{"status":"ok","message-type":"work-list","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"facets":{},"total-results":368715,"items":[{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T04:02:13Z","timestamp":1728964933357},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"LP2M Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699833600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ZR"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Some fabricated hadiths spread in an era after the Companions, therefore, the importance of hadith criticism was underestimated. Its provenance, and had a strong influence on the later and contemporary scholars in finding the text criticism, the two researchers identified his interest in the criticism of the text of the hadith and its comparison with the contemporary scholars, Nur al-Din Atar and Salah al-Din bin Ahmed al-Idlibi, aiming to know the criticism of the text with them, and a comparison between their methodologies. The researchers' approach in this research is a comparative study, where the researchers read several books related to this research, taking the opinions of scholars from the advanced and contemporary scholars, and then making a comparison between their approaches. \u00a0Among the most important results are criteria for criticizing the text, including the criteria agreed upon: (1) contrary to the Qur\u2019an, (2) contrary to hadith, (3) contrary to reason, sense, or history, and (4) that the text does not resemble the words of the prophecy, and includes risks and weaknesses. And Samajah. And there is no difference between Salah al-Din ibn Ahmad al-Adlbi and Nour al-Din Atar in the criticism of the text except in the easy measures, which are (1) in the methodology of Nour al-Din Atar, he mentioned the rickety, and in the methodology of al-Adlbi he mentioned its addition, which is the slander and the samajah. (2) In the methodology of Nur al-Din Atar, there is a criterion: \u201cto search for the hadith, then there is no finding among its people from the chests of the narrators and the stomachs of the books, after the hadiths have been extrapolated and written down.\u201d However, this criterion is not found with Al-Adlbi. The approach of Nur al-Din Atar There is a measure: collecting hadith by extrapolating the chapters, and this measure does not exist with al-Adlbi. The methodology of criticism of the text according to Nur al-Din Atar and Salah al-Din ibn Ahmad al-Adlabi are all in agreement with the methodology of criticism of the text according to the audience. Keywords: matn hadith, method, criticism of hadith.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15408\/zr.v20i2.35821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T07:36:46Z","timestamp":1728891406000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0628\u064a"],"prefix":"10.15408","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ade","family":"Pahrudin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nurfadhilah","family":"Bahrul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"6098","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"container-title":["Al-Zahra : Journal for Islamic and Arabic Studies"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journal.uinjkt.ac.id\/index.php\/zahra\/article\/viewFile\/35821\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journal.uinjkt.ac.id\/index.php\/zahra\/article\/viewFile\/35821\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T07:36:59Z","timestamp":1728891419000},"score":57.754284,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journal.uinjkt.ac.id\/index.php\/zahra\/article\/view\/35821"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15408\/zr.v20i2.35821","ISSN":["2502-8871","1412-226X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2502-8871","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1412-226X","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T00:54:40Z","timestamp":1733878480904,"version":"3.30.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Penerbit Kolej Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Selangor","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]],"date-time":"2019-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576454400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hadis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Continuance of Muslim scholars to write in the Shari\u2019a sciences till date, despite the magnificent legacy which was never seen by the humanity in any of field of the knowledge, is rather a scientific necessity which is backed by various factors such as innovation in the chapterization and content organization, presentation suitable for the people of current time, removing any ambiguity and addressing doubts which are result of influence by orientalists and sceptics, etc. In the contemporary times, the book of Manhaj al-Naqd f\u012b \ua725Ul\u016bm al-\u1e24ad\u012bth by Sh. N\u016br al-D\u012bn \ua725Eter is considered one of the important references in the field of Mu\u1e63\u1e6dala\u1e25 al-\u1e24ad\u012bth (the Islamic science of authenticating the \u1e24ad\u012bth). The paper aims to conduct an analytical study of this valuable book, and it will comprise of introduction, four sections, conclusion and list of bibliographical references.\r\n\u0625\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0631\u062b \u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064f \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0647\u0648 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u064c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0644 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064f\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064e\u0631\u0650\u062f\u064f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u064e\u0645\u0651\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b - \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b - \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629\u064e\u060c \u0647\u0648: \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \"\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\" \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u064b \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u064d \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629\u064d\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.53840\/hadis.v9i18.73","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T03:05:39Z","timestamp":1686798339000},"page":"318-350","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\"\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0642\u0652\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\" \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064e\u064a\u062e \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0650\u062a\u0652\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u064c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u064c"],"prefix":"10.53840","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Rawia Nooreddin","family":"\ua725Eter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"31098","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]]},"container-title":["HADIS"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/hadis.kuis.edu.my\/index.php\/inhad\/article\/download\/73\/62","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/hadis.kuis.edu.my\/index.php\/inhad\/article\/download\/73\/62","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T03:05:40Z","timestamp":1686798340000},"score":54.577217,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/hadis.kuis.edu.my\/index.php\/inhad\/article\/view\/73"}},"subtitle":["\u201cMANHAJ AL-NAQD F\u012a \ua725ul\u016bm AL-\u1e24AD\u012aTH\u201d BY SHEIKH N\u016aR AL-D\u012aN \ua725eter: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY"],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53840\/hadis.v9i18.73","ISSN":["2550-1585","2231-9018"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2550-1585"},{"type":"print","value":"2231-9018"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T04:03:56Z","timestamp":1748837036581,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Egyptian Knowledge Bank","issue":"0","content-domain":{"domain":["sjam.journals.ekb.eg"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u06a9\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 . \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"DOI":"10.21608\/sjam.2025.385647.2634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T08:08:50Z","timestamp":1748765330000},"page":"0-0","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629"],"prefix":"10.21608","volume":"0","author":[{"given":"\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f","family":"\u0641\u0631\u062c","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"9060","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"container-title":["\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u06a9\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 . \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629"],"language":"ar","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/sjam.journals.ekb.eg\/article_429246_d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T08:14:15Z","timestamp":1748765655000},"score":49.813076,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sjam.journals.ekb.eg\/article_429246.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"0","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/sjam.2025.385647.2634","ISSN":["2735-329X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2735-329X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T04:03:03Z","timestamp":1751256183237,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.33843\/1152-015-003-035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]],"date-time":"2025-06-29T07:26:33Z","timestamp":1751181993000},"page":"767","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b:, \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629"],"prefix":"10.33843","author":[{"given":"\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f","family":"\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646","family":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u064a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a","family":"\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"19671","container-title":["\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]],"date-time":"2025-06-29T07:27:38Z","timestamp":1751182058000},"score":47.77381,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/search.mandumah.com\/Record\/1573516"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":0,"alternative-id":["1573516"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33843\/1152-015-003-035","published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T01:32:18Z","timestamp":1766280738797,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Kabul University","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JIS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0630\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629. \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.62810\/jis.v2i2.242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T01:28:19Z","timestamp":1766280499000},"page":"148-174","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \"\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\""],"prefix":"10.62810","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u062e\u062f\u064a\u062c\u0629","family":"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0632\u064a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"49489","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"3651","unstructured":"- \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639."},{"key":"3652","unstructured":"- \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0622\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06371\u060c 1997\u0645."},{"key":"3653","unstructured":"- \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0634\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0646\u0624\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u064e\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0644\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c 2009\u0645."},{"key":"3654","unstructured":"- \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062f\u060c 1409\u0647."},{"key":"3655","unstructured":"- \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0647\u062f \u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c 2004\u0645."},{"key":"3656","unstructured":"- \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062b\u064a\u062b \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u060c 1435\u0647."},{"key":"3657","unstructured":"- \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c 2011\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629-\u063a\u0632\u0629 (\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646)."},{"key":"3658","unstructured":"- \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u0627\u060c \u06375\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u060c 1993\u0645."},{"key":"3659","unstructured":"- \u0623\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c 2005\u0645."},{"key":"3660","unstructured":"- \u062a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c 1986\u0645."