jis\/article\/download\/242\/92","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T01:28:21Z","timestamp":1766280501000},"score":42.38836,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jis.edu.af\/jis\/article\/view\/242"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.62810\/jis.v2i2.242","ISSN":["3078-6355"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3078-6355","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]}}],"items-per-page":5,"query":{"start-index":0,"search-terms":null}}}