},{"key":"3661","unstructured":"- \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c https:\/\/estedamanews.com\/40489\/."},{"key":"3662","unstructured":"- \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c 1996\u0645."},{"key":"3663","unstructured":"- \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0635\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u063a\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c 1974\u0645."},{"key":"3664","unstructured":"- \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0632\u0645\u060c 2012\u0645."},{"key":"3665","unstructured":"- \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c 1966\u0645."},{"key":"3666","unstructured":"- \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u06373\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c 1414 \u0647\u0640."},{"key":"3667","unstructured":"- \u062c\u0648\u0644\u062f \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c 1946\u0645."},{"key":"3668","unstructured":"- \u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c 2011\u0645."},{"key":"3669","unstructured":"- \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u062e\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c 1947 \u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u060c \u06373\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a."},{"key":"3670","unstructured":"- \u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u060c 1387\u0647\u0640."},{"key":"3671","unstructured":"- \u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0633\u0646\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c 1415 \u0647\u0640."},{"key":"3672","unstructured":"- \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c 1998\u0645."},{"key":"3673","unstructured":"- \u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c (\u062f. \u0637)\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c (\u062f.\u062a)."},{"key":"3674","unstructured":"- \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c 1356\u0647."},{"key":"3675","unstructured":"- \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c 2008\u0645."},{"key":"3676","unstructured":"- \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u060c \u06378\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629."},{"key":"3677","unstructured":"- \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c (\u062f. \u0637)\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u060c (\u062f. \u062a)."},{"key":"3678","unstructured":"- \u0639\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c1997\u0645."},{"key":"3679","unstructured":"- \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0631\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0645\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c 1995 \u0645."},{"key":"3680","unstructured":"- \u063a\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06374\u060c 1418\u0647."},{"key":"3681","unstructured":"- \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c 1969\u0645."},{"key":"3682","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u06374\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c 1420 \u0647\u0640."},{"key":"3683","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c (\u062f. \u0637)\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0643\u062f\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f\u060c (\u062f.\u062a)."},{"key":"3684","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631\u060c 2000\u0645."},{"key":"3685","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0634\u0647\u0628\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c 1989 \u0645."},{"key":"3686","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0639\u0628\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 2001\u0645."},{"key":"3687","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0634\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u061f\u060c \u06371\u060c 2013\u0645."},{"key":"3688","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c 1983 \u0645."},{"key":"3689","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631: \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a\u060c 1938\u0645."},{"key":"3690","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u060c 2001 \u0645."},{"key":"3691","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0632\u0648\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 1999\u0645."},{"key":"3692","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u0642\u0632\u0648\u0642\u060c \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631: \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641\u060c 2009\u0645."},{"key":"3693","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c 2012\u0645."},{"key":"3694","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u063710\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c 2004 \u0645."},{"key":"3695","unstructured":"- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0632\u0642\u0632\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0631\u060c 1989\u0645."},{"key":"3696","unstructured":"- \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c 1441\u0647."},{"key":"3697","unstructured":"- \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u060c \u062a\u062d: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a\u060c 1955 \u0645."},{"key":"3698","unstructured":"- \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u06373\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a1982\u0645."},{"key":"3699","unstructured":"- \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629: \u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c (\u062f.\u0637)\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c 1972\u0645."},{"key":"3700","unstructured":"- \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06377\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0642\u060c 2013\u0645."}],"container-title":["\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 - \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0644"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jis.edu.af\/jis\/article\/download\/242\/92","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jis.edu.af\/jis\/article\/download\/242\/92","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T01:28:21Z","timestamp":1766280501000},"score":47.574707,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jis.edu.af\/jis\/article\/view\/242"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.62810\/jis.v2i2.242","ISSN":["3078-6355"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3078-6355","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]}}],"items-per-page":5,"query":{"start-index":0,"search-terms":null}}}